Tasks and functions of information logistics. Information logistics and its functions Definition of logistics information

Logistics information systems take the organization of management processes in a company to a higher level. By using information systems becomes possible solution the following tasks:

• - increase the speed of information processing and thereby make decisions more quickly;
• - increase the volume of information processed and due to this, when making a decision, analyze a larger number of options and choose the most rational solution;
• - minimize errors in collecting and processing information;
• - make informed decisions about the use of resources and determine the responsibilities of performers based on timely, reliable, complete and accurate information;
• - reduce the labor costs of managers through electronic information exchange, minimizing the movement of paper documents.

Information logistics tools should allow you to plan, manage and control material flows. Therefore, the main objectives of information logistics are:

• - planning of logistics needs;
• - analysis of decisions related to the promotion of material flows;
• - management control of logistics processes;
• - integration of supply chain participants.

Main functions of information logistics:

• 1. Collection of information in places where it occurs;
• 2. Analysis of information and its transformation;
• 3. Accumulation of information and its storage;
• 4. Transportation of information;
• 5. Filtering the flow of information;
• 6. Combination and separation of information flows;
• 7. Performing elementary information transformations;
• 8. Information flow management.

Information flow is a collection of various messages that circulate within the logistics system, which circulates between this system and the external environment and is necessary for the management and control of logistics operations.

Main carriers of information flows:

• 1. Various traditional paper documents;
• 2. Electronic documents(punched cards, punched tape);
• 3. Oral messages ( telephone conversations, speech information).

Main types of information flows:

• 1. by type connected by flow systems:
• 1) horizontal
• 2) vertical
• 2. At the place of passage:
• 1) external
• 2) internal
• 3. In relation to the logistics system:
• 1) incoming logistics flow
• 2) output logistics flow
• 4. Urgency:
• 1) ordinary
• 2) urgent
• 3) very urgent
• 5. According to the degree of confidentiality:
• 1) ordinary
• 2) containing a trade secret
• 3) containing state secrets
• 6. By importance (for email messages):
• 1) simple
• 2) custom
• 3) valuable
• 7. By transmission speed:
• 1) traditional (mail messages)
• 2) fast ( Email, telegraph, telephone)
• 8. By area of ​​coverage:
• 1) local
• 2) non-residents
• 3) distant
• 4) international

Main indicators of information flow:

• 1. Origin
• 1. Direction of flow
• 2. Transmission and reception speed

Basic assessments of information flows:

• 1. By source of occurrence
• 2. By direction
• 3. By volume
• 4. According to the order of agreement
• 3. By order of approval
• 4. By validity period
• 5. By storage order

Information support for production is a tool for similar unification, from procurement to the sales system. The reason for success or failure in the external sphere of activity of an enterprise on the market can be: obtaining operational information about an event or situation in the market, refusal or receipt of a supply request.

An important role is played by the complex of information support. The connecting threads are the flows of information on which all elements of the logistics system are connected. The creation of databases, communications within the enterprise, and the presence of a number of decision-making activities require an information network.

Even in the recent past, the main problems that worried logistics system developers related to the area of ​​physical flows of goods and raw materials.

Accompanying documentation was considered to provide information support for the process of moving goods from supplier to consumer.

As logistics systems developed in production, the need began to be felt for the development and implementation of logistics information systems that could unite all logistics subsystems into one whole.

The successful implementation of this concept in practice was facilitated by the realization of the fact that the information on modern level production development is a self-sufficient production factor.

Its potential opportunities open up great prospects for strengthening the competitiveness of enterprises. For analysis efficiency information activities logistics, it is necessary to accept the entire logistics system as a base of functionally limited logistics subsystems, the operation of which as a whole is ensured by information logistics at the level of its own subsystems. This division is very arbitrary.

Information logistics organizes the data flow that accompanies the MP, is engaged in the creation and management of information systems (IS), which technically and programmatically ensure the transfer and processing of logistics information. Subject studying information logistics are the features of the construction and functioning of information systems that ensure the functioning of drugs. Purpose information logistics is the construction and operation of information systems that ensure the availability of:

• 1) necessary information(for MP control);
• 2) in the right place;
• 3) at the right time;
• 4) required content (for the decision maker);
• 5) with minimal costs.

With the help of information logistics and the improvement on its basis of planning and management methods in companies of leading industrial countries, a process is currently taking place, the essence of which is replacing physical inventory with reliable information.

The basis of the material flow management process is the processing of information circulating in logistics systems. In this regard, one of the key concepts of logistics is the concept of information flow.

Information flow is a set of messages circulating in the logistics system, between the logistics system and the external environment, necessary for the management and control of logistics operations. Information flow can exist in the form of paper and electronic documents.

In logistics, the following types of information flows are distinguished:

Rice. 1

• - depending on the type of systems connected by the flow: horizontal and vertical;
• - depending on the location of passage: external and internal;
• - depending on the direction in relation to the logistics system: input and output.

The information flow can be ahead of the material flow, follow simultaneously with it or after it. In this case, the information flow can be directed either in the same direction as the material one, or in the opposite direction:

The forward information flow in the opposite direction contains, as a rule, information about the order;

advanced information flow in the forward direction - these are preliminary messages about the upcoming arrival of cargo;

• - simultaneously with the material flow, information flows in the forward direction about the quantitative and qualitative parameters of the material flow;
• - following the material flow in the opposite direction, information about the results of cargo acceptance in terms of quantity or quality, various claims, confirmations can pass.

The path along which the information flow moves, in the general case, may not coincide with the route of the material flow.

The information flow is characterized by the following indicators:

• - source of occurrence;
• - direction of flow;
• - transmission and reception speed;
• - flow intensity, etc.

The formation of information systems discussed in §§ 11.2-11.4 is impossible without studying flows in the context of certain indicators. For example, solving the problem of equipping a certain workplace with computer technology is impossible without knowing the volume of information passing through this workplace, as well as without determining the required processing speed.

You can control the information flow as follows:

• - changing the direction of flow;
• - limiting the transmission speed to the corresponding reception speed;
• - limiting the flow volume to bandwidth individual node or section of the path.

The information flow is measured by the amount of processed or transmitted information per unit of time.

Methods for measuring the amount of information contained in a message are studied in a branch of cybernetics called information theory. According to this theory, the so-called binary unit - a bit - is taken as a unit of information. When using electronic computing technology, information is measured in bytes. A byte is a part of a machine word, usually consisting of 8 bits and used as a whole when processing information in a computer.

Derived units of information quantity are also used: kilobyte and megabyte.

In business practice, information can also be measured:

• - the number of documents processed or transmitted;
• - the total number of document lines in processed or transmitted documents.

It should be borne in mind that in addition to logistics operations in economic systems, other operations are also carried out, which are also accompanied by the emergence and transmission of information flows. However, logistics information flows constitute the most significant part of the total information flow.

Let us consider, as an example, the structure of the aggregate information flow in a large grocery store. The bulk of the total volume of information circulating here (more than 50%) is information coming to the store from suppliers. These are, as a rule, documents accompanying the goods arriving at the store, the so-called shipping documents, which, in accordance with the above definitions, form the incoming information flow.

Logistics operations in a store are not limited to receiving goods from suppliers. The intra-store trade and technological process also includes numerous logistics operations, which are accompanied by the emergence and transmission of information used within the store. At the same time, the share of educated information used inside the store is approximately 20%.

In general, approximately 2/3 of the total volume of information processed in the store can be information necessary for the management and control of logistics operations. In manufacturing or wholesale enterprises, the share of logistics information flows is even greater.

In the future, instead of the term “logistical information flow”, we will use the term “information flow”, without forgetting about its logistic content.

1. Information systems in logistics

A significant element of any logistics system is a subsystem that ensures the passage and processing of information, which, upon closer examination, itself unfolds into a complex information system consisting of various subsystems.

Just like any other system, an information system must consist of orderly interconnected elements and have a certain set of integrative qualities. The decomposition of information systems into their constituent elements can be carried out in different ways. Most often, information systems are divided into two subsystems: functional and supporting (Fig. 2).

A functional subsystem consists of a set of tasks to be solved, grouped based on their common purpose. The supporting subsystem, in turn, includes the following elements:

• - technical support, i.e. a set technical means, providing processing and transmission of information flows;
• - Information Support, which includes various reference books, classifiers, codifiers, means of formalized description of data;
• - mathematical software, i.e. a set of methods for solving functional problems. Logistics information systems, as a rule, are automated systems for managing logistics processes. Therefore, software in logistics information systems is a set of programs and a set of programming tools that provide solutions to problems of managing material flows, processing texts, obtaining reference data and functioning of technical means.

Rice. 2

The organization of connections between elements in logistics information systems can differ significantly from the organization of traditional information systems. This is due to the fact that in logistics information systems must ensure comprehensive integration of all elements of material flow management, their prompt and reliable interaction. “Information and technical support of logistics systems differs not in the nature of the information and the set of technical means used for processing them, but in the methods and principles used for their construction” (31).

The definition of an information system can be formulated as follows: an information system is a certain organized set of interconnected computer technology, various reference books and the necessary programming tools, providing the solution of certain functional problems (in logistics - problems of managing material flows).

They are a necessary link in the overall production process. One of the main areas of their activity is information logistics. This is the industry that combines all stages of production - from the supply of materials to the sale of products. Information logistics collects data that is necessary for material production.

Its main task is the collection and timely delivery of information to both production units and the company’s management team. It should be taken into account that each level of the production process must be provided with only the data necessary for its operation at the right time.

Logistics systems provide higher-ups with the information needed to develop company strategy and policy, as well as for decision-making. Middle management must be provided with data for successful planning and organization of the production process. Control authorities must also be provided with the necessary data.

Information logistics carries out following functions:

1. Receiving data in the places where it appears.

Ensuring the possibility of redistributing resources in order to use them more efficiently;

Evaluation of the production process and its results;

Helping to maximize company profits.

In order to make the logistics system work efficiently, various developments in the field of information technologies. This includes the creation and use of computerized networks within the company. They must integrate all levels for faster delivery of information. It is also necessary to provide a system application programs, which will allow more efficient implementation

Collection and processing systems must have certain properties. First, they must be able to support a decrease or increase in the number of users. Secondly, they must enable multiple users to process information at once. One more important indicator is the opportunity for each consumer to independently configure the flow of information. The last quality is openness and the ability to collaborate with other systems to exchange information.

Information logistics is an important part of the activities of any company.

The movement of material flows and its results depend on the movement of information flows associated with them.

Economic information- a set of information functioning in economic objects (about social processes of production, distribution, exchange and consumption of material goods and services), which can be recorded, transmitted, transformed and used to implement such management functions as planning, accounting, economic analysis, regulation, etc. .

Logistics information- this is purposefully collected information necessary to ensure the process of managing the enterprise’s logistics system.

Information support for logistics at an enterprise is the activity of forecasting, processing, accounting and analysis of information.

Without timely exchange of information, it is impossible to carry out logistics activities. Information contributes to the coordination of the work of departments. None of the logistics areas would be able to perform their tasks if they did not have the necessary information.

Logistics research, representing the systematic collection and analysis of data on the problems of commodity distribution, are an indispensable tool for making effective management decisions.

The study of information, as a function of enterprise management in market conditions, provides practice-tested recipes for achieving positive commercial results of logistics activities with minimal risks. In order to function normally, an enterprise must receive complete and high-quality information before and after its management makes management decisions.

Good information allows a company to:

• gain competitive advantages;
• reduce financial risk;
• determine buyer attitudes;
• justify intuitive decisions;
• increase operational efficiency;
• monitor the external environment;
• coordinate strategy;
• increase confidence in the agreements reached and obligations assumed.

The need for more extensive information is due to:

• transition from the traditional approach to material flow management, when the components of the system acted separately, to a new, logistics approach, in which the goals of each structural unit are subordinated to the overall goal of the entire enterprise;
• transition from a seller's market to a buyer's market;
• transition from price competition to non-price competition (development of logistics services), etc.

Information is used in all areas of logistics activities.

The need for information arises already at the planning stage of basic logistics processes. To do this, they use data on the main results of activity in the periods preceding the forecast one, and on the main directions of development of tax and legal relations in society as restraining or stimulating factors. These data make it possible to outline the main directions of the logistics strategy.

At the procurement stage, information about suppliers, manufactured goods, and new products is used. Here, information coming from outside helps to select the best supplier. Information coming from the micrologistics system allows, based on data on the availability of stocks, production capacity and the financial stability of the enterprise to correctly formulate an application for materials, raw materials and semi-finished products. The exchange of information between partner companies makes it possible to reach an agreement on the terms and conditions of delivery.

Information is also of great importance when transporting products. Based on the available data, the enterprise has the opportunity to determine the type and type of vehicle corresponding to the cargo being transported, and select a forwarding company with optimal tariffs. Regulatory and legal information is extremely important here, since all types of transportation, both internal and external, are subject to a number of legislative acts. In addition, the availability of information about the cargo being transported allows you to create optimal conditions for its transportation and competently organize loading and unloading operations. Comparison of shipping documentation with information about the actual condition of the cargo at the time of arrival provides grounds for filing claims, etc.

When organizing warehousing systems, data from economic calculations on the development of the warehouse network are used; regulatory, sanitary and hygienic requirements for the organization of warehouse processes. In addition, timely received information about the actual state of inventories contributes to the calculation of the optimal amount of inventories, as well as the creation of conditions to ensure their safety, prevent theft and damage to goods.

When working with customers information task- create an idea of ​​the potential sales market and distribution channels for finished products.

Logistics Information System is a constantly operating system for collecting, classifying, analyzing, evaluating and distributing relevant, timely and accurate information for use in order to improve planning, implementation and control over the execution of logistics activities.

Information is collected and analyzed through four supporting systems, which together comprise: internal reporting, market research, information analysis and current external information collection.

When determining the parameters of an enterprise, financial and accounting reporting plays a special role. This internal reporting system displays current sales indicators, expense amounts, inventory volumes, cash flow, information on accounts receivable and payable. Most often used:

• Form No. 1 “Balance Sheet of the Enterprise”;
• Form No. 2 “Profit and Loss Statement”;
• certificates for form No. 2 “Certificate for the report on financial results and their use”;
• Form No. 5 “Appendices to the balance sheet of the enterprise.”

To analyze the activities of an enterprise, an analytical balance sheet is drawn up, current indicators are determined, such as liquidity, financial stability and production efficiency. Then these indicators are compared with standard ones, a forecast of the probability of bankruptcy is made and the creditworthiness of the enterprise is assessed. Next, it is determined whether the development of the enterprise is possible with the existing logistics concept or whether the development of a new one is required.

Conducted studies show that product data entered from a computer keyboard contains on average one error for every 300 characters entered. When using bar codes, this figure drops to one error per 3 million characters. The American Management Association determined the average cost of identifying and eliminating one error at $25.

Based on barcoding technology and automatic collection data are based on simple physical laws. The bar code is an alternation of dark and light stripes of different widths. Its image is applied to an object that is a control object in the system. To register this element, a scanning operation is performed. In this case, a small luminous spot or laser beam from a scanning device moves along the bar code, alternately crossing thin and thick lines. The light beam reflected from the light stripes is captured by an ultra-sensitive device and converted into a discrete electrical signal. Having deciphered the light code, the computer converts it into digital.

The digital product code itself, as a rule, does not provide information about its properties. A unique 13-digit number is only the address of a cell in the computer’s memory, which contains all the information about this product necessary for machine-readable documents. The totality of this information forms a product database. Subsequently, the database must be transmitted along the distribution chain using an electronic communication network or on machine-readable media.

At the time the check is issued by the cash register computer main computer section receives into its memory information that the product has been sold. This computer accompanies the receipt of goods from the warehouse and sale by arithmetic linking of arrays in the stock card index. Thus, the system permanently provides not only total, but also quantitative accounting of goods, which cannot be organized without coding.

Quantitative sales accounting is used for timely replenishment of the assortment. An order for the delivery of goods to a store or their delivery to the sales floor, automatically compiled and transmitted via an electronic communication network, takes into account the emerging demand for each product item.

The use of automated barcode identification technology in logistics can significantly improve the management of material flows at all stages of the logistics process. Let us note its main advantages.

In production:

• Creation unified system accounting and control of the movement of products and components at each site, as well as the state of the logistics process at the enterprise as a whole;
• reducing the number of support staff and reporting documentation, eliminating errors.

In warehousing:

• automation of accounting and control of material flow;
• reducing time for logistics operations with material and information flows.

In trade:

• creation of a unified material flow accounting system;
• automation of ordering and inventory of goods;
• reduction of customer service time.

Another applied area of ​​information logistics is the marking of packages with machine-readable code.

In logistics processes, the object of management is not only a unit of goods, but also a cargo package, which includes tens or even thousands of individual units of goods. At the same time, a separate unit of goods, the advantages of coding and automatic identification of which are discussed above, is the main subject of labor only at the final stage of product distribution, i.e. in the store. In the earlier stages, goods move mostly in the form of freight packages. The lack of uniformity and consistency among participants in logistics processes in matters of coding, labeling and identification of these packages significantly slows down the movement of material flow and makes it difficult to manage it at all stages of movement from supplier to consumer.

In conditions where wholesale cargo is concentrated from many suppliers using different, often incompatible systems for identifying cargo packages, effective organization of material flow management is difficult. For manufacturers, efficiency losses occur at the distribution stage. Transport workers “lose” the effect during the transportation process, wholesalers lose in the process of storing and sorting goods, and retailers lose in the process of performing purchasing operations.

On the one hand, the listed losses, and on the other, the high level of development of computer technology and information technology allowed the International Association EAN develop a unified standard for labeling cargo packages.

Both the introduction of a standard for pallets and the introduction of a unified standard for labeling cargo packages can radically change the cargo handling system and dramatically increase the efficiency of logistics processes.

The proposed standard provides for marking a cargo package with a special label, which may contain various information: about the product, shelf life, as well as information that allows one to uniquely identify this cargo unit. At the request of the shipper, the label may contain information about the name of the company or other data.

In order for the label to be constantly visible to the operator during processing, it is applied to all four sides of the cargo package.

The benefits of using the EAN label:

• simple and unambiguous identification of the pallet is ensured. The serial code of the transport package is a kind of key that provides access to information stored in the computer;
• the label originally applied by the package supplier can be used by all participants in the “manufacturer-consumer” chain without exception;
• the process of communication between partners is greatly facilitated;
• barcode scanning ensures fast and correct information entry;
• Freight processing time at all stages is repeatedly reduced.

So, we see that at all times the lack of information does not allow us to adequately assess environment. Making decisions aimed at increasing the efficiency of material flow management activities is impossible without the availability of complete, accurate and reliable information about events and phenomena. The more information logisticians have at their disposal, the better and easier management decisions are made. With the development of scientific and technical progress, automation of systems for organizing information flows will become increasingly important. This is due to the fact that an automated data processing and exchange system reduces paperwork, the possibility of errors, and thus reduces the enterprise’s costs for correcting these errors. Automated systems Information flow management allows you to avoid downtime and implement a system of rapid response and just-in-time delivery at your enterprises.

1. Logistics information is purposefully collected information necessary to ensure the process of managing the enterprise’s logistics system.

Good information allows an enterprise to gain competitive advantages, reduce financial risk, determine customer attitudes, justify intuitive decisions, increase operational efficiency, monitor the external environment, coordinate strategy, and increase confidence in agreements reached and commitments made.

The logistics information system is a constantly operating system for collecting, classifying, analyzing, evaluating and disseminating relevant, timely and accurate information for use in order to improve planning, implementation and control over the execution of logistics activities.

2. An information system is a certain organized set of interconnected computer equipment, various reference books and the necessary programming tools, which provides the solution of certain functional tasks (in logistics - problems of managing material flows).

Information systems are divided into three groups: planned, discretionary (dispatcher), executive (operational).

Federal Agency for Education E.K. Nagina V.A. Ishchenko Information logistics Theory and practice Educational and methodological manual for universities Voronezh 2007 2 Approved by the Scientific and Methodological Council of the Faculty of Economics on January 11, 2007, protocol No. 22. Reviewer Ph.D., professor of the faculty of PMM VSU O.F. . Uskova The educational and methodological manual was prepared at the Department of Information Technologies and Mathematical Methods in Economics, Faculty of Economics, Voronezh State University. Recommended for full-time students of the Faculty of Economics of Voronezh State University who are taking an exam in information logistics, for students enrolled in the MBA program, as well as for anyone interested in the information component of logistics. For bachelors of the direction 080100 “Economics”, specialization – “Mathematical methods in economics” 4 full-time courses and for students in the MBA program. 3 PREFACE The development of logistics information technologies, new schemes for interaction between enterprises in an integrated supply chain (ISC), and an approach to logistics information as a strategic resource contribute to focusing attention on this type of activity included in logistics as information logistics. Comprehensive cooperation, characteristic of the modern global economy, implies extensive cooperation between enterprises in the field of sales, service, supply chains, as well as the integration of processes based on logistics information technologies. If during the period of general attention to IT solutions, the efforts of enterprises were focused primarily on improving intra-operational activities for enterprise resource planning based on ERP and CRM class systems, but now the attention of managers is focused on the interconnection of the functioning of dozens of different-profile enterprises. agreements included in various business alliances. This concept also requires a new approach to development. software . However, no matter what software tool the user chooses, the issue of ensuring the interaction of local logistics information systems with each other will remain relevant. The fact is that today the most modern and at the same time generally accepted standard for organizing supply chain management is BPEL (Business Process Execution Language). Based on this product, you can create a single integration platform for all used applications. The task is only to ensure the translation of the processes described by modeling tools into the BPEL environment. The evolution of the development of IT business modeling and analysis is characterized by a transition from means of visually describing small sections of the supply chain business to means of describing the IT architecture of the integrated supply chain as a whole. The scope and scale of application of these tools have also expanded - from the exchange of information between a small team of specialists to the management of an entire integrated supply chain, which presupposes the availability of comprehensive knowledge of their activities. The most promising direction for improving IT in PPI management is the increasingly complete integration of business modeling and analysis systems with the SCM system - supply chain management based on the BPEL platform. Further improvement and development of integrated logistics requires a systematic approach, when enterprise or chain management is considered as a single, holistic process. In relation to an enterprise as a business system, the concept of process is interpreted as a business process, which should be understood as a set of interrelated and interacting activities that transform process inputs into its outputs. It was the consistent application of system analysis that led to the fact that the activities of enterprises in the supply chain began to be considered as a set of business processes. The practical manifestations of this were the process approach and process management. Process management is a scheme for managing enterprises in the supply chain, in which, based on business goals, a set of processes for achieving them is determined, and the processes, in turn, determine the structure and resources required for them. If in the traditional chain the process management of the movement of material flow begins from the supplier of raw materials to the consumer, then new technological platforms involve the predominant processing of information impulses from clients. The new IT architecture contains information support for production processes not for the warehouse, but to meet individual customer requirements. Due to customer focus, the absence of barriers between departments, the presence of a person responsible for the results of the process (process owner) and other advantages of the process organization of activities, the process-oriented implementation of information systems guarantees the most effective automation of the company’s activities, as well as the integration of various information systems and applications, etc. - used in it. Consideration of issues of IT functioning in the new economic environment, in which such concepts as “electronic business”, “information logistics”, “electronic commerce”, the resource concept of logistics information and its key competencies, analysis of integrated LIS are presented in new light and require new qualitative understanding, allows, from a systemic point of view, to assess the state of affairs in the management of enterprises and integrated supply chains (ISP) in the economy Russian Federation. One of the cardinal ways to improve business efficiency is its automation based on the use of telematics (a combination of PCs and communications), Internet technologies and e-business systems. However modern business and open IT architecture based on the Internet multiply the risks. Risk management is a critical feature of PPI activities focused on electronic data processing systems and integrated logistics. 5 PART I INTRODUCTION TO INFORMATION LOGISTICS 1. What is information logistics Introduction Logistics is the science of planning, organizing, managing, monitoring and regulating the movement of material and related information flows from the point of purchase of raw materials to the point of the final consumer. In real life, organizations do not operate in isolation from each other. In fact, each of them acts as a customer when it buys materials from its suppliers, and then becomes a supplier itself when it delivers its products to its own customers. For all these chains of activities for the movement of materials and the accompanying information flow, as well as the organizations involved in the movement and processing of the material flow, a common term is used - supply chain. A supply chain consists of a series of activities and organizations through which materials pass as they move from entry-level suppliers to final consumers. Each product has its own and unique supply chain, some of which can be very long and very complex. Because the physical flow of materials is accompanied by a flow of information, it connects all parts of the supply chain, conveying data about products, customer requests, materials to be moved, time, inventory levels, availability of product types, problems encountered, costs, service levels, etc. d. Coordinating the flow of information is sometimes very difficult, and logistics managers often feel that they are more involved in processing information than moving goods, since the competitiveness of the supply chain depends on the exchange of value-adding information. The Council of Logistics Management (CLM) in its definition of logistics also points to the presence of a combination of material and information flows. Logistics is the process of planning and implementing the flow and inventory of raw materials, work in progress, finished goods and the flow of related information from the place of manufacture of products to the place of consumption in order to ensure that products meet customer requirements. If in the traditional supply chain the process of moving material flow begins from the supplier of raw materials to the consumer, then new technological platforms involve the preferential processing of information received from customers to meet individual customer requirements. Extended interaction, when enterprise or chain management is considered as a single, holistic process, requires a systematic approach. It is the formation of a new methodology for viewing the structure of a corporation (logistics chain) from the perspective of cybernetics and security that most fruitfully uses the potential information resources. The proposed educational manual examines a new understanding of the quality of logistics information, which is directly related to the concepts of “information resources”, “integrated logistics”, “supply chain”. Understanding integrated logistics as an information resource and the unlimited potential of an enterprise expands the horizons of traditional logistics. IN Lately the problem of the efficiency of information support for logistics was reduced to the development of software to solve problems in functional areas of logistics, such as: purchasing logistics, production logistics, warehousing and cargo processing, distribution logistics, transport logistics, information logistics. Depending on the circumstances, many other types of activities may be included in the functional areas of logistics. Sometimes an organization may include sales forecasting, production scheduling, customer service management, relations with external partners, transactions through intermediaries, etc. In our opinion, such a one-sided approach, which has recently become widespread, should be replaced by a system-resource view of increasing the efficiency of the information component of logistics, which should contain recommendations for increasing the productivity and efficiency of information resources. Definition of information logistics Information logistics as one of the types of logistics activities deals with the consideration and study of issues of IT functioning in the new economic environment, the resource concept of logistics information and its key competencies, as well as the study of issues of analysis, construction and maintenance integrated logistics information systems (LIS), which allows us to assess the state of affairs in enterprise management and PPI in the economy of the Russian Federation from a systemic point of view. 7 Currently, there are a sufficient number of definitions of information logistics. According to Kurt Hessig and Martin Arnold, information logistics refers to the organization and use of information support systems for production and business processes in an enterprise. Information logistics is a scientific direction associated with the development of rational methods for managing information flows along the entire path of material flow. Information logistics is the optimization of information flow, which helps to ensure competitive advantages for an enterprise in the market. In our opinion, each of these definitions cannot be considered separately from each other. Each of them contains the basis that leads to a more precise formulation of the concept of information logistics. Hence the author’s definition of “information logistics” - as a new scientific direction, the main function of which is the organization and maintenance of logistics information systems designed for storing, processing, optimizing and issuing logistics information resources, converted into an information product, using rational management methods in order to ensure the competitive advantages of PPI in the market in the long term. Object and subject of study, content of information logistics The object of study of information logistics is the information flow and information processes related to its processing in the process of production and commercial activities of the PPI. The subject of studying information logistics is the optimization of information flow processes. Optimization is carried out (global) end-to-end from the position of a single whole, like a PPI system. The logistics information flow includes data on the receipt of material flow to the enterprise, its transfer, processing of information accompanying the movement of material flow in the process of its processing, transformation into finished products and sale of finished products. The content of information logistics is the development and maintenance of LIS for modeling optimized information flows in the process of solving logistics problems with limited material resources, relying on multivariate combinations of IRL, which are a cheaper tool for managing PPI to achieve strategic and operational goals such as: achievements with the least cost, maximum adaptability of firms included in the PPI to the conditions of constant changes in the external environment; 8 ultimate improvements financial result, increasing your market share and gaining advantages over competitors; ensuring timely and high-quality delivery of products to consumers based on high level after-sales service; reducing costs by 20-50% by shifting the center of gravity from the use of material resources towards information resources based on fast, high-quality and timely data exchange; maintaining a high level of probability of timely delivery of products and receipt of income based on risk analysis and ensuring an acceptable level of safety. Formation and further development An electronic and, as a consequence, “transparent” market implies the possibility of instant access to information about the availability of goods and resources. This leads to increased competition between manufacturers, suppliers, transport companies, and PPI. The competition is no longer only between enterprises, but also between supply chains and various combinations of logistics information resources. The functioning of the PPI under conditions of constant changes in the external environment leads to increased risk and uncertainty. All this requires the presence of LIS that would ensure constant adaptation to a changing environment. Focusing on the need for such LIS, IT manufacturers are increasing the range of various types software and their functionality, which leads to the emergence of software that provides support for logistics processes and e-business, their automation and optimization of collective interaction between business partners. Next step in this direction is considered by L.B. Mirotin and A.G. Nekrasov’s model of interacting enterprises within supply chains based on the IRL concept. The essence of this concept is as follows: the transition from traditional (vertical) integration to a network (distributed) integrated logistics environment, based on combinations of logistics key competencies (CLCs) in self-regulating competence centers (CCs). The new fundamental approach is called the methodology of expanding logistics interaction (ELC). As a result of expanded interaction between CCs, high drug productivity, cost reduction and an acceptable level of risk, and therefore safety, are achieved. In addition, the system should be able to be expanded with new modules (MC) depending on the volume and path of movement of the material flow. Let's consider the meaning of the term “methodology”. Methodology is the study of structure, logical organization, methods and means of activity. The structure of the RLV methodology is shown in Fig. 1.1. 9 2. Warehousing 3. Cargo handling 1. Transportation and packaging KKL structure 5. Inventory management 4. IRL Fig. 1.1. Structure of the construction of the RLV methodology With the help of the integration of information flows of the participants of the LAN, combinations of QCLs are carried out within the framework of the CC, as can be seen in Fig. 1.1. Another important position of the RLV methodology is the presence of flexible autonomous modules - CCs, which independently adjust to changes in the market environment. In this case, CCs expand on the basis of the existing structure or form new center based on task, function, service. Such modular dynamics of PPI enterprises, as well as the simultaneous integration of logistics information and other resources, can increase the efficiency of interaction and create competitive advantages for all PPI enterprises. For various reasons, none of the best LIS analogues approached the level of self-organizing systems. There is a strong belief that “natural systems are not optimal in the mathematical sense.” As rightly noted by St. Beer, the problem is not counting speed and choice the best option, which corresponds to the selected criterion, but in the survival ability of the entire system. Survival (system safety) is the most comprehensive characteristic for PPI. Thus, the priority of the heuristic approach in combination with computer algorithmization constitutes the “core” of self-organization in the use of the RLV methodology. This approach makes it possible to form the structure of the QCL CC chain with a focus on the final result of operation. From the standpoint of the RLP methodology discussed above, we can clarify the content of information logistics, which consists in the development of LIS based on the system algorithms built into it for solving logistics problems, which allows us to choose the best (from the point of view of “security”) option for the functioning of the PPI. to achieve strategic and operational goals. Achieving the goals and objectives of the “expanding” IL concept is unthinkable without creating a system of self-organization. The self-organization mechanism should be based on the cybernetic principle of managing complex economic systems, which until now has not received proper application in the theory and practice of logistics. 2. Cybernetic approach in information logistics General concepts of cybernetics and cybernetic approach in information logistics Modern logistics management is not limited to intra-company economic management, but covers economic relations between suppliers, producers and consumers. But an approach to the structure of a new organization of logistics information resources based on the principles of systems analysis and cybernetics has not yet been formulated. Cybernetics - the science of general principles management, communication and information processing in various systems. Let's consider the basic concepts of cybernetics. The object of study of cybernetics is dynamic systems, to which we can rightfully include entrepreneurial or production and commercial activities, packaged in a purposeful logistics system. The subject of study of cybernetics is information processes associated with the control of dynamic systems. A logistics system can be considered as a controlled system, which means it can be classified as a cybernetic system. From these positions, it seems possible to explore and study the logistics system based on the cybernetic approach. The cybernetic approach is the study of a logistics system based on cybernetic principles, in particular, by identifying direct and feedback, considering the elements of the system as some “black boxes”. The goal of the cybernetic approach in logistics is the use of cybernetic principles, methods and technical means to achieve the most effective, in one sense or another, logistics results, i.e. optimizing management. The fundamental concepts of cybernetics are: system, feedback, information. The systems that cybernetics studies are many elements interconnected by a chain of cause and effect. This connection is called a “connection”.