Team "MegaKnowledge" MBOU secondary school No. 16 Gus-Khrustalny. Teacher: Moiseev P.V.
Samuel Finley Breese Morse was born on April 27, 1791 in the family of the famous local preacher Jedid Morse in the American town of Charlestown (Massachusetts). In 1805 he entered Yale University. In 1811, Samuel went to Europe to study painting with Washington Alston. The young man showed great promise as an artist. In 1813 he presented to the Royal Academy of Arts in London. 02/19/2014
Chappe's optical telegraph In 1792 in France, Claude Chappe created a system for transmitting visual information, which was called the “Optical telegraph”. In its simplest form, it was a chain of standard buildings, with poles with movable crossbars located on the roof, which was created within sight of one another. Poles with movable crossbars - semaphores - were controlled using cables special operators from inside buildings. Chappe created a special table of codes, where each letter of the alphabet corresponded to a certain figure formed by the Semaphore, depending on the positions of the transverse bars relative to the support pole. Chappe's system allowed messages to be transmitted at a speed of two words per minute and quickly spread throughout Europe. In Sweden, a chain of optical telegraph stations operated until 1880. 02/19/2014
First telegraph First technical means The telegraph, invented in 1837 by the American Samuel Morse, became the basis for transmitting information over a distance. A telegraph message is a sequence of electrical signals transmitted from one telegraph apparatus through wires to another telegraph apparatus. Inventor Samuel Morse invented an amazing code (Morse code, Morse code, Morse code), which still serves humanity today. Information is encoded in three “letters”: a long signal (dash), a short signal (dot), and no signal (pause) to separate the letters. Thus, coding comes down to using a set of characters arranged in a strictly defined order. The most famous telegraph message is the distress signal "SOS" (Save Our Souls - save our souls). This is what it looks like: « – – – » 02/19/2014
The first Morse apparatus 1837 Apparatus 1814 02/19/2014
Diagram of the Morse apparatus 02/19/2014
Morse code A − I P − W − − − − B − J − − − S Sh − − − V − − K − − T − b − − − G − − L − U − b − − D − M − − F − S − − − E H − X E − F − O − − − C − − Yu − − W − − P − − H − − − Z − − 02/19/2014
Morse code 1 − − − − 9 − − − − 2 − − − 0 − − − − − 3 − − Period 4 − Comma − − − 5 / − − 6 ? − − 7 − − ! − − − − 8 − − − @ − − − 02/19/2014
Music of the alphabet 02/19/2014
Irregularity of the code − − − − − − A characteristic feature of the Morse code is the variable length of the code of different letters, therefore Morse code is called an uneven code. Letters that appear more often in the text have a shorter code than rare letters. This is done in order to reduce the length of the entire message. But due to the variable length of the letter code, the problem of separating letters from each other in the text arises. Therefore, you have to use a pause (skip) to separate. Consequently, the Morse telegraph alphabet is ternary, because it uses three characters: dot, dash, skip. 02/19/2014
The first wireless telegraph (radio receiver) On May 7, 1895, Russian scientist Alexander Stepanovich Popov, at a meeting of the Russian Physico-Chemical Society, demonstrated a device he called a “lightning detector,” which was intended for recording electromagnetic waves. This device is considered the world's first wireless telegraphy device, a radio receiver. In 1897, using wireless telegraphy devices, Popov received and transmitted messages between the shore and a military vessel. In 1899, Popov designed a modernized version of the electromagnetic wave receiver, where signals were received (in Morse code) by the operator's headphones. In 1900, thanks to radio stations built on the island of Gogland and at the Russian naval base in Kotka under the leadership of Popov, rescue operations were successfully carried out on board the warship Admiral General Apraksin, which ran aground on the island of Gogland. As a result of the exchange of messages transmitted by wireless telegraphy, the crew of the Russian icebreaker Ermak was promptly and accurately transmitted information about the Finnish fishermen located on the broken ice floe. 02/19/2014
13 Automatic encoding and decoding of messages is carried out by special devices Enigma encryption machine, England, 1940.
Baudot telegraph apparatus The uniform telegraph code was invented by the Frenchman Jean Maurice Baudot at the end of the 19th century. It used only two different types of signals. It doesn’t matter what you call them: dot and dash, plus and minus, zero and one. These are two different electrical signals. The code length of all symbols is the same and equals five. In this case, there is no problem of separating letters from each other: each five signals is a text sign. Therefore, a pass is not needed. A code is called uniform if the code length of all symbols is equal. The Baudot code is the first method in the history of technology binary coding, information. Thanks to this idea, it was possible to create a direct-printing telegraph apparatus that looked like a typewriter. Pressing a key with a certain letter generates a corresponding five-pulse signal, which is transmitted over the communication line. The unit of information transmission speed, the baud, was named in honor of Baudot. IN modern computers Uniform binary code is also used to encode text. Telex This is interesting: A hotel that does not have a telex cannot have a five-star rating. 02/19/2014
Despite the subsequent appearance of faster-operating devices by Hughes, Wheatstone, and Baudot, the Morse telegraph was widely used not only in the 19th, but also in the 20th century. In 1913, the Russian telegraph network consisted of 90% Morse machines. 02/19/2014
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Telegraph apparatus - a device for transmitting and (or) receiving electrical telegraph signals for telegraph communication. The first practically suitable T. a. (electromagnetic type) was invented and demonstrated in action (1832) by P. L. Schilling. In the early stages of the development of telegraphy, coded messages were transmitted by a keyboard device or telegraph key and, upon reception, were recorded in the writing telegraph apparatus in the form of a broken line or dots and dashes (for example, in a Morse machine). In Winston's telegraph apparatus, received telegraph signals were recorded on perforated paper tape; Creed's telegraph apparatus could also reproduce printed characters. Yuza Telegraph Key
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History of creation Telegraph is the oldest type of electrical communication. It appeared in the 30s. 19th century Since ancient times, only non-electric telegraphy (signaling) methods - light and sound - have been used to transmit messages. Their disadvantages: low speed of information transfer, dependence on time of day and weather, inability to maintain transmission secrecy. Therefore, non-electric methods in the 70s. 20th century were used extremely rarely. Postal, telegraph and telephone office
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Schematic diagram telegraph 1.telegraph key; 2.electro-magnet; 3. anchor; 4.spring; 5. Writing wheel covered with paint; 6.Paper tape 1
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Works of Shilling The foundations of telegraphy in Russia were laid by the works of P. L. Shilling, who in 1832 created the first practically suitable set of devices for the electric telegraph. The communication system developed by Schilling was used in Great Britain and Germany. In 1836, Schilling built an experimental telegraph line that ran around the Admiralty building in St. Petersburg. Then the connection between the Winter Palace and the General Staff and the Main Directorate of Communications and Public Buildings was organized. In 1843 a line was built between St. Petersburg and Tsarskoye Selo (25 km).
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Samuel Morse Morse Samuel Finley Breeze, American artist and inventor in the field of telegraphy. In 1837 he invented the electromagnetic telegraph apparatus. In 1838 he developed a telegraph code that is still in use today, called the Morse code. The telegraph devices he improved were installed on the first American. commercial telegraph line Washington - Baltimore, built in 1844.
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Morse code Morse code or Morse code is an uneven telegraph code, where each letter and sign is represented by a certain combination of short bursts of electric current (dots) and elementary bursts of triple duration (dash). The duration of one dot is taken as a unit of time, and the duration of a dash is equal to three dots. A pause between characters in a letter is indicated by one dot, between letters in a word - by three dots, between words - by seven dots. To speed up radio communication, so-called Q-codes are often used. They are abbreviations that replace entire phrases.
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Samuel Morse's apparatus (1837) The Morse's apparatus is a simple spring mechanism that stretches a paper tape, above which a writing pen is fixed, which is rigidly connected to the armature of an electromagnet. At the moment the electrical circuit is closed, the pen is pressed against the tape and draws a line or leaves a dot, depending on how long the circuit will be closed. Closing is done with a telegraph key.
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Morse telegraph apparatus In 1837, Morse invented the telegraph apparatus. The transmitter of the device is a telegraph key, the receiver is an electromagnet, the armature of which controls the movement of a lever with a writing wheel at the end. Touching the paper tape, evenly pulled by the spring clock mechanism, the wheel leaves an intermittent ink trail on it.
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Letter-printing telegraph apparatus In 1855, inventor D.E. Hughes (USA) designed a direct-printing telegraph apparatus, which soon became widely used. Telegrams were transmitted via the Hughes apparatus by pressing the appropriate keys, and at the receiving point the text of the telegram was printed on a paper tape. The Hughes apparatus was driven by a four-pound weight, which the telegraph operator had to lift every two minutes by pressing the foot pedal 10-15 times. In 1888, a mechanic at the Moscow Telegraph, Sergeev, adapted an electric motor to lift weights, which turned on and off at different times. the right moments automatically.
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Jean Maurice Emile Baudot In 1874, the French engineer E. Baudot invented a device characterized by higher productivity compared to Morse and Hughes telegraph devices. The first B. devices were put into operation in 1877 on the Paris - Bordeaux line. In 1927, the telegraph speed unit, the baud, was named after Baudot.
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The prototype of fax communication is the telegraph apparatus of G. Caselli, 1862. The need to transmit images through wires - drawings, drawings and texts, led to the invention of the Caselli telegraph apparatus in 1855. The transmitted image had to be drawn on a sheet of tin foil with special non-conductive ink electricity, and attach it to the metal plate of the transmitting apparatus. On the receiving apparatus, a sheet of thick paper soaked in a solution of potassium iron sulfide was mounted on the same plate. By means of special mechanisms, contact wires slid across the image and along a wet sheet of paper, scanning the image line by line. When the contact wire on the transmitting apparatus touched the areas of the foil with image lines, an electric current flowed through the circuit, which caused electrolysis of the potassium iron sulfide solution, as a result of which an exact copy of the transmitted image was reproduced on the paper in the receiving apparatus.
“Coding Examples” - Example 6. “Permutations” Cipher. A sequence of two characters can encode four letters: 00 - A 01 - B 10 - C 11 - D. Using an eight-bit code, you can encode 28 = 256 characters. “Text information” = “Character information” Text is any sequence of characters. Encoding information.
“Coding in computer science” - Solving problems on coding information. Properties of the genetic code. Hereditary information. DNA structure. Lesson plan: Homework: What? where is it stored? how is it encoded? Authors of the spatial DNA model. Table of ASCII codes for Russia. Comparison chart. Information processes in living nature.
“Numbers in a computer” - Number 3910 = 100111 2 in double-byte format: The leftmost (most significant) digit contains information about the sign of the number. 2) A – positive, B – negative, |B|>|A|. They have the same idea. 1) A and B are positive: Integers in computer memory. Unsigned numbers. +. Representation of numbers in computer memory.
“Coding of text information” - © Koshlya L.N. IT-teacher. 1. Launch standard program Notebook. Launch text editor MS Word. The symbol code is stored in random access memory computer, where it occupies 1 byte. The Symbol dialog box will appear on the screen. Determining the numeric code of a character. Rice. 1. International ASCII encoding.
“Measuring the amount of information” - Question No. 2. 1 bit - one binary character: 0 or 1. In everyday life. Units of information measurement. 1 byte = 8 bits. The amount of information depends on the probability of receiving the message. Information as novelty (novelty is not measured). In science. Measuring information. Dimensions of information. Information capacity is equal to the number of characters.
“Sign system” - What do you know about other number systems? If the secret key is unknown, then the content of the transmitted text cannot be understood. What could be the physical nature of signs? Animals? Human? Why do computers use a binary sign system to encode information? Genetic information is stored in the cells of living organisms in special molecules.
There are a total of 17 presentations in the topic
Morse code, "Morse" (ABC Morse code began to be called only from the First World War) is a method of character coding, representing letters of the alphabet, numbers, punctuation marks and other symbols by a sequence of ternary signals, for example, long and short: “dashes” and “dots”. Named after Samuel Morse.
Letter codes (actually "alphabet") were added by Morse's colleague, Alfred Weil. Weil may have also invented the digital part of the code. And in 1848, the Weyl/Morse code was improved by the German Friedrich Gehrke. The code improved by Gehrke is still in use today.
Morse code can be transmitted and received at different speeds, depending on the capabilities and experience of radio operators. Typically, an average radio operator operates in a range of speeds of characters per minute. Achievements in high-speed reception and transmission are in the range of speeds of characters per minute.
Transmission of Morse codes is carried out using a telegraph key of various designs. If the operator is sufficiently qualified, short messages can be received without recording. When receiving, experienced radio operators record with a lag of several characters, which makes the reception calmer and more reliable and is an indicator of the operator’s skill. Upon admission to high speeds(more than 125 characters per minute) you have to write texts, abandoning standard alphabetic characters and using special shortened icons. In this option, after the end of the reception, the radio operator needs to translate the text into characters of the regular alphabet.
Morse code is a means of transmitting messages in places where other means are not available (for example, in prisons). In 2004, the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) introduced Morse code new code for the convenience of transferring email addresses.
Advantages: high noise immunity when receiving by ear in conditions of strong radio interference; possibility of manual coding; recording and playback of signals using the simplest devices. Disadvantages: uneconomical; transmitting one code character requires an average of 9.5 elementary units; low suitability for letter-printing; low telegraph speed.
Completed by a 5th grade student
Sitnikov Artem
MORSE CASE is a telegraph code invented in 1838 by American artist and inventor Samuel Finley Breeze Morse. Morse was not the first to invent the electric telegraph. Throughout the 1820s and early 30s. a large number of successful experiments were carried out in England and Germany. But it was Morse who created the “alphabetic” code transmission system, which at first consisted of dots and long and en dashes, and the letters C, O, R, Y and Z were represented by a combination of dots and intervals of a certain duration between them. The Morse alphabet was created based on the fact that on a typewriter, the most commonly used letters are located in the center. Therefore, the inventor assigned the shortest characters to the most common letters, and the long ones to the least used letters. Morse also included numbers, some punctuation marks, and even a combination designed to convey the dollar sign in his alphabet.
In order to make "American Morse" more acceptable to other languages, in 1851 at a special conference of European countries the "international Morse" (sometimes called the "continental code") was approved, which differs in 11 letters and in all numbers except 4. In addition, the number of punctuation marks has been expanded, including apostrophe and parentheses, as well as underscores. All signals were transmitted by a combination of only two characters - a dot and a dash, which occupied three lengths of the sound of the dot. Different lengths of intervals indicated the separation of words and letters: three dots between letters, and seven between words.
In 1865, the British Navy adopted the Morse system in the form of signals given by flags during the day and lanterns at night. In 1897, the transmission of Morse code by closing the blinds on the spotlight was also adopted. Other systems were also used - transmission of signals by a heliograph, the sound of a siren, and also a horn when swimming in fog.
Although Morse code has given way to other more modern methods today, it is still widely used due to technological innovations, e.g. wireless communication, remaining one of the most reliable systems.
Source: Biographical Encyclopedic Dictionary. M., 2000; Foley J. Encyclopedia of signs and symbols. M., 1997.
MORSE, SAMUEL FINLEY BREEZE (Morse, Samuel Finley Breese) (1791-1872), American artist and inventor. Born April 27, 1791 in Charlestown (Massachusetts). He studied at Yale University (1807-1811), where he attended a course of lectures on the then new field of physics - electricity. In 1811 he went to England, studied painting at the Royal Academy of Arts and in the studio of B. West. Returning to the USA in 1815, he intended to paint pictures on historical and religious themes, but did not find customers and took up portrait painting. In 1824 he settled in New York, where he received an order for a portrait of the Marquis de Lafayette, who was touring America at that time. In 1829 he again went to Europe to study the works of the old masters. I was hoping to get a commission to paint historical panels for the four still empty panels of the Rotunda in the Capitol building. In Europe, Morse came up with the idea to paint a picture that would interest Americans who had never seen masterpieces of world art. This is how his most famous painting, the Louvre Gallery, appeared, in the background of which as many masterpieces as the canvas could contain are depicted in miniature. In 1832, Morse returned to America and received a position as professor of drawing and painting at New York University.
Morse's interest in electricity and telegraphy is believed to have arose while he was returning from Europe. On board the ship there was a conversation about Faraday's experiments in electromagnetism - "extracting sparks from a magnet." Morse came up with the idea that the combination of sparks could be used as a code to send messages. During a month-long voyage, he made several preliminary drawings, and upon arrival in America he built an electromagnetic telegraph apparatus. In 1837 he demonstrated the invention at New York University. In 1838, Morse developed a special code (Morse code) and sent the first telegraph message: “Wonderful are your works, Lord!”
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