However, the role of radio as a central entity in the world of Soviet media relations cannot be denied. It was radio that acted as the social glue that, over the course of seven decades, held together many dozens of nationalities and cultures into one powerful state.
For the majority of the adult population of modern Russia, it is radio, radio broadcasts, and not television or the press, that is a symbol of “Soviet” childhood. If television left only “Blue Light” in its memory, the press - “Murzilka”, “Ogonyok” and “Technique of Youth”, then radio was forever fixed in the memory of the Russian people with the call signs of “Baby Monitor”, “KOAP”, “Pionerskaya Zorka” and many other radio broadcasts and radio plays.
The purpose of this work is to trace the development of Soviet radio broadcasting in the period after the Second World War and up to the “stagnation”; identify key points in the development of radio journalism; give an overview of children's and youth radio journalism of the indicated period, systematize children's and youth radio programs.
The time period of the study was chosen for a number of reasons:
Twenty-five years (45-70) is the most significant stage in the development of Soviet radio journalism. At this time, most of the known genres of radio journalism took shape, and the greatest quantitative growth in radio broadcasts was noted.
Although the selected period is very long within the framework of the rapid 20th century, the breadth of the time period being studied is compensated by the lack of knowledge of the issue, which will not allow one to delve deeply into the topic.
It was during this period that children’s radio journalism, which is most interesting to us in this study, experienced particularly rapid development.
To achieve this goal, it was necessary to solve the following tasks:
Provide the main facts from the history of radio broadcasting in the USSR and identify the key events that determined this development, their causes and consequences.
Research literature on the topic, familiarize yourself with available scientific works.
Study recordings of children's radio programs and draw conclusions about the content, policies and target audience of these programs.
Collect and systematize brief, scattered information about the history of the emergence of children's and youth entertainment and educational radio programs.
Among the fundamental works on radio journalism that we relied on, we can highlight the work of A.A. Sherel, “Radio journalism. Textbook for students of higher educational institutions studying the specialty Journalism”, textbook by Gurevich P.S., Ruzhnikov V.N. “Soviet radio broadcasting. Pages of history." In the question of the history of children's radio journalism, we relied on the books of A.A. Menshikova. “Radio for Children”, and the work of Marchenko T. “Radio Theater”.
The novelty of this work lies in the fact that it is an attempt to systematize all the data on the history of radio broadcasting and children's radio journalism available on the Internet and city libraries. And this is also very interesting point in our study. From a theoretical point of view this work cannot claim novelty, but it may be interesting for its practical part - the analysis of audio recordings of Soviet radio broadcasts. From a practical point of view, the materials of this course work can be used by students of the specialty “Journalism” to write reports or essays, to study the stages of development of Soviet radio broadcasting and Soviet children's radio journalism.
The following provisions are put forward for protection:
The post-war period is a stage of intensive development of radio broadcasting in the USSR, a time of the emergence of many new and revival of old genres of radio journalism.
The 50s - 60s were a time of explosive growth in the share of music and entertainment radio broadcasting.
The post-war USSR pays great attention to children's and youth radio policy, which is reflected in the qualitative and quantitative growth of Soviet radio broadcasts.
As the Soviet child grew older, the radio offered him more and more specialized, scientific information, instead of gaming, musical and educational information.
Chapter 1. Soviet radio journalism 1945-70.
The first four stages of development of Soviet radio broadcasting.
Traditionally, before talking about the designated period of history, we must briefly characterize the historical situation in which Soviet radio broadcasting was to unfold. So, briefly:
Some researchers usually consider the first stage of the development of Russian radio journalism to be the “infancy” - the tsarist period. At this time, radio and radiotelegraph were used primarily for military purposes. Little is known about the active use of radio, but there is evidence of the use of radio for local transmission of information through loudspeakers. Radiotelegraph was used on the fronts of the First World War. News reports, newspaper materials read out through loudspeakers, were heard in Petrograd.
The second stage - the stage of the birth of radio broadcasting and journalism, coincides with the founding of the USSR. From the first years of Soviet power, radio was used not only as a means of communication, but also as a source of information. Since November 1917, decrees of the Soviet government and messages about major events in the life of the country, about the international situation, speeches by V. I. Lenin. One of the urgent government tasks was the creation of a material and technical base for radio broadcasting. In 1918, the Council of People's Commissars created a commission to develop plans for the development of radiotelegraphy; a number of powerful radio stations of the military department were transferred to the People's Commissariat of Posts and Telegraphs; The Council of People's Commissars adopted a decree on the centralization of radio engineering in the country. The first radio broadcasts were conducted in 1919 from the Nizhny Novgorod Radio Laboratory, and from 1920 - from experimental radio broadcasting stations (Moscow, Kazan, etc.).
The Communist Party and the Soviet government attached exceptional importance to radio technology as the main means of development of Russia. In 1920, Lenin wrote to M. A. Bonch-Bruevich, who headed the Nizhny Novgorod Radio Laboratory: “I take this opportunity to express to you deep gratitude and sympathy for the great work of radio inventions that you you do. The newspaper without paper and “without distances” that you create will be a great thing.”
In 1922, in letters to J.V. Stalin for members of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the RCP (b), Lenin formulated the provisions of the program for the continuous radioification of the country, in the same year the first (still irregular) text radio broadcasts through loudspeakers began; The Nizhny Novgorod Radio Laboratory broadcast the first radio concerts. The formation and popularization of radio in the 20s. contributed to the mass amateur radio movement (which began to develop after the opening of the Comintern radio station in Moscow in 1922), the activities of the Society of Friends of Radio, organized in 1924, and the joint-stock company “Radio Transmission” (originally “Radio for Everyone”, its members were the People’s Commissariat for Postal Service, VSNKh, ROSTA , All-Russian Electric Trust of Low Current Plants).
Regular radio broadcasting began on November 23, 1924, when the first issue of the radio newspaper was broadcast. In 1925, the Radio Commission of the Central Committee of the RCP (b) was organized for general leadership and the Radio Council under the Main Political Education of the People's Commissariat of Education of the RSFSR to develop the main directions of broadcasting.
In the 20s The main genres (radio report, radio conversation, commentary) and forms of broadcasts (radio newspaper, radio magazine) are emerging. In 1925, the first radio report from Red Square in Moscow, dedicated to the October celebrations, was broadcast; children's programs - “Radio October”, “Radio Pioneer” (later “Pionerskaya Zorka”); “Cultural heritage for children”; youth - “Young Leninist”; from 1926 - “Peasant Radio Newspaper”, “Workers Radio Newspaper”, ethnographic concerts.
Regular radio broadcasting was organized in the union republics—in 1925–27, radio stations began operating in Minsk, Baku, Kharkov, Tashkent, Leningrad, Kyiv, and Tbilisi.
Since the 20s Speeches by government officials became a tradition of Soviet radio. Held in the mid-20s. The discussion about the social purpose of radio, its place among the arts and means of aesthetic education contributed to the development of forms and genres of radio journalism, especially literary and dramatic.
Since 1927, the researcher of Soviet radio journalism A. Sherel has identified the third stage, which consists in further development genres of radio journalism, attracting leading journalists and writers of the young Soviet Union to the radio. At this stage, we can consider radio broadcasting as a fully formed, full-fledged media, using huge success at the audience and under close control of the authorities.
In 1927, the Council of People's Commissars adopted a resolution aimed at improving artistic programs. V.V. Mayakovsky, A.N. Afinogenov, D. Bedny, E.G. Bagritsky, F.V. Gladkov, V.V. Ivanov, L.M. Leonov and others participated in the preparation of literary programs. Regular reviews under The section “Literature for the Masses” introduced listeners to the work of Soviet writers and the classical literary heritage. R. popularized the music of the peoples of the USSR; lectures and concerts revealed the main stages in the history of world musical culture. In the 20s the first concerts were performed upon request, opera performances were broadcast from Bolshoi Theater THE USSR. Since 1925, the radio program included conversations and lectures on socio-political, scientific and technical topics. In the late 20s - early 30s. For the purposeful education of the population, workers', peasants', communist, and Komsomol radio universities were created (up to 80 thousand radio students).
From 1928 to 1933, the power of Soviet radio broadcasting stations increased 8 times. In 1931, the All-Union Committee on Radio Broadcasting was formed under the People's Commissariat of Postal Service, and in 1932, 12 local radio committees were formed in the republics and regions. New, effective forms and genres of radio broadcasts appeared: radio roll call, all-Union radio meeting (1929), live radio reports from construction sites (1930). The resolution of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) “On the restructuring of the labor force movement” (1931) recommended that radio committees make wider use of forms of mass work (raids, visiting teams), expand cooperation with labor correspondents, and develop and create new forms of broadcasts based on letters from workers.
In accordance with the decree “On the restructuring of literary and artistic organizations” (1932), the topics, forms, and genres of artistic programs expanded. Writers A. Serafimovich, M. A. Svetlov, N. A. Ostrovsky, I. P. Utkin, K. G. Paustovsky, actors D. N. Orlov, V. I. Kachalov, I. M. took part in the work on the radio Moskvin, M. I. Babanova, etc. New works by D. D. Shostakovich, Yu. A. Shaporin, S. S. Prokofiev, D. B. Kabalevsky and others were performed on the radio for the first time. Music broadcasting introduced listeners to professional performers and the best amateur artistic groups. In 1932, regular publications of Latest News began.
In 1936, the Radio Committee introduced 5 broadcast programs, compiled taking into account the time zone and the national linguistic characteristics of the population of various regions of the country. The first all-Union radio festival (1936) marked the beginning of the inter-republican exchange of radio programs. In the 30s In the system of socio-political broadcasting, independent editorial offices of rural programs, Red Army, youth, and sports broadcasting emerged. Defense and sports topics occupied a prominent place in radio programs, and sports radio reporting emerged as a genre (founder V.S. Sinyavsky). An important role in improving radio broadcasting was played by a special press on radio issues: the magazines “Radiofront” (founded in 1925, up to No. 19 - “Radio to everyone”), “The USSR Speaks” (1931), the weekly newspaper “Radio News” (1925), etc. .
The fourth stage is the period of the Great Patriotic War, the time of the birth of new genres, reporting and news, a time of rapid public interest in radio. as the most operational mass media.
During the Great Patriotic War of 1941–45, 2 thousand radio reports from the Sovinformburo, 2, 3 thousand issues of “Last News”, over 8 thousand “Letters from the Front” and “Letters to the Front” were transmitted. A significant place in the programs was occupied by reviews of newspapers, TASS information, and correspondence from the front (in the editions of Latest News there are about 7 thousand correspondence from the active army). Unlike other countries, in the USSR during the war, radio broadcasting remained continuous and multi-programmed. Broadcasts were regularly made for partisans and the population of temporarily occupied areas. Leaders of the Soviet government often spoke on All-Union Radio. In 1944, the Council of People's Commissars adopted a resolution on measures to strengthen the material and technical base of the Central Radio Broadcasting, in 1945 - on the celebration of Radio Day on May 7 (May 7, 1895 A. S. Popov demonstrated in action the receiver he created for wireless signaling).
Radio of a totalitarian state (1945-1970)
The post-war years and the time of Khrushchev’s “thaw” are the period of the second birth of radio. Now it is forced to compete with television and cinema, although this competition is not yet able to suppress the scope of the rapid development of radio broadcasting. At this key stage of its development, Soviet radio, as never before, takes on the role of agitator: the Cold War begins, the Iron Curtain comes down. Radio is forced to restrain the impulses of Soviet people and instill in them communist ideology.
The return to peaceful post-war work after the victory over Nazi Germany was accompanied by a number of factors that burdened the life of the people. Firstly, the devastation in the former occupied territories. The Germans successfully used the “scorched earth” tactic, leaving behind ruins and ashes.
Secondly, the aggravation of the confrontation between the USSR and its former allies in the anti-Hitler coalition, called the “Cold War”, and as a consequence - an arms race that requires gigantic material, financial and human resources.
Thirdly, the disappointment of the population, who expected a fairly rapid improvement in living conditions after the victory (only two and a half years after the victory, food cards were abolished; the annual announced reduction in prices for a number of food and industrial goods in practice was, rather, a propaganda campaign, than an economic achievement: Stalin’s Minister of Finance A.G. Zverev later frankly wrote that the reduction in prices was compensated in the budget by a reduction in labor prices).
In such conditions, radio, as well as other media and propaganda, was tasked with explaining to the people that the difficulties of restoring the national economy would require additional sacrifices from the citizens of the USSR, but they must be sure that these victims were the last.
And therefore, censorship is strengthened even more, so-called “live broadcasts” practically disappear from the air, almost all programs (with the exception of the news releases “Latest News”) are recorded in sound recordings.
By the end of 1946, according to the then chairman of the Radio Committee D.A. Polikarpov, 95% of the total broadcast time was occupied by programs pre-recorded on film. Accordingly, control over the selection of radio broadcasting personnel is being strengthened. It was at this time that a slightly paraphrased proverb became popular among radio journalists: “The word is not a sparrow, if you catch it, you’ll fly out!”
1949 is the year of transformation of the radio broadcasting structure.
The All-Union Committee on Radio Communication and Broadcasting, unified for the entire country, created in 1933, was transformed into two radio broadcasting bodies of all-Union significance - the Radio Information Committee and the Radio Broadcasting Committee under the Council of Ministers of the USSR. The first was entrusted with the task of domestic radio broadcasting, the second - broadcasting on foreign countries. The reform was determined by the noticeably increased role of radio broadcasting to foreign countries in the war and early post-war years (its volumes increased sharply, the number of languages and broadcast zones expanded).
The Iron Curtain is closing.
At the same time, the second round of Stalinist repressions began: campaigns against genetic biologists, doctors, and writers. The third wave of emigration begins.
All this is reflected in radio programs, not only in socio-political ones, but also in those that claim to be called literary and artistic. The names of A. Akhmatova, M. Zoshchenko, D. Shostakovich, S. Eisenstein and many other outstanding cultural masters, whose fault was only that they were unflatteringly mentioned in some resolution of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, disappear from the air.
Among the tasks that the radio faced was this: to explain to the Soviet people that everything discovered or invented by humanity, of even slight value, first appeared in Russia and only then outside its borders. This was part of a campaign against the so-called “cosmopolitans” - intellectuals who considered themselves citizens of the world and valued universal human values above purely national ones. They were seen as people hostile to Russia, disconnected from their people, anti-patriots.
So Stalin lowered the “iron curtain” between the USSR and the rest of the world, trying to maintain and strengthen his power. And for this it was necessary to eradicate dissent and dissidents by all possible means and methods.
On the air of these radio stations you will hear the best songs and music of the Soviet era, which were once widely known and popular in the cities and villages of our vast Motherland. And many of them are still known and listened to today by those who were born and raised in our country. These songs have been performed for sixty, seventy years, but they have not lost their relevance - these are hits that are listened to by more than one generation. Listen to the music of a bygone century from vinyl records and reels. Some of the radio stations broadcast Soviet radio plays and radio programs for both children and adults!
OLD RADIO
Staroe Radio is a non-commercial Internet radio station in live in which you will hear performances, radio-literary compositions, literary readings and much more.
OLD RADIO (CHILDREN'S RADIO)
Dear Guys!
“Children's Radio” is the radio for you. Here you can listen to the best productions, performances and fairy tales, recorded with love and skill. Both the youngest and the oldest will find interest. We will also offer works necessary for the school literature curriculum. Even your mothers and fathers will be happy to remember the fairy tales and stories of their childhood.
Most of the airtime is occupied by high-quality radio plays and plays for children, as well as songs from cartoons and feature films for children.
Old radio (music) - popular Soviet songs and all music of the USSR. A rare collection of patriotic, military and simply folk songs of the USSR.
Muslim Magomayev, Anna German, Joseph Kobzon, Maya Kristalinskaya, Edita Piekha - these names are familiar to everyone who lived and worked, fell in love and went to dance floors, watched TV and listened to the radio, and also built socialism in the Soviet Union! Today, all the artists of that era are widely represented on the Internet radio “USSR 50-70.101”! Turn on the radio station and enjoy good, strong-spirited songs!
RADIO USSR 30-50 - music radio station from the Internet portal 101.ru. Our grandparents listened to these songs; listen closely and you will notice the clicks and creaks of gramophone records. Famous performers of that time that you will hear on this channel: Vadim Kozin, Isabella Yuryeva, Vladimir Bunchikov, Leonid Kostritsa, Ivan Shmelev and many others. Listen to the live broadcast of Radio 101.ru: USSR 30-50 online
From the first days of Soviet power, the Communist Party paid great attention to radio broadcasting as a means of communication, information, propaganda, and agitation. (For the history of the creation of the scientific and technical base of radio broadcasting, see the sections Electronics, radio engineering and telecommunications; USSR. Communication.)
The first Soviet radiotelegraph broadcasts about the most important events in the country took place in November 1917, the first radio broadcasts - in 1919. Regular radio broadcasting began in 1924. In the 20s. genres of radio broadcasting (radio reports, radio conversations, comments), forms of broadcasts (radio newspaper, radio magazine, radio roll call, etc.) took shape, and children's, youth, music, and sports broadcasting developed. In 1925, the first radio report was made from Red Square in Moscow, dedicated to the October celebrations. In 1932, regular publications of Latest News began. In 1931 the All-Union Committee on Radio Broadcasting was formed, in 1932 - 12 local radio committees in the republics and regions. In the 30s, radio broadcasting played a significant role in promoting advanced labor methods (Stakhanov movement, etc.), in organizing socialist competition, and in patriotic education of the population.
During the years of the Great Fatherland. During the war of 1941-45, radio broadcasting played an active mobilizing role in the fight against fascism. Over 2 thousand Sovinformburo reports, 2.3 thousand issues of Latest News, about 7 thousand correspondence from the active army, over 8 thousand “Letters from the Front” and “Letters to the Front” were broadcast. Broadcasts were regularly made for partisans and the population of temporarily occupied areas. The orders of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief and the radio speeches of the leaders of the Soviet government were of great political importance and supported the morale of the people during the difficult years of the war. In 1944, the Council of People's Commissars adopted a resolution on measures to strengthen the material and technical base of central radio broadcasting, and in 1945 - on the annual celebration of Radio Day on May 7 (May 7, 1895, A. S. Popov demonstrated in action the radio receiver he had created). Enormous work on the development of radio broadcasting and radio technology was carried out in the post-war decades. Radio broadcasting covers the entire territory of the Soviet Union, broadcasts are conducted in 68 languages of the peoples of the USSR and 70 languages of the peoples of other countries. In terms of total power, radio broadcasting stations of the USSR occupy 1st place in Europe.
All-Union Radio broadcasts are prepared by the main editorial offices (propaganda, information) broadcasting for children, youth, literary and dramatic, music broadcasting for Moscow and the Moscow region) and committees in the union and autonomous republics, territories, national districts, regions. At the beginning of 1977, All-Union Radio had 8 broadcast programs (average daily volume 158.3 hours), the 1st program (main) - all-Union, informational, socio-political, educational and artistic (average daily broadcast volume 20 hours) has 3 takes, taking into account the belt time for Western Siberia, the republics of Central Asia (except for the Turkmen SSR) and Kazakhstan, Eastern Siberia, the Far East. 2nd program (“Lighthouse”) - round-the-clock, informational and musical; transmitted simultaneously to all regions of the country, 3rd program - general education, literary and musical; average daily volume 16 hours. 4th program - musical, sounds on medium and ultra-short waves (broadcast volume on average 9 hours), 5th program - round-the-clock, informational, socio-political and artistic, addressed to Soviet people outside the country (sailors, fishermen, polar explorers, etc.).
Local radio broadcasting in the USSR is carried out by republican, regional, regional, city radio committees and radio editorial offices. Broadcasts are carried out by 300 2-program transmitting radio stations. Moscow, the capitals of the union republics, as well as more than 10 cities carry out stereophonic broadcasts. The USSR has the largest wire broadcasting in the world - the total length of lines is about 2 million km, over 200 cities have multi-program wire broadcasting, 14 committees of the union republics broadcast on 3-4 programs.
Of the 162 regional, regional and district committees, 113 broadcast in 2 or more languages (for example, in the Dagestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, radio broadcasts in 9 languages). Its own radio broadcasting is also carried out in large cities of the Soviet Union (196 city editorial offices). There is a network of factory radio broadcasting, radio broadcasting in universities, research institutes, collective farms and construction sites.
In the country, per 100 families there are (1975) 79 radios and radiograms; Almost every family in the city can receive All-Union and local radio programs via wire. In 1977, the total average daily volume of radio broadcasting in the Soviet Union was 1,307 hours. A special place was occupied by radio broadcasts dedicated to the 50th anniversary of the Great October Socialist Revolution, the 100th anniversary of the birth of V.I. Lenin, and the 30th anniversary of the Victory of the Soviet people in the Great Fatherland. war 1941-45: “Chronicle of the Great October Revolution. Year 1917”, “50 Heroic Years”, “Literary Leninian”, radio chronicle “Biography of V.I. Lenin”, “Feat of the People”, “Documents of the Great Patriotic War”.
The main socio-political programs of the All-Union Radio are information releases of “Latest News” under the 1st program, as well as news releases under the “Mayak” program. Issues related to socialist construction are covered in the radio cycle "Lenin's University of Millions." The All-Union Radio's programs "Time, Events, People" present a multifaceted story about the everyday work of Soviet people. International problems are heard in the programs “International Diary”, “In the Countries of Socialism”, “International Observers at the Round Table”, “Across Countries and Continents”.
From the first days of radio broadcasting, on the recommendation of N.K. Krupskaya, programs were created that were designed for certain social and age groups of the population. There are programs for workers (“On Working Noon”, etc.), village residents (“Earth and People”, “Village Meetings”), children (“Pioneers”, “Pioneer Dawn”), youth (radio station “Yunost” with different blocks programs for rural youth, students of vocational schools, students, soldiers, special program for BAM builders, etc.).
Literary and dramatic broadcasting promotes the best works of Russian, Soviet and foreign literature and drama. The programs feature famous writers and poets, leading critics (“Writers at the Microphone”, “Poetry Notebook”, “Literature and Art Abroad”, “Theater and Life”). All-Union Radio regularly participates in the international festival of radio plays for children and youth.
The role of radio in promoting the works of composers of Soviet republics, the world classical heritage, and new products in the musical life of foreign countries is great. Only on the 1st program of the All-Union Radio, 15-17 concerts and music reviews are heard daily. "Mayak" broadcasts music programs around the clock. These programs are the main ones on the 3rd program and entirely make up the 4th.
Broadcasts based on letters from listeners “Radio Mail”, “Field Mail of Youth”, “At Your Requests”, “Poetry Notebook”, “In the World of Words” are conducted, consultations and information are given on various issues. Much attention is paid to general education and educational programs. The programs are differentiated by the level of education of the audience and by sections of science. The program “Radio University of Musical Culture” is popular. Educational programs also occupy a significant place in the programs of local committees. There are regular sports broadcasts: news releases, broadcasts of competitions within the country and major international competitions.
An important role in the work of the All-Union Radio and local broadcasting committees is played by public editorial boards, which include representatives of workers, scientists, and specialists on various social, scientific, and cultural issues. Many programs are compiled and conducted with the help of reporters and freelance presenters; requests and suggestions from listeners are taken into account when preparing programs.
Regular radio broadcasting to foreign countries began in 1929 (first in German, then in English, French and other languages). In 1975, 10 editorial offices broadcast across groups of countries and regions in 70 languages. The station “Peace and Progress” (founded in 1964), the organ of Soviet public organizations, also broadcasts for foreign listeners. Soviet radio brings listeners around the world the truth about the first country of socialism, the Soviet way of life, the successes of the working people of the Soviet Union in building communism, and explains the foreign and domestic policies of the CPSU and the Soviet state. Music and art programs are broadcast. Broadcasts to foreign countries are also carried out by 9 republican committees (Azerbaijan, Belarusian, Armenian, Latvian, Lithuanian, Tajik, Uzbek, Ukrainian, Estonian). The volume of radio broadcasting to foreign countries from Moscow is over 200 hours per day.
Experimental television broadcasting in Russia began back in the 30s. On May 1, 1931, signals carrying images were broadcast. And already on May 1, 1932, the first small sound film. The first broadcast of short-line television from Moscow - no longer experimental, but regular - took place on November 15, 1934. It lasted 25 minutes and was a pop concert. In the summer of 1940, programs began to appear information messages, which were read (on camera) by a radio announcer. As a rule, these were repetitions of radio broadcasts of “Last News”.
On March 22, 1951, by resolution of the Council of Ministers of the USSR, the Central Television Studio was created, which later became the Central Television of the USSR. The structure of the TsT included the following divisions: the editorial office for literary and dramatic broadcasting, the editorial office for music broadcasting, the editorial office for children's broadcasting, and, finally, the socio-political editorial office. Subsequently (in 1954), a film editorial office and editorial offices for popular science, industrial, agricultural and sports programs were created.
In 1954, journalists came to work in the new editorial offices for the first time in television practice. They brought the experience of press and radio broadcasting to television. It was possible to solve the problem of turning television into a mass media only by relying on the principles and traditions of journalism.
In the 50s, such genres as essays (Ryabchikov), reportage (Fokin, May Day demonstration, festival) were emerging on domestic television. On May 1, 1956, a television report was made for the first time about the parade and demonstration on Red Square. However, the operational event reporting finally and irrevocably won the rights of citizenship in Soviet television during the VI World Festival of Youth and Students, held in Moscow from July 28 to August 11, 1957.
It was at the beginning of 1957 that the government decided to remove radio and television from the system of the Ministry of Culture. The Committee on Radio Broadcasting and Television was created under the Council of Ministers of the USSR.
The growth of television audiences from the mid-50s created a need to differentiate programs according to the interests of various socio-demographic groups of viewers. Programs for children and youth have appeared; with the expansion of the reception area of the CST - programs for agricultural workers. In 1954–1958 television magazines “Young Pioneer”, “Iskusstvo”, “Knowledge”, etc. have firmly taken a place in the CST programs. All television studios that opened in the 2nd half. 50s, included at least two or three monthly magazines in their programs. These were socio-political, popular science, children's and youth programs based on local material.
The two most important genres of information journalism—reporting and interviews—at first could successfully exist and even develop within the framework of a “live” broadcast. In the second half of the 50s, these genres occupied a place in programs sufficiently that, through interviews and reportage, combined with a note (“story”) in the news bulletin, television began to fulfill its information function, so important these days.
In the genres of artistic journalism, the conditions for solving the problem are much more complicated. The role of the essay in the media system is determined by the specifics of the genre: factual, documentary in terms of material, and at the same time artistic in terms of means of expression.
Resolution of the CPSU Central Committee of January 29, 1960 “On the further development of Soviet television”
This decree accelerated the process of development of television, the process of revealing its capabilities. The Party Central Committee paid special attention to the fact that television is becoming one of the main sources of information for the population about events in the country and abroad, about the achievements of industry, agriculture, science, technology, art, literature, and sports. Television, like all journalism, served party propaganda, and, consequently, the interests of the party leadership were placed above the interests of the people.
Until 1960, studio staffing included only one category of literary workers—editors. All literary work, including reporting, was carried out by editors, who in many cases had neither experience nor special journalistic education (these were teachers, historians, agronomists, lawyers, etc.), and freelance authors. The country's first department of radio broadcasting and television was created in 1958 at the Faculty of Journalism of Moscow University, but its graduates were clearly not enough to staff new television studios.
The 60s for television was a stage of serious expansion of journalistic broadcasting. The widespread use of permanent headings (sections) of information and journalistic programs began. The method of clearly categorizing materials is characteristic of the press, newspapers in particular; it is determined by the desire, firstly, to more fully satisfy the interests of a certain social group readers; second, to promote audience stability.
The most successful programs have existed on television for more than 40 years. These are “Kinopanorama”, “Travelers Club”, “Health”, “Music Kiosk” and some others.
As a typical example of information journalism of the 60s, consider the weekly review of current events “News Relay,” which first appeared on the air in December 1961. The use of the phenomenon of spontaneity (and the associated improvisation) was proclaimed as the creative principle of this program.
The main genres of the “Relay Race” are interviews, conversation, commentary. About three thousand people took part in the first 100 editions of the Relay. The workers of the “News Relay” brought to the fore, literally and figuratively, the personality of the journalist, the personification of the message. However, already in 1964–1965. The popularity of this program began to decline. “Television news”, as it developed, took away from it more and more socially significant operational information that the presenter of this program could have reported (and previously reported). The process of developing operational television information was not smooth. This was reflected in the lack of regularity of TN releases and the instability of message forms, the search for which was often carried out chaotically and unsystematically.
January 1, 1968 “Time” program. Vremya informed the audience about the most important events of the day, striving for a stable form close to a newspaper. But only since 1972 did the audience of Central Television gain confidence that from 21.00 to 21.30 it would be possible to learn about the events of the day. The television news service gave an incomplete picture of reality - only positive aspects of the country's life were reflected. But a one-sided examination of life was characteristic of Soviet journalism as a whole.
Television games, which are one of the dialogized forms of personalized messages, flashed on the television screen back in 1957, but only by the mid-1960s their meaning was fully revealed. The success of the “Club of the Cheerful and Resourceful” (KVN) program, which began on November 8, 1961, exceeded all expectations; KVN was subordinated to a strict script. However, the principle of improvisation continued to be declared; the advent of video magnetic recording allowed leading workers of the “ideological front” to remove moments that were undesirable for them from programs. And the editors (or rather, censors) of KVN took full advantage of this opportunity.
The possibilities of revealing on the television screen the personality involved in improvisational actions, identified and developed in KVN programs, were subsequently used in a number of other cycles similar in structure: “Come on girls!”, “Hello, we are looking for talents”, “Master - golden hands”, “Measure seven times...”, “What? Where? When?" and so on.
Speaking about fundamentally new forms of broadcasting for the 60s, it is necessary to note the artistic and journalistic program, initially called “Television Cafe”, and later – “On the Light”, “On the Blue Light”, then “Blue Light”. This weekly Saturday program, first broadcast on April 5, 1962, was one of the most popular: for several years
Note that the period of development of journalism began after the XXII Congress of the CPSU (when “Relay of News”, “KVN”, “Blue Light” and others appeared on the air important programs) and, in a sense, ended in 1968 after the so-called “Prague Spring”. We are talking about this in order to make the situation clearer: the activities of television are directly dependent on both the political and economic situation in the country.
The process of establishing radio broadcasting in our country is divided into the following stages.
1. At the end of the 19th century A.S. Popov gave a scientific report and demonstration of the device, which was called a lightning detector. Popov then demonstrated his discovery in practice by transmitting the world's first radiogram. The interest of many departments in cheap and relatively accessible communications has led to the widespread construction of radio stations in Russia. By 1917, a network of strategic stations had been created in Russia, ensuring stable communication between the center of the country and the outskirts. The navy also had significant radio equipment. The third network belonged to the Main Directorate of Posts and Telegraphs, and served civil radio communications. Morse code was used for transmissions.
2. During the armed uprising by the Bolshevik Party on the eve of October, a special place was given to the immediate mastery and widespread use of basic means of communication - telephone, telegraph and radiotelegraph. The network of powerful stations located at the center of events in Petrograd turned out to be an extremely favorable factor for the development of the coup. Already during the preparation of the October armed uprising, the Bolshevik party used radiotelegraph stations as new channel social management.
The function of a centralized information service began to be performed by the Press Bureau and the Petrograd Telegraph Agency. From here came texts that were transmitted via radio - decrees, orders, etc. The nature of the relationship between information agencies and radio stations has changed significantly since its creation (September 1918) ROSTA essentially became a radiotelegraph agency. ROSTA's "Radio Bulletin" was a complex radio program, a system of operational messages in which all the most important events were consistently reflected.
In 1921, the state of the press was characterized by a sharp decline in the quality of newspapers and a decrease in circulation due to lack of funds, shortage and high cost of paper, excessive printing costs, plus the complete destruction of the distribution apparatus. Under these conditions, radio was called upon not only to complement the press, but to perform a unique function of replacing its responsibilities in the information system. At the same time, the value of operational information was multiplied by the possibility of mass coverage of wide circles of the population. Thus, newspaper shape on the radio was generated not by a primitive idea of the possibilities of a new channel of information and propaganda, but by the requirements put forward by the authorities for radio.
Experimental mass broadcasting in Russia, as well as in other countries, began not only with political, but also with literary and artistic programs - radio concerts. In artistic broadcasting, two theatrical directions are being formed. Theater at the microphone- a performance that took place on the theater stage and was broadcast with appropriate commentary; radio theater- performances staged directly in the studio according to original scripts written specifically for radio.
The results of the survey raised the question of creating several radio newspapers, each of which would have its own specific audience. To begin with, we decided to publish not one, but two newspapers on the radio: a daily newspaper for workers, and a peasant newspaper. The ability to activate the emotional state of the audience, inherent in radio, manifested itself to an even greater extent in event broadcasts. October 4, 1924, the day of the funeral of M.V. Frunze organized the first radio report from Red Square.
In socio-political areas It is advisable to divide event broadcasts of the period under review into: - socio-political; - educational; - entertaining. By shape Radio messages from this historical period can be divided into: - radio meetings; - radio roll calls; - radio lectures; - radio concerts.
The year 1928 can rightfully be considered a turning point in the history of radio. In July 1928, the Council of Labor and Defense adopted a resolution " On the reorganization of radio broadcasting." According to it, the organization and management of radio broadcasting in the USSR was entrusted to the Posts and Telegraphs (Narkompostel). A special radio department was formed within the structure of the People's Commissariat, which in 1931 became known as the All-Union Radio Broadcasting Committee.
On November 1, 1928, a standard weekly broadcast schedule was introduced. The grid differentiated and strictly regulated the direction of transmissions, and most importantly, their volume. The principles of its compilation were based on taking into account the interests of different groups of listeners to whom the programs were addressed. Filling the grid with specific passes allowed us to work according to a more strict plan. Sound recording played a revolutionary role in the development of broadcasting . Experiments on its use began in the late 20s and continued until magnetic sound recording was established as the most effective. Sound recording made it possible to edit various documentary recordings, music, noise, and “manipulate” sound material in order to achieve the most vivid, complete, deep reflection of reality in sound. As a result of the creative development of its capabilities, new forms and genres of radio journalism emerged: radio essays, radio films, radio reports. A particularly noticeable phenomenon in the programs of the 1930s were radio films, types of composition that made full use of editing documents, music, and dramatized scenes. At the same time, new forms of broadcasting related to the reflection of mass scenes of life came on the air: radio rallies, radio roll calls, radio meetings. The first radio rally took place back in 1927.
The subject of heated debate was light music on the radio. Dance and jazz music received particular criticism from authoritative Soviet musicians and composers. However, yielding to the wishes of a certain part of the audience, the music editors planned concerts of light and dance music at night. This was one of the most accessible forms of counteracting radio censorship, which had already fully developed by this time.
The beginning of the 30s saw the start of children's broadcasting, in which three directions were immediately identified: informational and educational programs about the life of pioneers and schoolchildren - “Pionerskaya Zorka” (under the title “Morning Dawn” was published from October 1, 1934); educational programs that, as a rule, provided children with a variety of information on various sciences in a playful way; And radio theater, which was based on dramatizations of domestic and world classics, as well as plays by contemporary authors written specifically for radio.
Finally, in 1928, radio theater programs underwent serious changes: a cycle of radio plays appeared, in which the expressive means of radio were used in a complex.
During these years, a special tone of radio broadcasts emerged. Solemn, emotionally uplifting, life-affirming. It permeated many genres of radio journalism.
The most difficult test for the staff of the Radio Committee and the entire radio construction industry was the “Radio Committee Case” fabricated in the depths of the NKVD in 1935, a kind of anniversary of the decade of Soviet regular radio broadcasting, as a result of which the entire management staff was removed from the party with penalties and subsequently repressed.
With the liquidation of radio newspapers, a significant restructuring of the broadcast network of the “broadcast day” took place. The ratio of informational and documentary broadcasts has sharply decreased in favor of purely propaganda radio programs. The low professional level of texts and the monotony of genres transformed the speech broadcast of the second half of the 30s. into a monotonous background. Thus, in general, the formation of a powerful propaganda channel was completed. Since 1940, all types of censorship of radio broadcasting have been concentrated in the hands of Glavlit.
43. Publicists and journalism during the Great Patriotic War (student’s choice).
Soviet journalism with all its activities contributed to the creation of the personality cult of Stalin. Victories in the first five-year plans, in the democratic achievements proclaimed in the new Constitution of the USSR, and in the successes of building socialism were considered his personal merit. The press became a platform for the ideological and theoretical justification of Stalinism. Stalin’s books “On the Foundations of Leninism”, “A Short Course in the History of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)”, etc. were regarded as the greatest examples of the creative development of Marxism. The persistent propaganda of authoritarian ideology by periodicals and radio broadcasting contributed to the fact that it penetrated into all spheres of the spiritual life of society, including into journalism, which has become an integral part of the apparatus of the totalitarian system.
The Great Patriotic War was the most difficult test for the Soviet state. The war, which lasted almost four years, culminated in the greatest victory in the history of mankind, in the achievement of which it is impossible to underestimate the role of Soviet journalism.
The war immediately changed the entire appearance of the Soviet press: The number of military newspapers increased. The volume of the citizen press is decreasing. The number of even central newspapers has decreased by more than half. The number of local publications has decreased significantly. Many central industry newspapers, such as “Lesnaya Promyshlennosti”, “Textile Industry”, etc., ceased publication. Some specialized central newspapers were merged. So, instead of “Literary Gazette” and “Soviet Art”, the newspaper “Literature and Art” began to be published.
Except " Komsomolskaya Pravda" and the Leningrad "Smena" all Komsomol newspapers were closed, and republican, regional and regional party newspapers began to be published five times a week on two pages. Regional newspapers also became two-page and switched to weekly publication. Even Pravda, which was published during the war years instead of six on four pages, was reduced in volume.
Measures to rebuild the press made it possible to largely overcome the difficulties in organizing printed propaganda at the front.
By the end of 1942, the task of creating a mass press in the Armed Forces in accordance with the requirements of the wartime was solved: by this time 4 central, 13 front-line, 60 army, 33 corps, 600 divisional and brigade newspapers were published. At the fronts and in the army there were many newspapers in the languages of the peoples of the USSR
The Administration of the Soviet Army published a leaflet “News from the Soviet Motherland” in a circulation of one and a half million, which constantly informed the Soviet people in the territory temporarily captured by the enemy about the situation at the front and in the rear.
A huge number of newspapers and leaflets were published behind enemy lines.
Of the underground publications published in the occupied territory, the most famous were the newspapers “For Soviet Ukraine”, “Bolshevik Truth”, “Vitebsk Worker”, “Fight for the Motherland!”...
In addition to “Red Star” and “Red Fleet”, two more central military newspapers arose: from August 1941, “Stalinsky Falcon” began to be published, from October 1942, “Red Falcon”.
Significant changes have also occurred in magazine periodicals. The magazines “Slavs”, “War and the Working Class”, and the literary and artistic magazine “Front Illustration” were created. Of particular importance were magazines for individual branches of the military: “Artillery Journal”, “Communication of the Red Army”, “Military Engineering Journal”. The satirical magazine publications “Front-line Humor” (Western Front), “Draft” (Karelian Front), etc. enjoyed constant success.
In connection with the need for more rapid transmission of events at the front and in the rear, on June 24, 1941, it was created Soviet information bureau. The task of the Sovinformburo included prompt and truthful information not only for Soviet people, but also for foreign countries.
During the war years, the most operational means of information became especially indispensable - broadcasting, the first military broadcasts of which appeared simultaneously with the government message about the attack on the Soviet Union by Nazi Germany. Invariably, starting from the very first radio broadcasts about events at the front, they ended with calls: “The enemy will be defeated, victory will be ours!”
The increased role of radio broadcasting in war conditions is evidenced by the prompt creation of branches of the All-Union Radio Broadcasting in various cities of our country (in Kuibyshev, Sverdlovsk, Komsomolsk-on-Amur). In November 1942, broadcasting in Ukrainian and Belarusian languages began from Moscow. The radio programs “Letters to the Front” and “Letters from the Fronts of the Patriotic War” became unchanged. Over two million letters were used in them, thanks to which more than 20 thousand front-line soldiers found their loved ones evacuated to the eastern regions of the country.
At the final stage of the war, Soviet journalism was replenished with another type of press: newspapers were created for the population of the states liberated from the fascist invaders, as evidenced by the names of these publications - “Free Poland”, “Hungarian Newspaper”.
Entering the war against the USSR, Hitler declared that it would be a merciless struggle, ideologies and racial differences, that it would be waged with unprecedented cruelty. Following this directive, the Nazis fought for the enslavement of the Soviet people not only by the force of military weapons, but also by the weapon of speech. In the temporarily occupied territory, the fascists published dozens of newspapers, from the pages of which it was argued that it was not Hitler’s Germany, but the Soviet state, that was to blame for unleashing a war unprecedented in the history of mankind. This lie was spread both in newspapers and in radio broadcasts of the Nazis.
Already in 1941, the Germans began to establish their own radio broadcasting.
Every day, Hitler's newspapers and radio assured readers and radio listeners of the failure of the Soviet army, the failure of Bolshevism, that England and the United States were weaker than Germany, and reported that Germany would win.
Anti-Soviet Hitlerite propaganda in the temporarily occupied territory even more urgently demanded the restructuring of all Soviet journalism, strengthening its personnel with the most qualified workers. In this regard, for the first time in the history of the domestic media, hundreds and hundreds of Soviet writers were sent to the editorial offices of newspapers, radio broadcasting, and news agencies. Already on June 24, 1941, the first volunteer writers went to the front, including B. Gorbatov, A. Tvardovsky, E. Dolmatovsky, K. Simonov.
The word was of great importance during the war. The press carried a certain ideology and raised the morale of the soldiers. Its functions also included the transfer of experience, types of defense and other information necessary for the success of the Soviet army.
There were 943 writers in the Red Army and Navy during the Great Patriotic War. The dangerous work of writers as war correspondents allowed them to be in the thick of hostilities and provided rich material for brilliant artistic and journalistic works.
1. “Theater at the microphone.” Radio plays were broadcast during this program. The radio had a task: to popularize the best literary works of Russian and Soviet classics. I must say that it fulfilled this task. Both children and adults, joining the radios, listened to the unique voices of Alexei Gribov, Yuri Yakovlev, Evgeny Samoilov, Boris Smirnov, Nikolai Plotnikov. Plays by Soviet and foreign classics, as well as operas and operettas, were performed. Many listeners knew the lyrics literally by heart!
2. In addition to “Theater at the Microphone” there were also “ Literary readings" In this radio broadcast, the work was read by outstanding actors: V. Tikhonov, L. Kasatkina, P. Kadochnikov. It was a real pleasure to listen to “Quiet Flows the Flow of the Don” or “Walking Through Torment,” which we read in childhood, performed by our favorite actors.
3. “Pioneer Dawn”. This is a kind of radio newspaper published every morning. It was intended for schoolchildren. The presenters talked about the life of the pioneers, the country, and made relevant reports, interviews, and radio essays. Famous artists, musicians, and poets were invited to produce the program. Songs for the radio newspaper were written by such composers as M. Iordansky, A. Ostrovsky, E. Krylatov, O. Khromushin, S. Sosnin, Yu. Chichkov, A. Pakhmutova. The program was aired for 66 years! It ceased to exist with the collapse of the USSR.
4. Another morning radio program was called “Good Morning!” She was humorous. The radio program included the section “Archivarius (Collection of information not very well known),” hosted by Georgy Vitsin, as well as the “Information Bureau,” whose duty officer was played by Vera Orlova. "Good morning!" was so popular that they even made parodies of it. Its participants at different times were Arkady Arkanov, Vladimir Vinokur, Mikhail Zhvanetsky, Roman Kartsev and Viktor Ilchenko, Joseph Kobzon, Georgy Millyar, Arkady Raikin, Tarapunka and Shtepsel, Eduard Uspensky.
5. Children's radio programs were also very popular. For example, “The Club of Famous Captains” is a well-known multi-part radio play for children that was broadcast in the USSR from December 1945 until the early 1980s. The characters in the play were heroes of popular adventure books: Captain Nemo, Baron Munchausen, Sinbad the Sailor, Robinson Crusoe. The role of the librarian Maria Petrovna was played by Sofia Galperina, her assistant Katyusha was played by Natalya Lvova.
6. “Baby Monitor” - an educational program for younger schoolchildren on the All-Union Radio. “Fun baby monitor lessons” in a humorous musical form helped children remember the rules of the Russian language, explained the laws of mathematics, physics, biology, and traffic rules. The children on air were even taught how to wash floors and write poetry, and also told them about people who dedicated their lives to children. The author of the program was Eduard Uspensky, as well as Arkady Khait (author of the most impeccable interludes “Fun Lessons”), Lion Izmailov, Efim Smolin and many other poets and humorous writers. The program lasted almost thirty years.
7. “Meeting with a song.” The premiere took place on All-Union Radio in 1967. This is the progenitor of “Songs as a Gift,” which became popular later on on TV channels. The transmission lasted for about an hour. During this time, listeners called the studio and told personal stories, one way or another connected with any song. The presenter played this song after the story. The program adequately withstood many perestroika tests and, having become ten minutes shorter, still remained on the air - now “Radio Russia”.
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