The first telephone conversation in our country took place in 1879 - between St. Petersburg and Malaya Vishera. The introduction of Russians en masse to telephone communications began with the Highest approval “On the arrangement of city telephones”, which came from the Cabinet of Ministers on September 25, 1881.
A wise statement relieved the state of responsibility for a new troublesome matter. It stated that the construction and operation of urban telephone networks in Russia it can be transferred to private companies for a period of up to 20 years, after which all structures and buildings within the framework of the telephone business became the property of the state. But until this moment, as long as telephone services were provided, the license holder would pay a small share to the state treasury - 10% of the subscription fee of the private sector and 5% of the fee charged to state and public institutions.
The concession for the construction and operation of the city telephone network in St. Petersburg, as well as in four other cities of Russia, was held by international company Bella phones.
The first St. Petersburg telephone exchange opened in July 1882 at 26 Nevsky Prospekt, in the Hansen house. At the time of its opening, it served only 128 subscribers within the city, among them Ludwig and Alfred Nobel, the Copper Rolling Pipe Plant, as well as the Hooke plant and office, banks, newspaper editorial offices, the board of the Baltic railway, many government institutions, but already in the fall of the same year their number increased to 259. Delays were due to the fact that the City Duma and private homeowners were reluctant to allow wires to be pulled along racks through the roofs of houses. In addition, the first noble subscribers moved en masse from city apartments to their dachas and were forbidden to install a telephone in their absence.
Moreover, “installing a telephone” meant building a small farm weighing more than 8 kg. Each subscriber's apartment was equipped with: a Gileland electrical signal device, a Black microphone, a Bell telephone and a Leclange element. Quite a “restless economy”, imperfect and inconvenient to use. The microphone was located on the bottom panel, which made the speaker forced to bend over. And when removing the phone from the lever, you also had to fiddle with the lever with your hand to make sure that it was raised. The first subscribers sighed and complained about the imperfection of the technology. Their telephones were breaking down and required repair or replacement.
In the early years, the telephone was extremely expensive. And the subscriber base, both in St. Petersburg and Moscow, grew due to those who could afford to shell out 250 rubles a year. Unheard of money, if a luxurious ferret fur coat in the most expensive Fur store cost 85 rubles. In cases where the telephone set was more than three miles away from the central telephone exchange, the subscriber paid an additional 50 rubles for each mile on top of the subscription fee. Oh, dear.
It's a pity no one kept statistics then telephone conversations. But almost all of them were of a business nature. The importance of conversations dictated increased demands from the very first days of telephony. Requirements for services and those who provided them.
Historical anecdote: having just laid the wires, men were the first to be called to work for telephone companies. But they... “didn’t pull it off.” It turned out that men are easily distracted by extraneous things, and also often quarrel - among themselves or even with clients! Lost connection.
The first “telephone ladies” were educated, patient and polite. Young - from 18 to 25 years old, and unmarried - “so that unnecessary thoughts and worries do not lead to errors when connecting.” Even the “tactical and technical” characteristics of telephone operators were strictly regulated: tall for those times (from 165 cm) and the length of the body in a sitting position with arms outstretched upward was at least 128 cm. The salary was enviable - 30 rubles per month (skilled the worker received at that time about 12 rubles a month). But such work did not fit into the measured and quiet way of life of the 19th century. In 1891, a correspondent for the magazine “Electricity” sympathetically lists the professional hardships of telephone young ladies: “Nervous attacks often forced the poor woman to give up her place after just a month and a half after such a difficult application for an open vacancy.” Lev Uspensky, in the notes of an old Petersburger, was nostalgic: “The young lady could have been asked to talk quickly. The young lady could have been scolded. With her it was possible - in the late hours, when there were few connections - to have a heart-to-heart conversation, even flirt. They said that one of them so captivated either a millionaire or a grand duke with her sweet voice that she “provided for herself for life.”
An interesting fact is that the call to the telephone operator was made using a telephone set that had neither a dial nor buttons. Technologically, it looked like this: the subscriber rotated the handle of the inductor, which drove a small generator and produced a voltage of 60 volts, which went through the telephone line wires to the switchboard. At the same time, on the switchboard behind which the telephone operator was sitting, the blanker and calling valve automatically opened. You should have said something like this: “Young lady, Millionnaya, eight-two.” This meant that the girl had to plug the plug at the other end of the cord into the seventeenth socket of the second row on the panel to which the Millionnaya area devices were connected. The girl connected subscribers or contacted a neighbor who served the area where the required number was located. The telephone operators already knew by heart all the phone numbers, who was who. After this, the young lady inserted a polling plug into the socket of the called subscriber and called her personal number, since the last name could be difficult to pronounce. The subscriber specified the addressee. Now the second plug was inserted into the socket of the called number. This is how subscribers were connected. The called recipient's telephone began to ring. Then the telephone operator, making sure that there was a connection and people were talking, put the key in the neutral position and was ready to accept the next call.
After talking on the phone, the subscriber again had to rotate the inductor handle, and then the shutter valve on the switch was activated. It opened, which served as a signal for the telephone operator - you can disconnect, the conversation is over. This profession in those days was considered very responsible. It was necessary to undergo a special selection and give a sub-list on non-disclosure of the secrets of personal conversations. In addition, telephone operators were given one more condition when hiring: they could only marry telecom workers, so that there was no leakage of information.
When performing official duties, signalmen of that era were required to wear closed dresses in dark colors. Working at a manual telephone exchange required concentration and good diction. At the same time, this type professional activity was considered hazardous production.
To call outside the city network, the subscriber needed to tell the telephone operator the city and number. We ordered a conversation and waited. Such switches were called local battery or “MB”.
The girls were constantly in a state of extreme concentration. Such tension and attention is nothing like the tension when reading Fet’s poems or playing music at home. Telephone operators quickly got tired, which led to errors during connections. The work of a “telephone lady” was difficult - 200 hours a month she had to sit on a hard chair with an iron microphone headset attached to her chest, heavy headphones and quickly get plugs into the cells of the switchboard that stood in front of her. In an hour, it was possible to make up to 170 calls (excluding “sorry, busy”), but the work was wearing out. Important subscribers who paid serious money were indignant and complained.
By the time the city telephone was transferred to the jurisdiction of the St. Petersburg City Council in November 1901, there were two telephone exchanges in the city with a total capacity of 4,375 numbers.
The first automatic telephone exchange in Leningrad (now the Petrograd Telephone Center) was put into operation on October 1, 1932. If this had not happened, you and I would still be picking up the phone, twisting the handle and shouting into the phone: “Miss, please give me number 2-56!”
Telephone network, a complex of technical structures and equipment designed for telephone communications and consisting of telephone communication centers, telephone exchanges, communication lines and subscriber installations. A subscriber installation is a telephone equipped with a rotary dialer or keypad or with a so-called auto-dialer. Telephone network communication lines can be overhead, cable, radio relay, optical (laser) and satellite. In order to effectively use the lines, a certain number of standard voice-frequency communication channels (300-3400 Hz) are created using compaction equipment. At telephone exchanges and nodes, lines and communication channels are switched, and telephone message flows are combined and distributed.
According to functional and structural characteristics telephone network are divided into local (rural and urban), intrazonal, zonal, intercity and international. Rural residents build terminal telephone stations (with a capacity of 50-200 numbers each) using the so-called radial-node principle, connecting each other through a hub station (US), and hub stations through a central station, which has access to an automatic long-distance telephone exchange (ATT). City telephones can be unzoned (if there is one telephone exchange in the city) and zoned (if there are several of them). With a low capacity of the latter (up to several tens of thousands of numbers), district automatic telephone exchanges (RATS) are connected to each other according to the “each to each” principle, and any of the RATS has access to an automatic telephone exchange. In large telephone network(with a capacity of up to several hundred thousand numbers or more), it is advisable (as a means of increasing the efficiency of using communication lines along with their compaction) to organize the so-called nodes of incoming and outgoing messages, through which RATS and access to telephone exchanges.
The telephone network is a combination of local and intrazonal telephone networks. A long-distance telephone network is a collection of automatic telephone exchanges of all zones, automatic switching nodes (ASK) and communication lines connecting them to each other. In a telephone network built on the radial-node principle, with sufficiently large flows of telephone messages between individual telephone exchanges, so-called transverse communication lines are created. The introduction of UAC and US makes it possible to significantly reduce the number of transverse lines required to pass through the telephone network all incoming telephone messages in a given direction and with a given quality of service.
International Telephone Network - a set of international telephone exchanges, automatic transit nodes for international, including intercontinental, communications and lines connecting them to each other.
Main directions of development telephone network- increasing the level of automation of connection establishment processes at telephone exchanges and nodes; introduction of automatic telephone exchanges and UACs that do not require constant maintenance - quasi-electronic ones (in which control devices are built on elements of electronic equipment, and communication lines are switched by small-sized, high-speed telephone relays , for example relays on reed switches) and electronic; Creation automated systems dynamic control. The latter include devices for displaying, monitoring and correcting the state of the network, which, based on address information (based on the number of the called subscriber), must find optimal ways to establish connections in the network. Microelectronics and electronic control machines are being introduced into telephone equipment.
telephone exchange, complex technical means, intended for switching communication channels of the telephone network. At the telephone exchange, certain telephone channels are connected - subscriber and trunk lines - for a time telephone conversations and their disengagement at the end of negotiations; For this purpose, the streams of telephone messages are combined and distributed across communication lines. Telephone exchange- a type of communication center. Usually telephone exchange located in a special building.
Based on the switching method, telephone exchanges are divided into manual (RTS) and automatic (PBX). RTS will be equipped telephone switches; Channel switching is performed by a telephone operator. Automatic telephone exchanges, depending on the type of switching devices used, are: machine and decade-step - built on electromechanical seekers, with machine and electromagnetic drives, respectively; coordinate, in which switching devices serve multiple coordinate connectors; quasi-electronic with switching carried out by high-speed electromagnetic switching devices, for example reed relays; electronic, for example with switching via semiconductor devices(such PBXs are under development). PBXs operating in telephone networks different types, differ significantly both in structure and in algorithm work. This difference can also occur within a telephone network of the same type: for example, in city telephone networks they use district automatic telephone exchanges, nodes for outgoing and incoming messages (UIS and VS). At the initial stage of development telephone communication telephone networks used exclusively RTS. In the 20th century The process of automating telephone communications began: automatic telephone exchanges appeared, which were improved as switching technology developed. Automation of switching processes has made it possible to speed up the establishment of connections, improve the quality of customer service, reduce operating costs, contributed to the rational construction of telephone networks of any capacity, made the decentralization of equipment economically justified (it can be partially located in separate buildings, forming so-called substations and concentrators), zoning of telephone lines. networks, etc.)
FIRST AUTOMATIC TELEPHONE STATION IN MOSCOW
(Bolshaya Ordynka, No. 25)
Directly opposite Bolshoi Tolmachevsky Lane stands the building of the first Moscow automatic telephone exchange. It was opened on November 6, 1927 - just on the eve of the tenth anniversary of the Great October Revolution. At that time, constructivism—the “style of iron, concrete and glass”—dominated in Soviet architecture. In 1920, the famous avant-garde artist V.E. Tatlin worked on a model of his famous tower - a monument to the Third International. This unique calling card of constructivism, according to the author, was made of “iron, glass and revolution.” In 1927, three more telephone exchanges were built in Moscow - on Bakuninskaya, 3rd Tverskaya-Yamskaya and Arbat. The author of the project, who supervised their construction, was engineer V.V. Patek. The building on Bolshaya Ordynka became a pioneer in the development of the Moscow city telephone network.
But even before the opening of the automatic telephone exchange, the history of the Moscow telephone was rich in events. In 1882, the first telephone exchange appeared in Moscow in the house of the merchant of the first guild K.A. Popova on Kuznetsky Most. Only the noblest and richest people could afford to have a telephone number at that time. The first subscriber list of twenty-six issues included the Moscow Insurance Company, leading Moscow theaters and famous restaurants. The Kommersant newspaper in its article “Telephonizer” makes an interesting comparison: “ Subscription fee was prohibitively high - 250 rubles, a fortune at that time. For comparison: in the fashionable store “Furs” you could buy a raccoon fur coat for 65 rubles, and a ferret coat, one of the most expensive, for 85 rubles.” But this did not stop the owners of the first phones, because having a fashionable wonder was a sign of wealth and prosperity. The names of the first subscribers were published in newspapers on the front pages, and getting on these pages was considered more prestigious than being included in the gossip column.
The emergence of telephone exchanges significantly changed the appearance of Moscow: telephone stands appeared, wires were stretched between houses. Near Popov's house there was a real web of wires. At first, the telephone companies employed men, but (amazing thing!) they often argued with each other and were distracted by other things. Then the famous “telephone ladies” came to replace the men. Having gained a reputation for men, telephone exchange managers subjected the girls to strict selection. Candidates had to have a pleasant voice, be young (from eighteen to twenty years old), polite, educated and patient. However, they also received a serious salary - thirty rubles! For comparison: a skilled worker was content with only ten to fifteen rubles.
Writer L.V. Uspensky, in one of his essays, not without nostalgia, recalled the time of the “telephone young ladies”: “Those first telephone sets - they were produced by the Ericsson factory - from our current point of view would seem like extraordinary horrors. They hung heavy, painted walnut, looking like carefully crafted birdhouses. Their microphone stuck out almost half a meter forward. One had to speak while breathing into its bell, carefully sealed with a copper mesh, and the sound reached the ear through a heavy tube, which, completely separately, had to be placed against it by hand. And there were two buttons - left “a”, right “b”.
Telephone lady. Photography from the beginning of the 20th century.
The left one had to be pressed, calling numbers up to 39,999; right - if the number you need started with a four. The answer was “young lady”. The young lady could have been asked to talk quickly. The young lady could have been scolded. With her it was possible - in the late hours, when there were few connections - to have a heart-to-heart conversation, even flirt. They said that one of them so captivated either a millionaire or a grand duke with her sweet voice that she “provided for herself for the rest of her life.”
The history of the invention of automatic number dialing is interesting and funny. Inventor Almon Strowger had nothing to do with telephony. In 1892, he was the owner of a funeral home in Kansas City. Due to the machinations of competitors, Strowger suffered huge losses. The fact is that the wife of the owner of another funeral company worked as a telephone operator at the city station. She directed all calls from the funeral home to her husband. Strowger, not used to giving up, chose the most difficult path. He did not go to the prefecture or court to complain about the dishonesty of his competitor and his wife, but simply came up with a system that allowed each subscriber to independently connect to the desired number directly from home, without intermediaries. He rashly named his invention “No dames’n’damns telephone,” which translates roughly as “Telephone without ladies and curses.” Strowger is also considered the inventor of the dialer in the form of a rotating disk, which was used in every Soviet family some twenty years ago.
Go to automatic system in Moscow took place in stages. First, in 1924, an experimental ten-step automatic telephone exchange was installed for a thousand numbers with an active capacity of one hundred numbers. The first Moscow automatic telephone exchange was preceded by the construction of an automatic telephone exchange in Rostov-on-Don in 1926. But in Moscow the palm belongs to Bolshaya Ordynka. For the construction of the automatic telephone exchange, a special construction organization was created - the Office of the Chief Engineer for Zoning of MGTS. The telephone exchange building was built from monolithic reinforced concrete structures. Its architectural image was deliberately given the features of industrial buildings. The complete installation of equipment at the station was completed in October 1930. The automatic telephone exchange began to serve government agencies and industrial enterprises in Zamoskvorechye. The first stations built in Moscow - on Bolshaya Ordynka, Bakuninskaya and Arbat - were as similar to each other as two peas in a pod. They had four floors, the first of which housed an extensive lobby, long-distance negotiation room, telegraph and postal operations hall, the second - administrative premises, and the third and fourth - all kinds of equipment. The station on 3rd Tverskaya-Yamskaya differed from others in its architecture and layout, which was explained by the complex configuration of the site on which it was built. But the main premises were the same as all the others.
The first automatic telephone exchange. Photograph from the 1930s.
The first automatic telephone exchange. Contemporary photography
The opening of the automatic telephone exchange on Bolshaya Ordynka became a real event in the life of Moscow and took place as a big celebration, in which several hundred people took part. People's Commissar of Posts and Telegraphs N.K. Antipov said: “Automatic telephone exchanges are the newest in telephone technology, and this newest thing is being implemented in Moscow by the Soviet government.” After the speech, the representative of the builders solemnly presented the People's Commissar with a symbolic silver key, to which the keys to the doors of the telephone exchange were soldered. A whole special ceremony took place, almost a theatrical performance. The People's Commissar entered the telephone exchange building and made the first call to the Central Station, reporting that the Zamoskvoretsky communication center had been put into operation. Then the act of opening the station was signed.
Automatic telephone exchanges were subordinate to the sectoral management departments of the Moscow city telephone network. The volume of station and linear structures increased, and the number of territories served grew. Therefore, five telephone nodes were created: Central, Zamoskvoretsky, Miussky, Arbatsky and Baumansky. They dealt with issues of operation, repair, and ongoing development of all types of structures located in the serviced area. Each node functioned as an independent enterprise, headed by a chief and chief engineer, but was subordinate to the management of MGTS. At first, the PBX was serviced by foreign specialists from large Western companies such as Ericsson. But it was not profitable for the country’s leadership to have foreign engineers at such important sites, and they had to pay too much salary. Therefore, a program was developed for the rapid training of domestic specialists, who at the same time learned to engage in “wiretapping” and monitoring telephone conversations in the interests of state security.
By the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, one and a half dozen automatic telephone exchanges with a total capacity of more than one hundred and twenty thousand numbers had been built in all districts of Moscow. The era of “telephone ladies” is over. In the 1960s, the total installation of telephones in Moscow began. People stood in line to receive telephone number more than a dozen years. During the same period, a network of street telephone booths appeared in the capital. In 1968, the first coordinated automatic telephone exchange with a capacity of ten thousand numbers began operating. The introduction of coordinate system stations changed the existing proportions between capacity growth and the number of service personnel. By 1982, one hundred and fifty-three coordinate stations operated in Moscow. At the end of the 1980s, the time came for electronic telephone exchanges. In terms of communication quality and speed of service, they were far superior to their predecessors, did not require a large number of personnel, and made it possible to provide a variety of the latest services: From alarms and call forwarding to conference calling.
Bolshaya Ordynka, No. 25, building 2. Contemporary photography
The Museum of the History of the Moscow City Telephone Network still houses a functioning machine-type automatic telephone exchange. The first such automatic telephone exchange was built in 1930 in Moscow. It was dismantled only in 1998, when there were no such stations anywhere in the world. This station was included in the London Guinness Book of Records for the longest working experience - almost sixty-eight years. Surprisingly, it still works. Currently, there are five hundred and thirty-seven automatic telephone exchanges in Moscow with a number of lines serving more than four million subscribers. The Moscow city telephone network is one of the largest local telephone networks in the world.
The first automatic telephone exchange in Moscow continues to provide services to residents of Zamoskvorechye telephone communication. In 1995, a modern building was built next to the telephone exchange (Bolshaya Ordynka, No. 25, building 2) with huge arched windows. If such a structure were erected near a small mansion, it would violate the character of the historical environment and the scale of the development. But next to the geometrically verified constructivist building it looks quite organic. By maintaining the main horizontal divisions of the ATS facades and using details and color, the new house blended well into the historical ensemble. Before the recent renovation, the front facade of the telephone exchange looked more solid, and the building was crowned with a beautiful inscription “Telephone”.
State Music College of Pop and Jazz Art. Contemporary photography
Passing by the next building (Bolshaya Ordynka, No. 27), we will certainly hear the sounds of music coming from the windows. This is the State Music College of Pop and Jazz Art - the only educational institution in Russia in the field of pop music. It was founded in 1994 on the basis of the pop branch of the Gnessin Higher State Music School. GMKEDI trains pop artists, leaders of instrumental and vocal ensembles, and teachers.
This text is an introductory fragment. From the author's bookBIG ORDYNA. ORIGIN OF THE NAME Researchers offer more than one version of the origin of the toponym. According to prominent philologists G.P. Smolitskaya and M.V. Gorbanevsky: “The name comes from the word Orda, or rather, from the toponym Orda. The road led to the Horde, or Golden Horde,
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From the author's bookKumanin estate (Bolshaya Ordynka, No. 17) But finally we came to house No. 17 on Bolshaya Ordynka. “What’s so special about it?” - you ask. A completely ordinary five-story building, differing from the others only in the complexity of its plan and decorated with an ancient fence and
From the author's bookCITY ESTATE OF THE DEBT (Bolshaya Ordynka, No. 21) In the second half of the 18th century, the first-ranking merchant Afanasy Ivanovich Dolgov lived on Bolshaya Ordynka in the parish of the Church of the Icon of the Virgin Mary of All Who Sorrow. He was good to everyone: he conducted his affairs competently and with universal respect
From the author's bookINTERSTATE AVIATION COMMITTEE (Bolshaya Ordynka, No. 22) From the hospitable Tolmachi along Bolshoi Tolmachevsky Lane we return to Ordynka again. On both sides of the alley are the two tallest buildings, which occupy no less than the entire block. IN
From the author's bookROSATOM BUILDING (Bolshaya Ordynka, No. 24) In a huge, simply colossal building, in comparison with the cozy Zamoskvoretsky mansions, the State Atomic Energy Corporation Rosatom is located. This house is compared to an impregnable fortress, a mighty bastion.
From the author's bookTEMPLE OF ST. NICHOLAS IN PYZHI (Bolshaya Ordynka, No. 27a) Even if we had not taken our walk, but were in a hurry, for example, to work, then our gaze would certainly have stopped at the snow-white Church of St. Nicholas in Pyzhi. This is a real jewel of Bolshaya Ordynka and one of
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From the author's bookELISEEV-MINDOVSKY MANSION (Bolshaya Ordynka, No. 43) This house with a long facade will not leave anyone indifferent. It is surprising if only because it was extended over and over again along the red line of Bolshaya Ordynka, and not deep into the courtyard. The first owners of the mansion were nobles
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PBX refers to special devices that allow you to transmit signals between telephones located at a remote distance. The PBX operates not only with external networks, but also with IP, GSM, and internal networks. The main task is to provide normal communication between subscribers.
Key Features
Exist various functions PBXs that are not limited to the capabilities of city communications. Using the equipment, you can organize high-quality inter-district multi-channel communication. You can set up a conference call when several subscribers are participants in the conversation. From additional functions Let's highlight the following points:
- search in automatically for carrying out an external type of call;
- call forwarding or auto redial;
- providing a message that the city line is free;
- listening to premises at a distance;
- connection of additional equipment: fax, modem, answering machine;
- remote control using a PC.
Varieties
- Decadal-step ones are the first models that used electromechanical equipment for the distribution of communications media. A significant disadvantage of such options is constant interference due to contact oxidation and vibration.
- Coordinate devices with relay action. The operating principle is based on the use of coordinate connectors.
- Quasi-electronic devices where reed switches were used to carry out the switching process. During operation it is achieved high quality communication without interference and noise on the line. There is only one disadvantage here, but it is significant - an increased level of voltage is required, which interferes with the normal operation of other equipment.
- Electronic media have minimal capacity. The main area of application is offices. Semiconductor devices control the processes.
- Digital PBXs use the same type of signal. Interference and noise during use are kept to a minimum.
- IP options with wide functionality and high-quality communication capabilities.
Selecting a PBX
Which option should you prefer – analogue or digital? Analogue devices are much cheaper in price than the second options. Digital devices that guarantee high quality are considered more reliable. If analog lines are connected to a digital PBX, then the advantages apply exclusively to internal communications. If you need to establish a DECT microcellular connection or connect the CTI function with various software, you simply cannot do without a digital option.
Once you decide which type suits you best, you need to take a closer look at telephone sets. There is a huge selection of models on the market from various manufacturers. The devices have buttons with indicators on which you can record frequently used phone numbers. The user can program specific functions to these buttons. Many system devices equipped with an LCD display and speakerphones.
Manufacturers hope that users will use analog models as fax machines, and mainly use stationary models. As a result, if you don’t need extensive functionality and want to save money, then optimal solution will become analogue models.
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