Practical work 24-25
Software search services. Usage keywords, phrases for searching information. Search term combinations. An example of searching for information on government educational portals.
Goal of the work. Studying ways to search for information on the Internet.
Study the basic concepts of information search Search for an information object on the Internet Reply to Control questions
Brief information
Searching for information is a problem that humanity has been solving for many centuries. As volume grows information resources, potentially accessible to one person, more and more sophisticated and advanced search tools and techniques have been developed to find the necessary document. Interner search services provide extensive opportunities for working with large amounts of information.
If there is primary information on the search topic, documents can be searched in search engines. In this case, one should distinguish between the methods of simple, advanced, contextual and special search.
A simple search is a search for Web resources using one or more keywords. The disadvantage of a simple search is that it usually returns too many documents, from which it is difficult to select the most relevant ones.
When using advanced search, keywords are linked together by operators logical relations. Advanced search is used in cases where simple search techniques produce too many results. Using logical relationships, the search task is formed in such a way as to more accurately detail the task and limit the selection area, for example, by publication date or data type.
Contextual search is a search using an exact phrase. It is convenient for abstract information search, but is not available in all search engines. First of all, to provide this capability, the system must work not only with indexed files, but also with full images of Web pages. This operation is quite slow, and not all search engines perform it.
Special search is used when searching for Web pages that contain links to specified URLs, containing specified data in service fields, for example, in the title field, etc.
Advanced Search. In addition to a simple search tool, usually search services provide advanced search facilities. These tools allow you to more accurately formulate a search task, but require some experience and work noticeably slower. In most search engines, advanced search commands are formed using Boolean commands. The convenience of using logical commands is in particular due to the fact that many search engines implement simple search commands differently. Each system strives to make simple search tools the most convenient, and advanced search tools the most standard. However, different search engines use different notations to denote Boolean operators. Therefore, before performing an advanced search, it is advisable to study the syntax of search queries for the selected search engine.
Let's take a closer look at logical relation operators (logical commands).
The logical operator OR (OR) is used to form a search query if the searched text must contain at least one of the terms connected by this operator. This operator can be indicated in various search engines in one of the following ways: | ; OR; OR.
For example, the result of the query “Black OR Sea” will be represented by a list of links to documents that contain the word “Black”, or the word “sea”, or both of these words together.
In some search engines, as noted above, by default, keywords in a query are connected by this logical relationship.
The logical AND operator is used to search for documents containing all terms connected by this operator. This operator can be designated in one of the following ways: +; AND; &; AND.
For example, the query “Black AND sea” will find documents containing the words “black” and “sea”.
The logical operator NOT (HE) allows you to search for documents whose text does not contain terms following this operator. This operator can be denoted in one of the following ways: not; !; ~; NOT.
For example, for the query “Black NOT sea”, the result is documents that contain the word “Black” and do not contain the word “sea”.
By using logical operations You can create quite complex queries. A query of several words interspersed with operators will be interpreted according to their priority. The AND and NOT operators traditionally have higher priority, so when processing a multi-word query, it is first grouped by the AND and NOT operators, and only then by the OR operators. For example, the query “Black AND sea OR Crimea” will find documents that either necessarily contain the words “Black” and “sea”, or the word “Crimea”, or all three words.
You can change the grouping order by using parentheses. The operator in parentheses will be executed first. Using parentheses allows you to build nested queries and pass them to operators as arguments. Thus, the query “Black AND (sea OR Crimea)” will find documents that necessarily contain the word “Black” and one of two words “sea” or “Crimea”.
Using nested queries, you can significantly limit the selection area, freeing the resulting list from unnecessary links. So, for example, if we are interested in information about vacations in the south by the sea, but exclusively on the Russian coast, then we can try using something like this: “vacation AND ((Azov OR Black) AND sea) NOT (Crimea OR Turkey OR Bulgaria)” .
The use of parentheses to control the order in which a search job is executed is allowed by most major search engines.
Advanced search yandex. ru
Operator | Description |
Detects exact words within quotation marks or phrases |
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Find any of the words. Just put the | symbol between the words, and you will get pages that contain at least one of the query words. |
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Excludes pages that contain a word or phrase. |
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You can build as complex constructions as you like by substituting entire expressions in each of the operators instead of a single word. To ensure that Yandex understands you correctly, enclose expressions in parentheses. |
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Limit search to pages where the query words are within a sentence |
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If you need documents where specified words are present - no matter at what distance and in what order - connect them with the operator |
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Words with capital and small letters count in different forms one word, so it doesn't matter which case you use in the query. The exception is the exact form operator. This is useful if the proper name you are looking for matches a common phrase, such as group! Black coffee. |
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You can specify the maximum allowed distance between any two words in a query by placing a / after the first word, immediately followed by a number indicating the distance. |
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Replacing part of a word. Journalist* |
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Replace any character. Journalist? |
Advanced search rambler. ru
Operator | Description |
Used to include common words |
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Query words enclosed in double quotes, are searched in documents exactly in the order and in the forms in which they were found in the request. Thus, double quotes can also be used to simply search for a word in a given form (words are found in all forms by default). |
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The NOT operator allows you to generate a query that is answered by documents that satisfy the left side of the query and do not satisfy the right. So, the result of a search for the query dog NOT cat will be all documents that contain the word “dog” and do not contain the word “cat”. |
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Two queries joined by the && operator form a complex query that is satisfied only by documents that simultaneously satisfy both of these queries. In other words, the query dog && cat will only find documents that contain both the word “dog” and the word “cat”. |
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A complex query, consisting of two queries joined by the || operator, is satisfied by all documents that satisfy at least one of the two queries. On request dog || cat there are documents that contain at least one of two words - the word “dog” or the word “cat” (or both of these words together). |
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Using parentheses allows you to build nested queries and pass them as arguments to operators, and also override the default operator precedence. |
Organization of a special search. Using special search tools, you can search for documents: containing the required data in various fields (title, keywords, description); located on any website; containing certain links, etc. Let's take a closer look at some of the special search capabilities.
Many search engines allow you to search Web documents based on the text contained in their titles. Searching by headings significantly reduces the number of links found, but very accurately leads to the necessary materials. After all, every Web page can have a title if its author is not too lazy to create it. And the title of a Web page usually accurately characterizes the topic of the material it contains.
For example, if you need information about distance learning, then it is advisable to look for pages that have this combination in the title. Thus, unlike a simple query, we cut off those documents where these words are not significant, that is, they do not define the topic of the article.
The operator or command of such a search is title. This operator can be designated in one of the following ways: title:, t:, title =, $title, etc. The operator is followed by keywords. In some search engines, keywords must be enclosed in parentheses; in others, they are written without parentheses. For example, in Yandex the search command in the title is written like this: $title (full-time training).
Site search. With the help of search engines, you can search for information not in the entire Web space, but on a specific site (if, of course, the latter is indexed by the search engine). The corresponding operator can be indicated in one of the following ways: url=, url:, u:, #url=". This is followed by the address of the Web site; some systems require enclosing the address in quotation marks.
If in a request you simply write down this statement with the address of a Web site, you will receive a list of documents indexed by the search engine on this site. But this operator can be combined with others, thereby searching for information according to all the rules for constructing queries on a given site. For example, if we want to find information about full-time training on the BelSU website, then the query in the Aport search engine will look like this: URL=http://www. bsu. edu. ru + “face-to-face training”.
In addition, search engines may offer other special search options: search in the text of links, search in the document description, search in the list of keywords of Web pages, search in figure captions, etc. You should be aware that the syntax of search queries, yes and the composition of available operators differs in different search indexes. Therefore, before searching in a particular search engine, you should study the help page for searching in this system.
Special search aport. ru
Operator | Description |
The word or construction in parentheses specified after the equality must be searched in the headings of the documents (the equal sign before the parentheses can be omitted). The query title=(dad or mom) will find documents containing the word dad or the word mom, or both words in the title. |
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The word or construction in parentheses specified after the equality must be searched in the reference text. The query anchor=(I hate the Internet) will find documents in the text of the links to which both words appear: hate and Internet. |
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The word or construction in parentheses specified after the equality should be searched only in plain text. By default, query words are searched both in the text and in all of the above fields. To search only the text displayed in the main browser window, you should use this operator. The query text=(table of contents or table of contents) will find documents in which any of the specified words occurs within the main text of the document. |
Assignment for work
Task 1. Search for an information object in the text of a document in the Microsoft Word word processor.
Operating procedure
Run text Microsoft processor Word and open the document in which the phrase will be searched. Execute the Edit-Find command and specify the search text
Task 2. Search for an information object with PDF extension in the file structures of drive D:
Operating procedure
In the operating room Windows system execute the command Start – Search Specify the object you are looking for *.PDF Specify the search location – local disk D:
Task 3. Search for an information object on the Internet
Operating procedure
Carry out a simple search for information using the keywords “information technology” in the search indexes Yandex (http://www. yandex. ru), rambler (http://www. rambler. ru), APORT (http://www. aport. ru). Write down the search results for each search engine in a report. Perform a contextual search (search by exact phrase) of information in the rambler search engine using the keywords “ information Technology" In the report file, write down a request that satisfies this condition and the result of executing the request in rambler. Search for information in the Aport search engine using the keywords “information technology,” but use distance operators to specify the search so that the words “information” “technology” are adjacent. Using any search engine, find material that would help you answer the following questions:
1. How many medals were won by Russian athletes at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London?
2. Years of the reign of Peter I.
Search for documents that have the keywords “information technology” in the title. In the report file, write down a request that satisfies this condition and the result of executing the request in Yandex. Go to the website at http://www. edu. ru/. In the institution section, search for information about your college. Record the search sequence in a report file.
Control questions
Mandatory part
List the search engines you know. Why do some search engines use advanced search? What logical operator relates keywords in a simple query in the search engines considered? How to search for the exact form of words in the Yandex search engine? What search areas can be defined in Yandex? How to specify the distance between keywords in Yandex?
Additional part
What does double & (&&) mean in a Yandex query? How to correctly put the “+” and “–” signs in a Yandex request? How to search for an exact phrase in search engines? What are parentheses used for in queries? What does double mean? (||) in a Rambler request? How to search for a phrase for a title in Aport?
Searching for information using a computer. Software search services. Transferring information between computers. Types of communication. Automated systems management
Every year the volume of the Internet increases significantly, so the likelihood of finding necessary information increases sharply. The Internet connects millions of computers, many different networks, the number of users increases by 15-80% annually. And yet, increasingly, when accessing the Internet, the main problem is not the lack of the information you are looking for, but the ability to find it. Therefore, it is especially important to learn how to search for information correctly and competently.
To find necessary information, you need to find her address. For this purpose, there are specialized search servers (index robots (search engines), thematic Internet directories, meta-search systems, people search services, etc.).
Search technology - Web technology World Wide Web (WWW) is considered a special technology for preparing and posting documents on the Internet. The WWW includes both web pages and digital libraries, catalogues, and even virtual museums. With such an abundance of information, the question arises: “How to navigate such a huge and large-scale information space? Search tools come to the rescue in solving this problem.
Search tools are special software, the main goal of which is to provide the most optimal and high-quality information search for Internet users. Search tools are hosted on special web servers, each of which performs a specific function:
1) Analysis of web pages and entering the analysis results to one or another level of the search server database.
2) Search for information at the user's request.
3) Providing a convenient interface for searching information and viewing the search result by the user.
The working techniques used when working with one or another search tool are almost the same. Before we discuss them, let's consider the following concepts:
1) The search tool interface is presented in the form of a page with hyperlinks, a query line (search line) and query activation tools.
2) Search engine index is information base, containing the result of analysis of web pages, compiled according to certain rules.
3) A query is a keyword or phrase that the user enters into the search bar. To form various requests special characters ("", ~), mathematical symbols (*, +, ?) are used.
The information search scheme is simple. User dials key phrase and activates the search, thereby receiving a selection of documents based on the formulated (specified) request. This list of documents is ranked according to certain criteria so that at the top of the list are those documents that most closely match the user's request.
Majority search tools offer two search methods - simple search and advanced search using special form request and without it.
The most developed search service for Russian-language information is provided by the Yandex search server.
After working at the computer for some time, you will find that you cannot always remember the place where this or that document you need is located. In this case, you should use the information search tools included in operating system. It should be remembered that in order to successfully search for a file, you must correctly specify the search criteria.
In general, it is convenient to search for information in Windows XP by selecting the main menu command Find(Search). This will launch Windows Explorer in search mode for files and folders. If you are already working with Explorer, you can start searching for the file you are looking for without leaving this program. To use the information search tools, you need to click the button on the Explorer toolbar. In this case, the button will remain pressed, and a panel with a group of controls for configuring the search will appear on the left side of the program window (Fig. 2.12). With their help, you can set search criteria and give a command to start the search procedure for the desired file.
Rice. 2.12. Search files and folders
Most often, files are searched by name and type, that is, by their extension. If the file name along with the extension is known, it is entered in the top input field. We remind you that the name is separated from the extension by a dot. In the drop down list Where to look(Folder) selects the drive or folder in which to search. By default, you are offered the current folder, the contents of which are displayed on the right side of the program window. You can search all drives on your computer, but specifying the search location will significantly speed it up. You can complicate your search conditions by entering in the input field Search text(Containing text) phrase that should be contained in the searched file. It should be remembered that searching the contents of files can take a very long time.
It often happens that the file name is not fully known. In this case, when searching, the missing part of the file name or extension is replaced with special wildcard characters? The * symbol replaces any number of any characters, for example, a search using the pattern *.* specifies a search for all files. Templates like *.htm or *.doc are often used, that is, templates for searching for all files of a given type. Symbol? in the pattern replaces only one, but any character, for example, according to the pattern D? m The files House and Smoke will be found. If the file name has spaces inside, for example, consists of several words, then when searching this name must be enclosed in quotation marks, for example “Favorite song.wav.”
Once you have entered your search criteria, you can begin searching for files. The search begins after pressing the button Find(Search Now). As you find the files and folders you need, their icons will appear on the right side of the Explorer window. The search may take quite a long time. You can interrupt the search procedure at any time by pressing the button Stop(Stop Search). Based on the search results, a list of files that meet the specified search conditions is displayed. You can work with files from the list, but sometimes it is useful to navigate to the folder where the required file. To do this, select one of the found files and click the button located on the toolbar. Desired folder will become current and you can continue working with it in the usual way. At the same time, the panel with search settings fields will be removed from the Explorer window. You can also stay working in the system folder with search results. If the search settings panel bothers you, click the button on the toolbar and this panel will be removed.
At the bottom of the search settings panel there are several links for searching for computers on the network, people, or information on the Internet. We will not dwell on the features of such a search, but note that the principles of the search always remain the same. You set the search area and criteria, and then launch the search procedure. But let's get back to searching for files and folders on your computer.
It often happens that you do not know the name of the file you are looking for, but you know the date it was created or its size. In this case, you can search using these file parameters. This search is needed if you need a list of files created, for example, in the last two days. These search capabilities are set using additional preference fields that appear in the search bar when you click on a link. Search options(Search Options) (Fig. 2.13). The search type is specified by checking the appropriate boxes. When you select specific checkboxes, below them appear additional fields to refine your search criteria. Check the box date(Date), and fields will appear below for setting up a search by file date (Fig. 2.13,).
Rice. 2.13. Additional search settings fields
If you select the Type (Type) and Size(Size) by clearing the checkbox date(Date), other fields will appear in the panel (Fig. 2.13. As in the case of searching by date, you can select the type and size of the file you are looking for. Moreover, you can specify the minimum or maximum file size. Last checkbox Extra options(Advanced Options) allows you to select or clear several checkboxes that specify the features of the search (Fig. 2.13). You can specify viewing when searching system folders And hidden files, or you don’t have to look among them. You can also search subfolders. If you remove this icon, the search will only be performed among files in one folder. When searching, you can take into account the differences between lowercase and uppercase letters, or you can ignore such differences. By adjusting various search parameters, you can significantly improve its effectiveness. Click on the frame title Search options(Search Options) will remove additional fields from the search settings panel.
After working at the computer for some time, you will find that you cannot always remember the place where this or that document you need is located. In this case, you should use the information search tools included in the operating system. It should be remembered that in order to successfully search for a file, you must correctly specify the search criteria.
In general, it is convenient to search for information in Windows XP by selecting the main menu command Search. This will launch Windows Explorer in search mode for files and folders. If you are already working with Explorer, you can start searching for the file you are looking for without leaving this program. To use the information search tools, you need to click the button on the Explorer toolbar. In this case, the button will remain pressed, and a panel with a group of controls for configuring the search will appear on the left side of the program window. With their help, you can set search criteria and give a command to start the search procedure for the desired file.
Most often, files are searched by name and type, that is, by their extension. If the file name along with the extension is known, it is entered in the top input field. We remind you that the name is separated from the extension by a dot. In the Where to search (Folder) drop-down list, select the drive or folder in which you want to search. By default, you are offered the current folder, the contents of which are displayed on the right side of the program window. You can search all drives on your computer, but specifying the search location will significantly speed it up. You can complicate the search conditions by specifying in the Containing text input field a phrase that should be contained in the searched file. It should be remembered that searching the contents of files can take a very long time.
It often happens that the file name is not fully known. In this case, when searching, the missing part of the file name or extension is replaced with special wildcard characters? The * symbol replaces any number of any characters, for example, a search using the pattern *.* specifies a search for all files. Templates like *.htm or *.doc are often used, that is, templates for searching for all files of a given type. Symbol? in the pattern replaces only one, but any character, for example, according to the pattern D? The files House and Smoke will be found. If the file name has spaces inside, for example, consists of several words, then when searching this name must be enclosed in quotation marks, for example “Favorite song.wav”.
Once you have entered your search criteria, you can begin searching for files. The search begins after clicking the Search Now button. As you find the files and folders you need, their icons will appear on the right side of the Explorer window. The search may take quite a long time. You can interrupt the search procedure at any time by clicking the Stop Search button. Based on the search results, a list of files that meet the specified search conditions is displayed. You can work with files from the list, but sometimes it is useful to navigate to the folder where the desired file is located. To do this, select one of the found files and click the button located on the toolbar. The desired folder will become the current one and you can continue working with it as usual. At the same time, the panel with search settings fields will be removed from the Explorer window. You can also stay working in the system folder with search results. If the search settings panel bothers you, click the button on the toolbar and this panel will be removed.
At the bottom of the search settings panel there are several links for searching for computers on the network, people, or information on the Internet. We will not dwell on the features of such a search, but note that the principles of the search always remain the same. You set the search area and criteria, and then launch the search procedure. But let's get back to searching for files and folders on your computer.
It often happens that you do not know the name of the file you are looking for, but you know the date it was created or its size. In this case, you can search using these file parameters. This search is needed if you need a list of files created, for example, in the last two days. These search capabilities are set using additional settings fields that appear in the search panel when you click on the Search Options link (Fig. 2.13). The search type is specified by checking the appropriate boxes. When you select specific checkboxes, additional fields appear below them to refine your search criteria. Select the Date checkbox and fields will appear below for setting up a search by file date
If you select the Type and Size checkboxes and clear the Date checkbox, other fields will appear in the panel. As with searching by date, you can select the type and size of the file you are looking for. Moreover, you can specify the minimum or maximum file size. The last checkbox, Advanced Options, allows you to select or clear several checkboxes that specify how the search will be performed. You can set the scan to search for system folders and hidden files, or you can not search among them. You can also search subfolders. If you remove this icon, the search will only be performed among files in one folder. When searching, you can take into account the differences between lowercase and uppercase letters, or you can ignore such differences. By adjusting various search parameters, you can significantly improve its effectiveness. Clicking on the title of the Search Options frame will remove additional fields from the search settings panel.
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Search condition combinations The “Search Comb” plugin is designed to search for combinations in circulation history that satisfy certain conditions. At the top, the range of circulations taken into account in the search is specified (all circulations, the latest, or selectively from.. to...). Buttons for saving settings and loading them. The first tab, “Search for combinations,” is designed to search in the history of draws for combinations that completely (i.e., matched all the numbers of the combination with a particular draw) coincided throughout the analyzed history of the lottery a specified number of times (or more). For example, the screenshot shows combinations of 10 numbers in length that matched all draws of the Keno 20 out of 80 lottery (Ukrainian UNL) more than three times. The lower table displays the found combinations; the upper table, when positioned on any lower row, shows the runs in which a complete match of this combination was found.
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Combinations of search conditions It should be borne in mind that under some conditions the calculation, and especially the output to the table, can take a long time. For example, a million sixes, drawn more than 2 times in 3500 draws of the Keno 20 out of 80 lottery (Ukrainian National Lottery), are displayed on a dual-core Pentium 2.53 MHz in about three minutes (even though the calculation takes half a minute). But at the same time, the program begins to consume a lot of memory, and if there is not enough memory, the function (not the program, but only this calculation) may crash due to an OutOfMemoryException exception. In order to eliminate such a situation, the program has a parameter that limits the number of calculated combinations. By default it is set to 500,000 records (eventually there may be fewer after additional processing). If you have random access memory It is enough and it is necessary to obtain several million combinations (although the purpose of this is unclear), in the plugin configuration file (for example, SearchComb_20x80.pcfg) you can set the required value of the ResultLengthLimit parameter.
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