The construction of a public telephone network consists of the following main parts:
- subscriber telephone sets;
- automatic telephone exchanges;
- trunk and subscriber communication lines.
Additional devices can also be included in the network.
In Russia, the principle of telephone communication with a central battery is used; in this case, power is provided by an autonomous source installed on automatic telephone exchange (ATS). Subscriber telephone sets (ATA), as a rule, do not require their own power source. The central battery on the telephone exchange is powerful battery, voltage 60-120 V. This battery must ensure operation of both the automatic telephone exchange itself and the entire telephone network for at least 125 hours. This is necessary to prevent communication disruptions in moments of technological disasters, emergencies, natural phenomena, military and terrorist actions.
Trunk lines serve to transmit information between automatic telephone exchanges, access other networks and provide additional services, subscriber lines are located in the area from the telephone exchange to each subscriber in special wells and trenches, as well as inside buildings.
For ease of repair and development of the network, approximately 20 to 30% of additional subscriber communication lines are used.
In public telephone networks, two methods of dialing are used: pulse and tone.
Tone dialing is more advanced, it allows you to reduce dialing time by tens of times, provides additional service capabilities, is more noise-resistant, so in all modern automatic telephone exchanges Typically, tone dialing is used. And pulse was introduced into them only to maintain the operation of outdated telephone sets.
The principle of tone dialing consists of short-term simultaneous supply of two frequencies from sets 1 and 2 to the line, four frequencies in each set, therefore, 16 combinations can be selected.
f - frequency.
Classification of automatic telephone exchanges
The main task of any PBX is to perform switching (connection) between two subscribers or groups of subscribers. ATS classification is carried out according to two main criteria:
1) by switch type;
2) by the way they are managed.
Decadal-step automatic telephone exchanges were produced from 1947 to 1960.
Coordinate automatic telephone exchanges - 1960-1993.
Quasi-electronic telephone exchanges - 1982-2003.
Electronic telephone exchanges - since 1990.
Decadal-step automatic telephone exchanges are built on stepper finders of the electromechanical type, when, depending on the number of received pulses, the moving contact is connected to one of ten moving contacts.
Coordinate ATS were built on electrical tablet coordinate units (EPKU), which were a field containing ten columns and ten rows.
at the intersection of outputs and contacts
With the help of EPKU, the moving contact could be connected to one of one hundred output contacts, where N is the column number, M is the row number.
Coordinate PBXs had an advantage over decade-step PBXs because it required less time and fewer connectors to complete the connection.
Quasi-electronic telephone exchanges were built on sealed contacts, so-called reed switches, with electrical control of these contacts (they lacked mechanical components and contacts). All switching and necessary commutations were performed using microelectronic devices.
Currently, the percentage of vehicles in railway transport is:
- decade-step - 20%;
- pre-ordinate - 30%;
- two-electronic - 20%;
- electronic - 30%.
Electronic automatic telephone exchanges have the following advantages compared to others:
- high operational reliability;
- high connection speed;
- lack of communication noise;
- the possibility of providing additional services;
- low operating costs.
Disadvantages of electronic telephone exchanges:
- high cost of equipment;
- highly qualified service personnel.
The first telephone conversation in our country took place in 1879 - between St. Petersburg and Malaya Vishera. The introduction of Russians en masse to telephone communications began with the Highest approval “On the arrangement of city telephones”, which came from the Cabinet of Ministers on September 25, 1881.
A wise statement relieved the state of responsibility for a new troublesome matter. It stated that the construction and operation of city telephone networks in Russia could be transferred to private companies for a period of up to 20 years, after which all structures and buildings within the framework of the telephone business became the property of the state. But until this moment, all the time that telephone services were provided, the license holder would have contributed a small share to the state treasury - 10% of subscription fee private sector and 5% of the fees collected from government and public institutions.
The concession for the construction and operation of the city telephone network in St. Petersburg, as well as in four other cities of Russia, was held by international company Bella phones.
The first St. Petersburg telephone exchange opened in July 1882 at 26 Nevsky Prospekt, in the Hansen house. At the time of its opening, it served only 128 subscribers within the city, among them Ludwig and Alfred Nobel, the Copper Rolling Pipe Plant, as well as the Hooke plant and office, banks, newspaper editorial offices, the board of the Baltic railway, many government institutions, but already in the fall of the same year their number increased to 259. Delays were due to the fact that the City Duma and private homeowners were reluctant to allow wires to be pulled along racks through the roofs of houses. In addition, the first noble subscribers moved en masse from city apartments to their dachas and were forbidden to install a telephone in their absence.
Moreover, “installing a telephone” meant building a small farm weighing more than 8 kg. Each subscriber's apartment was equipped with: a Gileland electrical signal device, a Black microphone, a Bell telephone and a Leclange element. Quite a “restless economy”, imperfect and inconvenient to use. The microphone was located on the bottom panel, which made the speaker forced to bend over. And when removing the phone from the lever, you also had to fiddle with the lever with your hand to make sure that it was raised. The first subscribers sighed and complained about the imperfection of the technology. Their telephones were breaking down and required repair or replacement.
In the early years, the telephone was extremely expensive. And the subscriber base, both in St. Petersburg and Moscow, grew due to those who could afford to shell out 250 rubles a year. Unheard of money, if a luxurious ferret fur coat in the most expensive Fur store cost 85 rubles. In cases where the telephone set was more than three miles away from the central telephone exchange, the subscriber paid an additional 50 rubles for each mile on top of the subscription fee. Oh, dear.
It's a pity no one kept statistics then telephone conversations. But almost all of them were of a business nature. The importance of conversations dictated increased demands from the very first days of telephony. Requirements for services and those who provided them.
Historical anecdote: having just laid the wires, men were the first to be called to work for telephone companies. But they... “didn’t pull it off.” It turned out that men are easily distracted by extraneous things, and also often quarrel - among themselves or even with clients! Lost connection.
The first “telephone ladies” were educated, patient and polite. Young - from 18 to 25 years old, and unmarried - “so that unnecessary thoughts and worries do not lead to errors when connecting.” Even the “tactical and technical” characteristics of telephone operators were strictly regulated: tall for those times (from 165 cm) and the length of the body in a sitting position with arms outstretched upward was at least 128 cm. The salary was enviable - 30 rubles per month (skilled the worker received at that time about 12 rubles a month). But such work did not fit into the measured and quiet way of life of the 19th century. In 1891, a correspondent for the magazine “Electricity” sympathetically lists the professional hardships of telephone young ladies: “Nervous attacks often forced the poor woman to give up her place after just a month and a half after such a difficult application for an open vacancy.” Lev Uspensky, in the notes of an old Petersburger, was nostalgic: “The young lady could have been asked to talk quickly. The young lady could have been scolded. With her it was possible - in the late hours, when there were few connections - to have a heart-to-heart conversation, even flirt. They said that one of them so captivated either a millionaire or a grand duke with her sweet voice that she “provided for herself for life.”
An interesting fact is that the call to the telephone operator was made using a telephone set that had neither a dial nor buttons. Technologically, it looked like this: the subscriber rotated the handle of the inductor, which drove a small generator and produced a voltage of 60 volts, which went through the telephone line wires to the switchboard. At the same time, on the switchboard behind which the telephone operator was sitting, the blanker and calling valve automatically opened. You should have said something like this: “Young lady, Millionnaya, eight-two.” This meant that the girl had to plug the plug at the other end of the cord into the seventeenth socket of the second row on the panel to which the Millionnaya area devices were connected. The girl connected subscribers or contacted a neighbor who served the area where the required number was located. The telephone operators already knew by heart all the phone numbers, who was who. After this, the young lady inserted a polling plug into the socket of the called subscriber and called her personal number, since the last name could be difficult to pronounce. The subscriber specified the addressee. Now the second plug was inserted into the socket of the called number. This is how subscribers were connected. The called recipient's telephone began to ring. Then the telephone operator, making sure that there was a connection and people were talking, put the key in the neutral position and was ready to accept the next call.
After talking on the phone, the subscriber again had to rotate the inductor handle, and then the shutter valve on the switch was activated. It opened, which served as a signal for the telephone operator - you can disconnect, the conversation is over. This profession in those days was considered very responsible. It was necessary to undergo a special selection and give a sub-list on non-disclosure of the secrets of personal conversations. In addition, telephone operators were given one more condition when hiring: they could only marry telecom workers, so that there was no leakage of information.
When performing official duties, signalmen of that era were required to wear closed dresses in dark colors. Working at a manual telephone exchange required concentration and good diction. At the same time, this type professional activity was considered hazardous production.
To call outside the city network, the subscriber needed to tell the telephone operator the city and number. We ordered a conversation and waited. Such switches were called local battery or “MB”.
The girls were constantly in a state of extreme concentration. Such tension and attention is nothing like the tension when reading Fet’s poems or playing music at home. Telephone operators quickly got tired, which led to errors during connections. The work of a “telephone lady” was difficult - 200 hours a month she had to sit on a hard chair with an iron microphone headset attached to her chest, heavy headphones and quickly get plugs into the cells of the switchboard that stood in front of her. In an hour, it was possible to make up to 170 calls (excluding “sorry, busy”), but the work was wearing out. Important subscribers who paid serious money were indignant and complained.
By the time the city telephone came under the jurisdiction of the St. Petersburg City Council in November 1901, there were two telephone exchanges in the city with a total capacity of 4,375 numbers.
The first automatic telephone exchange in Leningrad (now the Petrograd Telephone Center) was put into operation on October 1, 1932. If this had not happened, you and I would still be picking up the phone, turning the handle and shouting into the phone: “Miss, please give me number 2-56!”
At the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, the telephone came to Moscow. The telephone installation was carried out by the Bell company, the contract with which expired in 1901. Bidding was announced, which was won by the Swedish-Danish-Russian Joint-Stock Telephone Company. In 1904, it built a new first phase of a telephone exchange in Milyutinsky Lane, which met all the latest requirements.
For the construction of the first telephone exchange, a historical place was chosen: Milyutinsky Lane. In the 17th-18th centuries it was called Kazennaya Street or Old Kazenny Lane after the state yard of the Semenovsky regiment. When the regimental court moved to St. Petersburg, these lands were bought by the court stoker Alexey Yakovlevich Milyutin (his house is preserved at numbers 14 and 16).
Until the 20th century, the Eupla Church stood at the beginning of Milyutinsky Lane. After the revolution, it was demolished under the pretext that the temple was interfering with street traffic. They wanted to build a Trust house on the site of the church, but the project did not materialize.
In such an environment, in 1904, at the beginning of Milyutinsky Lane, a station of the Swedish-Danish-Russian Telephone Society appeared.
This red brick house was built according to the design of I.G. Klasson under the supervision of A.E. Erichson. At that time it became the tallest building in Moscow.
The first stage of the Central Telephone Exchange with 12,000 numbers began operating on October 30, 1904.
Ten years later, this miracle of technology could no longer cope with the growing flow of subscribers. In 1914, the red line of the lane was built second stage of the station designed by architect O.V. von Dessina- a strict, monumental, tall building with a large arched entrance decorated with cast-iron gratings. The sides of the entrance are unique, the only sculptures are of a woman and a man talking on the phone.
Milyutinsky lane. Bookmarking a telephone exchange. 1902
P During the laying of the most powerful telephone exchange in Europe, “among other guests there was the Japanese prince Akihito Komatsu, who, while passing through Moscow, then watched the Cossack horse show on the Khodynka field, then went shopping and left for Vladivostok in the evening.”
In the background you can see the parish house of the French church on Malaya Lubyanka. The house housed a Refuge (dormitory) for young men, a French library, kindergarten and nurseries of the Moscow French colony.
Reviews:
This week, in Milyutinsky Lane, on the land of the former Kherodinova, construction of a central telephone exchange began Swedish-Danish company. This will be the first building in Moscow, eight floors, with a total height of 20 fathoms. The construction is carried out by Moscow architect A.E. Erikson; By coincidence, the telephones will also be from the Swedish company Ericsson.
Moscow is expanding with another colossal building, 39 fathoms in height. This building is being constructed in Milyutinsky Lane and is intended for the central telephone exchange of the Swedish-Danish-Russian Telephone Society.
The equipment room is designed for 22,700 subscribers, but for the first time it is adapted only for 10,000 subscribers.
The foundation ceremony was preceded by a prayer service performed at the construction site by the local clergy.
Construction of a telephone exchange. 1908-1909
The design and installation was carried out by the Swedish company Ericsson, and the station, which cost 34 million rubles to create, became one of the best in the world. But the quality of telephone communication still left much to be desired, so the facade of the building was decorated with a sculpture of an angry subscriber and a “telephone young lady” remaining calm.
TELEPHONE EXCHANGE IN MOSCOW
The opening of the new telephone exchange of the Swedish-Danish-Russian Telephone Company, scheduled for August 6th, was temporarily postponed due to the non-arrival of the machines needed to equip the station from abroad.
The telephone exchange of the Swedish-Danish-Russian Society was built in Milyutinsky Lane near Myasnitskaya, according to the design of the Swedish architect prof. I. G. Klasson, Moscow architect A. E. Erichson and represents a grandiose building of six floors, not counting the basement.
The station building, ending with a tower, has a height of 24 fathoms, the length of the building is over 14 fathoms.
The upper, sixth floor houses a control room designed for a switchboard for 22,500 subscribers. The fifth floor is reserved for the battery and machine rooms; the next one is for storage of employee dresses; the third floor will accommodate various services, dining room, rooms for relaxation, entertainment, library, etc.; The first and second floors will be occupied by offices, and the basement will house a warehouse, workshop and boiler room.
The lighting in the station building is electric, and the heating is steam-water.
With the opening of the new station, all telephone sets of subscribers will be replaced with new ones of a special design. In new devices, only one removal of the auditory tube from its place serves as a call to the central station, where a red light is immediately shown on the device. When such light appears on the device, the telephone exchange asks the subscriber, without ringing, what number he is calling, and makes a connection corresponding to the call.
"Electric Energy", 1903
Telephone exchange in Milyutinsky Lane. 1904-1907
In 1908-1909, this façade will be hidden behind a new building, which will be placed along the lane. 
Milyutinsky lane. Telephone exchange. 1903-1907
Moscow central telephone station of the Danish-Swedish-Russian Telephone Society. In front of the building you can see the space that in 1907-08 will be built up with the second stage building 
Telephone exchange building. 1909-1912. View from the Church of St. Louis
Telephone exchange building. Milyutinsky Lane
Central telephone exchange. Operating room.1910-1920
Before entering the service, telephone operators were subjected to a thorough check by the station administration, married women were not accepted, and those who were married were subject to dismissal. Marriage was allowed only to senior telephone operators and only with the permission of their superiors. There was a strict regime at the station: the fitters could not appear in the hall without calling the boss, approach the telephone operators, have lunch in their canteen, meet them on the stairs - no interests or thoughts were supposed to distract the telephone operator from her work. Average wage an ordinary telephone operator's salary was about 32 rubles per month. The standard working time is 200 hours per 30 calendar days. (from source)
“Eleven young ladies were hired again, and their duty was distributed so that there were now 3 telephone operators for every 200 subscribers. Previously, there were 2 young ladies for the same number of subscribers.” (News of the Day, December 17, 1901)
Central telephone exchange building. 1914
Board on the facade of the MTS building in Milyutinsky Lane reminds of the battles that took place here in 1917. The station, as the most important strategic object, was occupied by cadets, depriving the city of communications. The lane turned into barricades, the station into a fortress. The Bolshevik commander G. A. Usievich, understanding the importance of preserving the object, refused to use artillery, resorting to a siege. On the bell tower of the neighboring church of St. Evpla set up machine guns, and bombers were installed in the depths of the alley on the still unfinished house No. 20. The fighting ended on November 1 (old style) with the defeat of the cadets.
A real battle broke out for the Moscow Central Telephone Station on Milyutinsky Lane, as a result of which the city lost telephone service for a time. Soon the connection was restored; in the early 1920s, Moscow telephones numbered in the tens of thousands. Gradually, the process of connecting subscribers switched to automatic mode.
Barricade at the Central Telephone Station in Milyutinsky Lane. 1917
A new threat loomed in 1941 over the station on Markhlevsky Street (Milyutinsky Lane bore this name from 1927 to 1993): Hitler understood the importance of telephony for Moscow. But despite the difficult situation, the “telephone ladies” continued to work.
The vulnerable spot remained the switchboard room of the Central Telephone Station, located on the top floor of building No. 5 on Markhlevsky Street. The switchboards in this hall included about 10 thousand telephones, serviced by telephone operators. The hall had daylight through a glass roof, under which shifts of telephone operators were located. Not to mention a direct hit from a bomb, any fragment of an anti-aircraft shell could pierce the roof, damage equipment... Working in the hall during an air raid was very nervous.
But the telephone exchange in Milyutinsky Lane works as it did 100 years ago.
Milyutinsky lane. Moscow Central Telephone Station. 1924
Photo from Milyutinsky Lane - the station of the Danish-Swedish-Russian Telephone Society, later - the Moscow Central Telephone Station. In order to supplement the information, a snapshot of the equipment room of this technical structure, advanced in all respects (at that time), is offered.
Just the facts
The first telephone exchanges appeared in the USA, and only men worked there. The “telephone boys” had to politely answer the call, find out who the subscriber wanted to talk to, and manually make the connection. But the connection was so bad that subscribers often started screaming.
Over time it became clear that female voice has a calming effect on angry users. And on September 1, 1878, Emma Nutt, the world's first female telephone operator, began working at the Boston telephone company Dispatch. And on July 1, 1882, telephone installation reached Moscow.
They say that...
...the job of a telephone operator was not easy. High demands were placed on those interested: good diction, resistance to stress, a pleasant voice, knowledge of foreign languages, attractive appearance, tall stature and a certain arm length in order to freely reach the plugs of all connecting sockets. Also, the “telephone ladies” had to know by heart the names, titles and other details of all subscribers. This job paid well, so there was no end to those interested. In addition, sometimes telephone operators had fans who fell in love with their voice. And this promised a profitable marriage, since there were no low-income citizens among the subscribers.
Milyutinsky lane, house No. 5. 1988
Architecture
STATION OF THE DANISH-SWEDISH-RUSSIAN TELEPHONE SOCIETY
(now - CENTRAL TELEPHONE STATION)
Milyutinsky lane, 5
1902-1903 , architect Erichson Adolf (Adolf Wilhelm) Ernestovich
(1862, Moscow - ?).
1907-1908 , architect Dessin O.V., with the participation of Miritz F.F. and Gerasimova I.I.
The complex, conceived in 1901 and initially designed in a six-story version by the architect A.F. Meissner, began to be implemented in 1902-1903. on another project.
The first building to be built was the end building (in relation to the street) according to Erichson's design. Its “neo-Gothic” style is close to another industrial building of this architect - the printing house of I.D. Sytin. on Pyatnitskaya, the project of which was created at the same time (1903). Facing the street, a huge eight- to nine-story building with a basement, erected in the second stage of construction (1907-1908), is unique in function for Moscow at the beginning of the century, which was just beginning to acquire telephones. Like many technical or industrial buildings of the early 20th century, the station was built in the neo-Gothic style - its expressive blank firewall walls with niche turrets are visible from many nearby streets. This structure (76 meters) is the tallest in Moscow at that time, built on the basis of a reinforced concrete frame by the famous construction company Miritz F.F. and Gerasimov I.I., apparently, made changes to the architectural forms of the structure: the lower part of the building is different from that created by O.V. Dessin. project, and it is this that is most perceived by the viewer from the narrow alley. In the center of the symmetrical facade there is a beautiful semicircular arch, lined with red granite, at the heels of which there are grotesque sculptural images - a cheerful female and a frowning male head talking on a telephone. Metal decorations are expressive - window and gate grilles, brackets.
Today's youth cannot imagine life without cell phone. To the generation of the 1970-1980s, it seems that there has always been a telephone: a landline telephone, a pay phone, which were then smoothly supplemented, and in some cases even completely replaced by mobile phones.
In fact telephone communications has existed in Moscow for a very long time. So, on July 13, 2017, MGTS turned 135 years old. The MGTS team celebrated its anniversary with an unusual record. On July 13, 2017, about 1.5 thousand company employees took part in a flash mob: they lined up in the shape of the company logo and simultaneously took several thousand selfies, which they then published on in social networks with hashtags #firstincity and #followmgts. In the first 15 hours, these photos were seen by over 200 thousand people. A representative of the Russian Book of Records registered a Russian record in the category “Company logo built from the largest number of employees.”
In addition, for its anniversary, the company launched a special website 135.mgts.ru, dedicated to the joint history of Moscow and its first telecommunications company. We at the editorial office of Banki.ru got acquainted with the history of the MGTS company and communications in Moscow in general and selected the most interesting and significant facts from the 135 years of its existence.
It all started on July 13, 1882, when the first telephone exchange in Moscow and Russia was officially opened. The client base numbered only 26 three-digit numbers. The telephone was a luxury product, one number per year cost 250 rubles, almost like three ferret fur coats, nevertheless, a year after the opening there were already 371 subscribers, and in 1889 the number of connected clients exceeded a thousand.
In 1903, Emperor Nicholas II arrived in Moscow on the occasion of the launch of a telephone line in the Moscow Kremlin, where the Ericsson company presented him with a telephone with an ivory handset. In the same year, the first telephone booths appeared in Moscow. It is interesting that the cable is supplied by an enterprise with the unusual name “Gold and Silver Drawing Factory”, which is headed by the same Konstantin Stanislavsky (he was the grandson of the founder of the factory, Semyon Alekseev). By the way, Konstantin Sergeevich himself often used telephone communication in his theatrical activities, forcing actors to read roles to him over the phone again and again, repeatedly repeating the signature “I don’t believe it!”
In 1916, at the height of the First World War, despite the difficult times, telephone communications in Moscow continued to operate and develop. For every 100 Muscovites there are 3.7 telephone sets, the largest number capacity in Europe is being put into operation telephone network for 60,000 numbers. Before the advent of automatic telephone exchanges, the connection was established by female telephone operators, who were also called “young ladies.” The work was considered very honorable; only girls with a height of at least 155 centimeters (so that they could reach the upper switches) with a pleasant voice and, of course, unmarried were hired. After all, sometimes I had to work the night shift, which was considered unacceptable for married ladies in those days.
With the advent of the 1917 revolution, communication was interrupted for a while, but began to resume in March 1918. At the same time, the well-known abbreviation “MGTS” appeared. First, enterprises and institutions are provided with communications, then the network of telephone booths expands. It was only allowed to install telephones in apartments since 1921. By the way, radios for Muscovites were also connected via telephone wires MGTS.
In 1930, the first automatic telephone exchange (ATS) was located in the building on Bolshaya Ordynka, building 25. By the way, the first automatic telephone exchange served for 70 years. Which became the reason for including the station in the Guinness Book of Records. The first automatic telephone exchange was closed in 1998.
In 1932, the “09” information service appeared, and the famous “100” exact time service began operating in 1937. By the way, the number is still valid; despite the abundance of all kinds of gadgets, it is still called by 1.5 million people a year.
During the Great Patriotic War, despite the bombing and the approach of enemy troops to Moscow, communication was not interrupted, although half of the equipment still had to be dismantled and evacuated. The evacuated equipment returned to Moscow in 1944.
After the war, the telephone network underwent rapid growth, and therefore in 1968 all six-digit numbers were replaced by seven-digit ones, as the old capacity was no longer enough.
Moscow welcomed the 1980 Olympics with people speaking four languages (English, French, German and Spanish) help desk"09". In addition, the city is installing 80,000 additional telephones and 350 payphones.
With the advent of a market economy, the need for communication has only increased. In 1990, the Comstar joint venture was created, which installed 100 coinless international telephones in Moscow. In 1991 the first appears mobile network, built by the Moskovskaya companies cellular" and Ericsson. The following year, 1992, they created mobile operators Beeline and MTS. The first operator networks began their work in Moscow.
A little later others mobile operators begin their work in the regions. On June 17, 1993, the company CJSC North-West GSM was created. This date is considered to be the birthday of the MegaFon operator. The operator will come to Moscow only on November 21, 2001.
The latest operator to enter the Moscow market is Tele2. The official launch of the operator's networks in Moscow took place in October 2015, making Tele2 a federal player.
The rapid growth of cellular, landline and Internet networks has led to the fact that Muscovites now live in the most developed city in Europe in terms of telecom infrastructure. Stationary and mobile connection,The Internet has gone from being a luxury item to becoming a necessity. Communication is everywhere: mobile gadget in your pocket, Internet at home, at work, in transport, in cafes and restaurants. The quality is getting better, the speeds are higher, the gadgets are becoming more complex.
The future awaits us interesting and rich. But there is no future without a past. It’s good that round dates give us a reason to remember history and look back at the time when it all just began.
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