They take the tests. A database has been created in the capital for prescribing and receiving test results in electronic form. Specialized AIDS clinic

In this regard, patients often have a question: why is blood taken from a vein and not from a finger?

Why is a general blood test taken from a vein?

As a rule, blood for a general blood test is taken from a finger. But in some cases, a blood test from a vein is prescribed to conduct the study. This happens when the purpose of a laboratory test is to identify a large number of parameters for which there is not enough blood from a finger. Also, more blood is needed to detect some types of infections.

In addition, venous blood differs in composition from capillary blood - that which is taken from a finger. So, it contains more glucose, and in many situations this is important for a more accurate diagnosis.

How is a general blood test performed from a vein?

To prepare for the study of blood from a vein, it is enough to refrain from eating heavy fatty foods and alcohol on the eve of the test. A blood test from a vein is taken on an empty stomach, usually in the morning. You should not eat for at least two to three hours before visiting the laboratory. But this applies specifically to a general blood test. Some tests have stricter rules. For example, before a biochemical blood test you cannot eat for 8 hours, and the time interval between the last meal and the moment of blood sampling to determine triglycerides in the blood must be at least 12 hours. Therefore, you should consult your doctor regarding preparation for the test.

Blood is drawn using a needle from the veins of the forearm or elbow. If these veins are not clearly visible, blood can be taken from the venous vessels of the popliteal cavity or the back of the hand.

Blood test from a vein - interpretation

Of course, only a doctor can make the most detailed and accurate interpretation of a blood test from a vein. However, you can independently compare the indicators of the test results with the norms of a blood test from a vein. Below are the main parameters of a general blood test, their standard designations used in many laboratories, and the norms for analyzing blood from a vein, as well as some explanations for deviations of the analysis from the norms.

1. Hemoglobin (Hb). The norm for men is 120–160 g/l, for women – 120–140 g/l. Low hemoglobin can occur after bleeding, as a result of anemia and some hereditary diseases.

2. Hematocrit (Ht). The norm for men is 40–45%, for women – 36–42%. This indicator indicates the percentage ratio of the number of blood cells (platelets, erythrocytes, leukocytes) to the volume of its liquid part - plasma. A low hematocrit occurs after blood loss, as well as in case of disruption of the formation of new blood cells, for example, in autoimmune diseases and acute infectious processes. An increase in this indicator may indicate dehydration.

3. Red blood cells. The norm for men is 4.3–6.2 x, for women – 3.8–5.5 x. Elevated levels of red blood cells indicate a risk of red blood cells sticking together, which can lead to thrombosis (blockage of blood vessels). A low level of red blood cells in the blood indicates a lack of oxygen.

4. Color index (CP). The norm for this indicator is 0.85–1.05. Denotes the ratio of the amount of hemoglobin to the level of red blood cells. Deviations of the color indicator from the norm are detected when various types anemia.

5. White blood cells (WBC). The norm is 4–9 x 10 9. This parameter of a general blood test can increase during infectious processes in the body and leukemia. A decrease in leukocytes may be a sign of a disruption in the process of their formation in the bone marrow, which may indicate autoimmune, oncological and acute infectious diseases.

6. Neutrophils (NEU). The norm is within 70% of the total number of leukocytes. A significant increase in the level of neutrophils usually indicates a purulent inflammatory process in the body.

8. Lymphocytes (LYM). The normal level of lymphocytes in the blood is 19–30%. An increase in the number of lymphocytes occurs during infectious diseases and blood diseases. Low level lymphocyte count may indicate kidney failure, chronic disease, decreased immunity, or taking medications that suppress the immune system.

9. Platelets (PLT). The norm is 170–320 x 10 9. High level platelet count may occur after surgery and in some blood diseases. A decrease in platelet levels may be an indication of an acute inflammatory process or an immunological disease.

10. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR). The norm for this blood parameter for men is 10 mm/h, for women – 15 mm/h. An increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate is usually an indirect sign of some disorder in the body, for example, an inflammatory process.

Blood from a vein: why is this analysis needed, and what does it show?

We all know that the most common types of examination of a person’s condition are urine, feces and blood tests. With the first two types, everything is clear - I “did it” at home and brought it to the laboratory, but I have to take a blood test directly at the clinic. Let's figure out how this happens using the example of taking blood from a vein and, most importantly, why?

Blood from a vein is taken for the following tests:

• clinical;
• genetic and biochemical studies;
• to determine hormonal levels;
• to detect viruses, infections and so on.

In other words, blood from a vein or from a finger allows the doctor to see not only the general health of the patient, but also individual organs and even entire systems! This type of research, without exaggeration, is the most important of all urgent analyzes.

What does a clinical analysis of venous blood indicate?

Its results can tell not only about the diagnosis, but also identify any disease over time, see pathology, and differentiate diseases (if any). Taking blood from a vein shows doctors the following information:

• hemoglobin level indicators;
• number of red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets;
• blood color indicators;
• hematocrit

How is blood taken from a vein?

1. As a rule, the test is carried out only in the morning and strictly on an empty stomach. The instrument used to take blood from a vein must be sterile and disposable! Otherwise, there is a risk of infecting the patient with unknown means.
2. Doctors advise eliminating alcohol, fatty foods and various medications (if the patient is taking them) the day before the test. If taking medications is vital, then you must notify your doctor about this, who will make the right decision. All physical activity is also excluded.
3. Stress can greatly spoil the overall picture of a venous blood test! Even a little swearing on the way to the hospital will lead to distortion and inaccuracy of the test results, since the adrenaline level will rise.
4. The laboratory technician who takes blood from a vein must wear disposable gloves. They should be thrown away after each procedure. However, if the clinic is low-budget, then complete disinfection is allowed (of course, limited to a few times).
5. The procedure goes like this: the patient’s arm is pulled with a tourniquet just above the elbow bend and a roller is placed under the elbow itself. The doctor advises you to clench your fist more tightly, while in the meantime he takes a sterile needle and aims at the vein located directly on the elbow, having previously treated the skin with alcohol. Blood is drawn into a special syringe or passed directly into a test tube through a needle. Then the patient is given an alcohol-based cotton swab, which is applied to the vein. After 15 minutes it can be removed. It is advisable not to strain this arm throughout the day.

There is no need to be independent in interpreting the results obtained. The fact is that each individual laboratory sets its own standards for the overall picture of blood analysis. Therefore, if a patient has questions (provided that he understands chemical indicators), then he should contact his doctor directly. A competent and professional analysis will help the doctor quickly identify possible health “problems” in his patient and prescribe the necessary, and most importantly, correct treatment!

Why is blood taken from a vein during a medical examination?

It doesn’t indicate where to take the blood at all, it says a general analysis and that’s it, it can probably be interpreted in different ways, I would write a refusal and that’s it.

Actually, I don’t play games with collective medical examinations at all.

It’s just that for a general blood test you can take it from a finger, but for biochemistry (and everything else) only from a vein.

adults yes, now from a vein

I suspect unobtrusive replenishment of the blood bank

for children, especially small ones, they take the common one out of thin air

since last year or the year before last

At the age of five, before the operation, tests were taken for whole sheet- naturally, also from a vein.

So don't panic. This is a common procedure, albeit unpleasant.

What does biochemistry have to do with it, we are talking about a general blood test, others don’t take it for medical examination

By the way, venous blood is more “informative”, and modern analyzers give less error than outdated methods. In any case, I am inclined to trust the machine gun, and not the twitchy woman from the laboratory.

And age has absolutely nothing to do with it.

The machine copes well with a colossal amount of work. But the quality is better in the Tekki ones. But they are now being cut in favor of automatic machines.

Why do they take a blood test from a vein?

Today, a blood test is taken from a vein from almost every patient admitted to a hospital with a particular disease, and even from those who simply visit a local physician.

This is explained by the fact that it is the blood that first reacts to all changes occurring in the human body.

Thus, the composition of a biofluid is significantly affected by a banal acute respiratory infection, not to mention more serious diseases.

What types of blood tests are there from a vein? This is a general blood test from a vein and a biochemical one. What each of these options shows is discussed in more detail in the article.

general description

Despite the fact that a clinical or general blood test is traditionally taken from a finger, an increasing number of modern clinics, especially if the most complete, detailed clinical analysis is needed, prefer to take blood from a vein.

This is explained by the fact that a detailed clinical analysis involves the use of a significant amount of biofluid, which can be quite problematic to obtain from a finger, but very simply from a vein.

A detailed clinical blood test is prepared on ultra-modern, expensive analyzers, which require a fairly large amount of material for research.

And another argument in favor of taking blood from a vein rather than from a finger is that capillary and venous blood are quite different in composition.

The latter, for example, contains much more glucose, which can be very important for making a diagnosis for some diseases.

Thus, if a detailed analysis is needed, venous rather than capillary blood is preferable.

What is research? What is the difference between clinical detailed and ordinary tests?

A general blood test is a study of a person’s biofluid, aimed at identifying pathological processes in his body at the early stages of their development.

The analysis is carried out for both therapeutic and preventive purposes, as well as to monitor the progress of pregnancy.

Clinical biofluid analysis provides information about various parameters blood.

Their number can range from 10 to 50. If the number of obtained parameters exceeds 30, this is a detailed general analysis.

It is preferable to take a clinical test (either from a finger or from a vein) on an empty stomach, having previously given up too heavy (spicy, fatty, fried) foods 2 days in advance.

Taking a biofluid on an empty stomach is explained by the fact that if less than 6 hours before the test the patient eats (even if he just drinks sweet tea with cookies), this can greatly distort the results of the analysis.

If it is too difficult to eat nothing for a long time, it is still advisable to come to the laboratory on an empty stomach and remain hungry when donating blood, but take a snack with you so that you can have a snack immediately after the procedure.

Decoding the results

What parameters does the study show? Decoding the received data and making a diagnosis based on them is the job of a qualified specialist.

Along with this, knowing the basic parameters, you can try to understand the results yourself.

The article provides information about the most important indicators, without knowing which, there is no point in trying to decipher the results:

• Iron-containing protein hemoglobin. Norm: g/l. Low hemoglobin indicates anemia and severe blood loss;
• Hematocrit is the ratio of certain cells to the total amount of blood. Norm: 36 – 45%. Hematocrit drops sharply in case of intense blood loss, during acute infectious diseases, and some autoimmune diseases;
• ESR (erythrocyte sedimentation rate). Norm: 1 – 12 mm per hour. An increase in ESR indicates strong inflammatory processes in the body, cancer, and blood diseases;
• Erythrocytes (red blood cells). Norm: 3.9x10 12 – 5.5x10 12 cells/liter. A decrease in the number of red blood cells indicates the development of anemia in the patient. A significant excess of the norm can signal the development of a disease such as leukemia. A decrease in the level of red blood cells is possible due to diseases such as myeloma, cancer, bone marrow metastases, measles;
• Leukocytes (white blood cells, their types: neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes, directly, leukocytes). Norm: 4 – 9x10 9 /liter. If the number of leukocytes is higher than normal, then an inflammatory process is guaranteed to develop in the body;
• Lymphocytes (immune defenders, main types of lymphocytes: T-lymphocytes, B-lymphocytes, NK-lymphocytes). Norm: 1 – 4.8x10 9 /liter. If there are significantly more lymphocytes in a person’s blood than normal, he may develop a viral disease or acute radiation sickness. A lack of lymphocytes indicates cancer, an immunodeficiency state;
• Platelets. Norm: 170 – 320x10 9 /liter. An increased number of platelets is observed in diseases of the cardiovascular system, for example, thrombosis. Thus, with thrombosis (especially at its initial stage, during the formation of a blood clot), an accumulation of platelets is observed in some difficult-to-pass areas of the vessels. Along with this, with thrombosis, other indicators in the clinical analysis will also deviate from the norm.

A detailed blood test also necessarily includes a leukocyte formula, which indicates how all types of leukocytes in the blood correlate and whether there are any deviations from the norm in this ratio.

Biochemistry as research

A biochemical blood test, unlike a clinical one, must be taken strictly on an empty stomach, since this analysis demonstrates indicators such as total protein, sugar, cholesterol, which are guaranteed to change if the patient eats less than 8 hours before the test.

In addition to the fact that you should take a biofluid sample on an empty stomach, doctors recommend eliminating unhealthy foods from your diet (primarily fast food, fried, fatty, spicy, canned food) 2-3 days before blood sampling, and also try to prevent physical and emotional overload.

Even pregnant women and infants should take a biochemical blood test on an empty stomach. In the latter case, the baby should not be put to the breast less than 4-5 hours before the examination.

What does biochemical analysis show? A biochemical blood test allows you to find out whether the balance of all blood elements is maintained, and whether there are inflammatory processes and diseases of various nature in the body.

Decryption must include the following parameters:

• Total protein. Norm: 64 – 84 g/l. Elevated protein indicates infectious or oncological diseases, decreased protein indicates liver and kidney diseases;
• Hemoglobin. Norm: 120 – 160 g/l. Low hemoglobin indicates anemia and severe blood loss;
• Haptoglobin. Norm: adults – 150 – 2000 mg/l. A low level of haptoglobin may indicate autoimmune diseases, and a high level may indicate malignant neoplasms;
• Glucose. An indicator such as glucose or sugar can be included in the general list of analysis parameters, or it can be taken separately, like a biochemical blood test for sugar;
• Normally, sugar should be 3.3 – 5.5 mmol/l. If sugar is higher than this norm, this indicates the possible development of diabetes or impaired glucose tolerance. Additionally, blood sugar may rise if the patient is taking corticosteroids and diuretics, has been diagnosed with epilepsy, or has carbon monoxide poisoning. If sugar is significantly lower than normal, then this could be due to diseases of the gastrointestinal tract and pancreas, slow metabolism, sarcoidosis;
• Urea. Normal: 2.5 – 8.3 mmol/l. An increase in this indicator indicates diseases of the kidneys and urinary tract, heart failure;
• Cholesterol. Normal: 3.5 – 6.5 mmol/l. High cholesterol may indicate the development of atherosclerosis and heart disease;
• Bilirubin. Normal: 5 – 20 µmol/l. If bilirubin is significantly higher than normal, the person has viral hepatitis. An increase in bilirubin may also indicate liver cirrhosis and gallbladder disease.

Biochemical analysis also provides information on cellular enzymes: alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, lipase and amylase.

If these indicators are deviated from the norm, this may indicate various diseases of the gastrointestinal tract.

In some situations, for example, if the patient did not donate blood on an empty stomach, and the transcript of the analysis showed unreliable data, the blood test is taken from a vein again.

A sample of the biofluid is also taken for examination again if the blood has clotted immediately after collection.

The latter is not evidence of any pathology in the patient, but often occurs as a result of simple mistakes by the laboratory assistant.

So, if the blood in a test tube has clotted, this means that the medical worker did not add a special preservative to the vessel or the material was stored at too high a temperature.

How many times can I take a venous blood test? As much as the attending physician prescribes - there are no special restrictions here, as well as contraindications for taking the test.

Both biochemical and clinical blood tests are prepared, usually within several days in public medical institutions, and within one day in private laboratories.

When undergoing a medical examination, are they tested for AIDS?

No, they don't test for AIDS. When I undergo a medical examination, I take tests for intestinal infections, staphylococcus (nasal and mouth swabs) and blood tests for syphilis.

In addition, an AIDS test takes a long time and is too inaccurate to be required.

Medical examination where they check for AIDS?

It’s interesting, but medical examinations are different.

You should have clarified in your question the purpose of this medical examination that people undergo and whether they are tested for AIDS, that is, whether they test for HIV infection.

This could have been written in detail to the question.

For example: a medical examination upon employment for any job or a regular medical examination of an already working person, that is, periodic medical examinations that employees must undergo after a certain period of time. This depends on the person’s profession and specialty (one year, two years, three years).

People other than doctors and pregnant women do not undergo such medical examinations with testing for AIDS (or better yet, HIV infection, since AIDS is already a serious disease).

What does every patient need to know about taking blood from a vein? What tests can be checked?

In diagnostic matters, the study of patient biomaterials in laboratory conditions plays an important role. The parameters of the internal state of the body recorded in the analyzes are objective and informative. Using the study of venous blood, it is possible to identify diseases, pathological processes, and monitor the effectiveness of therapy.

For many tests, doctors must take a sample from a vein. These analysis samples are subjected to detailed study for hormone content, biochemical and cellular composition, and immunological functions.

Why is a vein test prescribed?

In modern clinical laboratories, to enhance the performance and results of blood samples, exclusively venous blood is used. In the past, for certain types of diagnostics, capillary blood was taken - from a finger, for example, when it was necessary to do a general clinical analysis. This method of collecting material often led to the formation of microthrombi, complicating the procedure for calculating and deciphering indicators.

By examining venous blood, doctors obtain accurate information about the patient's health status. Taking into account the data obtained, the required methods of additional instrumental studies are prescribed to clarify the diagnosis, including during medical examination.

Most often, clinical studies are performed, which make it possible to understand the nature and stage of the pathology, adjust the treatment method, and conduct screening and preventive examination of the patient.

• As part of a general analysis of a blood sample, its cellular composition and ESR are determined. This study is prescribed for the diagnosis of infections, inflammatory lesions, and blood pathologies. The method refers to mandatory examination procedures during annual clinical examinations.
• Biochemistry analysis makes it possible to find out the main biochemical indicators (proteins, platelets, fibrinogen, enzymes, cholesterol, lipids). This analysis can determine diseases of the heart, liver, blood vessels, malignant tumors and autoimmune processes.
• Hormonal tests examine the content of hormones and evaluate the functioning of the digestive organs, endocrine system, and metabolic function.
• An immunological test allows you to find out information about the state of immunity at the humoral and cellular level, and reactions to allergens.
• Serological testing examines specific antigens and antibodies in patients' blood serum based on immune responses.
• A coagulogram is performed to comprehensively identify the coagulability of blood fluid.
• An examination at a drug dispensary also requires blood and vein donation.

Blood must be donated when diagnosing any type of disease. Laboratory analysis is painless and safe way determining pathology in the body.

Taking blood from a vein: preparation

To take a blood sample for examination from a vein, you need to be specially prepared. The correctness of the analysis answers is affected by:

• Times of Day;
• Food consumption and its quality (many people are interested in whether it is possible to eat before donating blood from a vein);
• Drinking alcohol, sweets, smoking;
• Taking medications;
• Physiotherapeutic procedures;
• Stressful conditions;
• Bleeding and heavy menstruation;
• HIV, helminths, hepatitis, syphilis and other diseases;
• Phlebeurysm;
• Intense exercise (changes hormone levels);
• Instrumental examination methods (ultrasound, MRI, X-ray);
• In women, the phases of the menstrual cycle.

Before taking a blood test from a vein, it is worth considering generally accepted recommendations aimed at increasing the efficiency of the examination and minimizing the risk of receiving unreliable answers.

Medical laboratory workers must always follow the correct technique for taking a blood sample from a vein. Before starting the procedure, you must wash your hands, put on a gown or special form, ensure sterility.

After the laboratory assistant is prepared, the patient can enter the manipulation room. During a medical examination, the referral for analysis is first recorded in the medical book. Then the doctor explains the course of the next manipulation.

Is it possible to eat before donating blood from a vein?

As you know, blood testing is done only on an empty stomach and always in the morning. It turns out that eating food is prohibited. You are allowed to drink simple purified water.

Before the examination, you should not overload your stomach with fatty, spicy and salty foods. The day before the test, drinking alcohol is strictly prohibited. The biomaterial should be submitted before any instrumental diagnostic methods and physiotherapy.

If the patient took medications: insulin, NSAIDs or antibiotics, then their discontinuation should be discussed with a doctor. Two hours before blood sampling, adults should refrain from cigarettes, heavy workouts, and strong experiences.

Subsequent tests to monitor results over time should be performed under the same conditions, in the same clinical laboratory. After all, the sample collection procedure and research methods differ in different institutions.

Why does donation also require proper home preparation? The reason is that the donor's blood must be perfect for helping other people.

How is blood taken?

The correctness of the examination results depends on the technique of collecting blood for analysis from a vein. This in turn affects the diagnosis, and subsequently the correctness of therapy. Compliance with the instructions for taking a sample prevents the occurrence of negative consequences that may arise if the algorithm is violated.

If a patient is wondering whether it is painful to donate blood from a vein, then his feelings depend on the professionalism of the laboratory assistant. One of the complications of an incorrect through puncture can be a hematoma in the elbow area. If a clinic worker does not follow the rules of asepsis, this can cause inflammation of a peripheral vessel (phlebitis). And the worst thing is blood poisoning (sepsis).

To take biomaterial, the following tools are used: a needle, a tourniquet, a syringe (disposable), or a vacuum-type device. The needle is needed for the direct outflow of blood into a container - a test tube. This method is already practically irrelevant, since it is inconvenient, painful, causes panic fear (phobia) and leaves the risk of blood coming into contact with the hands of doctors and other non-sterile things.

Drawing blood into a syringe is used in closed laboratory rooms of public clinics. The big disadvantage of this method is the need to use additional instruments (test system, glass tube), and the risk of blood hemolysis.

Modern centers use new vacuum instruments for receiving venous blood called “vacutainer”. They consist of a vacuum tube, a catheter, a thin needle, a holder, a container and a special reagent. As reviews have shown, such tools are painless and convenient. Bloodletting occurs safely. You can no longer be afraid of this procedure and no longer faint from pain.

The video below shows how a sample is taken from a vein:

What do blood parameters show in a biochemical analysis from a vein?

Let's figure out what is included in the form for a biochemical analysis of blood from a vein, and how to decipher it:

Squirrels

This includes the following parameters:

1. Total protein;
2. Protein fractions;
3. Albumen;
4. Myoglobin;
5. Ferritin;
6. Transferrin;
7. Ceruloplasmin;
8. Urea;
9. OBZH – characteristic of the iron-binding function of blood serum;
10. Rheumatoid factor is a special immunoglobulin (antibody).

Enzymes

The enzymes in the analysis are represented by markers for liver disease and amylase, which increases significantly when problems with the pancreas appear. However, the list of enzyme substances that are tested to indicate health status is much longer:

• Alanine aminotransferase;
• Creatine kinase;
• Aspartate aminotransferase;
• Lactate dehydrogenase;
• Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase;
• Alkaline phosphatase, etc.

Lipid group

These parameters make it possible to identify diseases of the blood vessels, heart, and thyroid gland. Moreover, here not only the norm of the cholesterol indicator is examined, but also its varieties: LDL, HDL, and the level of triglycerides is assessed.

Carbohydrates

In this regard, the most important parameter is perhaps glucose - sugar. It will reliably show whether the patient is at risk of diabetes.

Pigments

The main indicator of the pigment group is bilirubin; its increase in the blood indicates pathologies of the liver, blood, and genetic diseases.

The analysis also evaluates nitrogenous substances and microelements in the blood (magnesium, potassium, etc.).

Why do they take blood from a finger and from a vein? Is it possible to take it from one place?

The composition of capillary blood (finger) and venous blood (vein) is different. Blood is taken from a finger for a general analysis; it shows the condition of the human body and helps make a diagnosis. Blood is mainly taken from a vein for biochemical analysis.

If it were possible to use one blood (for example, from a vein) for all tests, then believe me, they would do so.

Venous, arterial and capillary blood carry not only various functions for the body, but also various information to identify diseases and illnesses. For a full-fledged study, it is necessary to fulfill all the requirements of the doctors, all their orders for tests.

Doctors are not sadists to just poke holes in our body in different places for no reason.

Arterial blood is taken from the finger, which flows saturated with oxygen from the heart to the organs. From a vein, respectively, venous, with waste from the vital activity of body cells. Blood from a finger and from a vein are used for different tests.

Blood taken from a vein and a finger differs in composition. From a finger - capillary - they do a general clinical analysis, for sugar, for coagulation and duration of bleeding. And from a vein - venous, they do biochemical tests, for AIDS, hepatitis, Wasserman's blood, group and Rh factor. For all these tests, you need more blood than can be taken from a finger. For small children, by the way, blood is taken not from a finger, but from the earlobe.

What do blood tests show?

The result of an accurate diagnosis depends on what blood test the doctor prescribes. Therefore, the question of what kind of blood tests there are is by no means idle, especially considering the variety of studies. Moreover, many analyzes differ not only in quality, but also in price. Unfortunately, it may often turn out that the necessary blood test is beyond the means of ordinary people, in which case the only option is to rely on medical insurance or ask for donations.

Mandatory studies

One of the programs that helps people who do not have money for expensive examinations, but who care about their health, is the state medical examination program. This is the name given to a set of measures aimed at detecting and preventing the development of diseases in the population.

A medical examination, which includes medical examination, involves the doctor prescribing specific tests that will tell us about the processes occurring in the body. Conducting a successful clinical examination requires having a medical history where data will be entered. This will allow the doctor to use the test results during future visits to assess your current health.

The medical examination program stipulates that tests must be carried out at least once a year. The main types of blood tests that may be needed during medical examination are a general analysis and a sugar test. If the results are negative, you will most likely need to take:

Blood for testing is usually taken from a finger (general analysis, for sugar), from a vein, and very rarely from an artery. It is believed that venous blood gives the most accurate indicators, and all diagnostic methods are built around the analysis of this type of liquid tissue. But recently, blood analyzers have appeared that make it possible to diagnose the disease using a few drops of blood from a finger. True, this technique is not yet popular: the Theranos company, which produced a device for analysis, recently went bankrupt, in which it was enough to load one drop of blood from a finger.

General analysis

A general blood test, required for annual medical examination, will tell whether the blood cells have deviated from the norm. If this happens, the doctor, analyzing the data, makes the first assumptions about the process occurring in the body. Then he prescribes an examination aimed at determining the cause of the disease.

For example, a deviation from the norm of red blood cells indicates that the body’s tissues are experiencing oxygen starvation, since these cells are responsible for delivering gas to them and removing carbon dioxide. A general analysis not only counts the total number of red blood cells, but also determines the level of hemoglobin, which is part of its structure and is responsible for the addition of gas.

The study also involves studying the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR). It measures the time it takes for red cells to reach the bottom of the tube. The faster their fall, the higher the likelihood of an inflammatory process.

Deviation from the norm of leukocytes indicates the presence of infection or weak immunity. It also happens with inflammatory processes, allergies, damage to the body by worms and other conditions that require an immune response.

A low or high level of platelets indicates poor clotting or, conversely, increased thrombus formation. In this case, the doctor may order a coagulation test, which will show whether blood clotting is normal. If the clotting time is too slow, this may indicate hemophilia and some other diseases.

Test for sugar

Another mandatory analysis during the annual medical examination is a sugar test. First, for diagnosis you need to donate a few drops of blood from your finger. The test is taken on an empty stomach: the patient should not eat or drink for eight hours.

If the result is negative, a glucose tolerance test will be necessary. This means that blood is first taken from a vein on an empty stomach, then the patient is given a solution containing glucose to drink, after which the solution must be drunk again. Blood glucose levels are then measured every hour and a half, after which the results are compared with the norm. If they do not meet the acceptable value, diabetes is diagnosed.

Diabetics should have their blood tested for glycated hemoglobin (also called an HbA1C test) once every three months. This must be done so that the doctor can monitor the course of the disease and notice in time if diabetes continues to develop. The patient will also need to measure glucose levels, which can also be done at home using glucometers.

Biochemical analysis

Further studies are usually prescribed if a general blood test shows poor results or at the request of the patient (for example, a test for tumor markers). The next test is usually a biochemical blood test, in which material for research is taken from a vein.

Types of biochemical blood tests come in different directions. But they all study the state of the components of plasma, the liquid part of the blood: proteins, fats, enzymes, amino acids.

For example, a cholesterol test can tell you how high the risk of developing atherosclerosis is. Elevated levels of “bad cholesterol” are one of the most common causes of heart attack or stroke.

One common test is a thyroid test. To do this, a blood test is prescribed for T3, T4, calcitonin (hormones produced by the thyroid gland). You will also need to do a TSH test and undergo other examinations. Elevated or decreased levels of these hormones indicate an overactive or underactive thyroid gland.

The study of bilirubin is important if the doctor suspects hemolysis (increased breakdown of red blood cells), which often indicates liver disease or other serious problems in the digestive or circulatory system. Hemolysis can be provoked by:

• Hepatitis.
• Sick spleen.
• Cirrhosis, liver cancer.
• Infections of various types.
• Congenital genetic mutations.
• Side effects of medications.
• Oncology.

Hemolysis can also be autoimmune in nature. This type of hemolysis occurs when the spleen traps and destroys healthy red blood cells. Hemolysis also occurs when the red blood cells produced by the bone marrow are defective. Hemolysis can also be congenital, for example in sickle cell disease or thalassemia.

A particularly severe type of hemolysis develops when the patient’s blood type and the donor’s blood group do not match during a blood transfusion. The cause of hemolysis in this case is the production of antibodies that attack the infused donor blood. The result is the destruction of red blood cells, that is, hemolysis.

Hemolysis is also observed in case of Rh conflict between mother and fetus, if the woman has a negative group, and the baby has a positive group. Moreover, if the first child may not yet feel the strength of the attack of maternal antibodies, then they attack the second baby almost immediately, so treatment is necessary.

That is why, before planning a pregnancy, parents are advised to take a blood type test. This will help calculate the risk of possible complications in the baby and take timely measures. This information may also be needed in other emergency situations that require urgent measures (surgery, blood loss, etc.).

What are tumor markers

Currently, substances are isolated in the blood, the growth of which makes it possible to determine the likelihood of developing cancer: their level increases six months before other tests change the indicators. Moreover, test systems have recently been developed where 1 drop of blood is enough to diagnose cancer with 98% reliability.

Currently, doctors identify more than twenty blood elements, the increase of which may indicate cancer. Among them:

• PSA test - allows you to determine prostate cancer, but can also indicate less dangerous conditions: the presence of an enlarged prostate or prostatitis.

• Protein CA 125 may indicate ovarian cancer and some other types of oncology, and may also indicate inflammatory diseases of the pelvic organs and some other diseases.

• The BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes can facilitate the diagnosis of breast and ovarian cancer in women. This test is important if there are cases of cancer in the family.

Although the increase in tumor markers warns of the possible development of cancer, it also occurs with less dangerous diseases. Therefore, if there is a deviation from the norm, it is necessary to do additional examinations to understand the reason for the increase in cancer markers.

In order not to miss the initial stage of cancer, clinical examination involves taking a test for tumor markers every six months to eight months. Unfortunately, these tests are mostly paid for.

Other tests

A blood gas test is taken from an artery in the wrist (this differs from other testing methods where blood is taken from a vein or finger). This test can be quite painful and is performed by well-trained professionals. This study determines the balance between oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood, as well as the acid-base balance. During clinical examination, this helps to facilitate the diagnosis of disorders in the respiratory system (for example, pneumonia), metabolic disorders (diabetes or kidney failure).

Electrolyte testing shows how balanced the electrolytic forms of minerals in the body are - sodium, potassium and chlorine, which maintain normal water balance. Abnormal electrolytes can occur as a result of dehydration, diabetes, and certain medications.

A chromosome blood test examines the genetic material of all 23 pairs of chromosomes in each cell, revealing the right reasons genetic abnormalities. This blood test can diagnose sexual development disorders such as androgen insensitivity syndrome. If a couple has repeated miscarriages, this test makes it possible to understand the causes of this problem.

So obviously there are a huge number of analyses. And every day new types of blood drop research appear. Not all of them need to be taken during medical examination. But if the basic tests turn out to be negative, the doctor, after examining the data from the basic blood tests, determines in which direction to move forward. Most likely, you will need to undergo an ultrasound, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging and other types of examination.

How to get tested for HIV infection in a clinic - tests during a routine medical examination

HIV infection is a disease that provokes a deterioration, and subsequently a complete loss of the immune system. Today, diagnosing the disease is not a problem. Any medical institution (public or private) provides the opportunity to donate blood for HIV detection: clinic, hospital, specialized center.

Often, private clinics do not take biological material for research - the patient is sent to a paid laboratory, where the result can be ready the next day.

How to get tested for HIV in a clinic?

To donate blood, you first need to have a consultation with one of the specialists: a gynecologist, urologist, infectious disease specialist, or therapist. If there are no clinical symptoms, you can contact a therapist who will issue a referral.

Every woman planning a pregnancy can take a blood test for HIV at the clinic. In this case, the gynecologist will issue a referral for further free examination.

There may be a problem with some nuances. For example, to see a gynecologist, urologist or infectious disease specialist, you will need to get a referral from a therapist.

An HIV test in a state clinic is carried out free of charge if you have a SNILS number. In the absence of this document, the patient may be served for a fee, or they will be recommended to contact an independent laboratory.

There are many reviews that since the HIV test in the clinic is free, it is carried out using low-quality reagents - often false results are obtained. Also, during the study, test tubes may be mixed up. In part, this is true, but you need to remember that the same specialists work in private laboratories as in public laboratories, where the human factor can also affect the reliability of the result.

How long does it take to test for HIV in a clinic? If the blood was not donated in a specialized medical institution, the result can be expected from one to two weeks. Testing is carried out using the ELISA or ICA method.

Specialized AIDS clinic

In such medical institutions there are anonymous rooms for voluntary blood donation for research. Only citizens of Russia or foreign citizens permanently or temporarily residing in the territory of the Russian Federation and registered at their place of residence can receive free medical care. In order to get an appointment, you must make an appointment in advance.

The time required for an HIV test at a clinic is slightly longer than at an AIDS center - here you will have to wait no more than 3 days from the moment you donate blood. The study is carried out using fourth-generation test systems that work using the ELISA method.

If the result is positive, a confirmatory test is performed - immunoblotting. This is a serological method, which is more accurate than enzyme immunoassay, and is used to make or refute a diagnosis.

How long does it take to prepare HIV tests at the clinic if the biological material is sent for additional examination? In this case, specialists need to test the samples using ELISA (several days), then carry out immunoblotting - this is another 3-4 days.

Based on these data, it becomes clear how many HIV tests are done in the clinic. If at least one ELISA test gave positive result- you'll have to wait about a week.

Blood is taken from a vein, and before donation, you must be warned that you should not eat food the day before (8 hours before).

If the virus is detected, you must register, then the clinic for HIV-infected people will provide a free course of antiretroviral therapy (if there are indications for it). You also need to regularly conduct viral load tests and monitor immunosuppression.

Is an HIV test taken during a medical examination?

Testing is mandatory for healthcare workers who come into contact with infected people, as well as with contaminated biological material. Every year, when clinical examination is carried out, HIV tests are mandatory for people working in this field.

This examination is included in the medical examination when hiring for the Ministry of Internal Affairs, the FSB and the Prosecutor's Office - further it is not carried out during routine medical examinations.

If a foreign citizen collects documents for the migration service and undergoes a medical examination, an HIV test is mandatory. At all stages of obtaining citizenship, the Federal Migration Service must provide a certificate of absence of this infection.

Do they take an HIV test during medical examination if the employee is not a medical professional? No, such examination is not included in the list of mandatory ones. If the employer demands to go through it, the employee always has the right to refuse (the law will be on his side).

During a medical examination, blood is taken for HIV only with the patient’s consent. If this document not signed, the action is illegal. All employees should know that they have the right to refuse unnecessary research with impunity.

Why and how is blood taken for analysis?

A blood test is the most common laboratory test, which is prescribed during preventive examinations and almost any visit to a general practitioner. Most often, a general (clinical) analysis is required. In this case, blood is donated from a finger. The algorithm and rules for passing are well known to everyone without exception since childhood. Everyone knows that the test must be taken in the morning, always on an empty stomach. The procedure is very simple, and the result is usually ready the next day.

Why is capillary blood taken?

Blood is taken from a finger in the following cases:

• for general analysis to determine cellular composition;
• to determine the glucose level (in this case, blood is also taken from a vein, but the sugar level will be slightly different, which is normal);
• express analysis to determine the level of total cholesterol (venous blood is required for a more detailed study).

Preparation rules

1. To donate blood from a finger prick, you need to come to the laboratory in the morning (usually collection occurs from 7.30 to 10 o’clock).
2. The test must be taken on an empty stomach, that is, you cannot eat in the morning, you can only drink plain water. The last meal should take place the night before - no later than 8-12 hours before the procedure.
3. You can eat a day earlier, but it is recommended that a day or two before the analysis, in order to avoid getting distorted results, you should avoid fatty foods and alcoholic beverages.
4. The day before, you should avoid physical and emotional stress.
5. In the morning before the procedure, you should refrain from smoking.

General analysis

It can be shortened or expanded. The first option includes indicators such as the level of hemoglobin and all blood cells (erythrocytes, platelets, leukocytes), as well as ESR (erythrocyte sedimentation rate).

In a detailed analysis, other indicators are added, including:

• hematocrit;
• width of red cell distribution;
• average erythrocyte volume;
• average content of hemoglobin in the red cell;
• leukocyte formula and others.

Tools

Many people are concerned about their own safety during the test, so they may have questions about what is used to pierce and take blood. Today, almost all medical institutions have switched to using disposable finger pricking instruments. This tool is called a scarifier. It must be removed from the unopened package in front of the patient. It should be said that such a puncture is quite painful, so children really do not like the procedure.

Today, donating blood can be painless. A new device is being used more and more often when blood is taken. This is an automatic lancet in a plastic case. The needle quickly penetrates the skin, so pain is not felt. The new lancets have many advantages:

• the sterile needle or blade is located inside the body, which ensures the safety of patients and medical personnel;
• the reliability of the trigger mechanism eliminates accidental release of the needle or blade;
• excluded reuse, thanks to the automatic return of the needle or blade;
• the shape of the needle ensures a reduced pain effect;
• the puncture is targeted, its depth is controlled;
• convenient body shape.

Fence algorithm

To work, the laboratory assistant must prepare:

The algorithm and technique for taking are as follows:

1. The patient sits opposite the laboratory assistant. The hand (usually the left) lies on the table.
2. The puncture site is disinfected with alcohol and degreased with ether.
3. Using a disposable scarifier, a puncture is quickly made in the pad of the ring finger, immersing the tool to the full depth of the cutting part (approximately 2-3 mm).
4. The first drop of blood is removed using dry cotton wool.
5. For the study, use the second and subsequent drops of blood, which are collected using a glass adapter, then placed in test tubes and signed.
6. After the blood has been taken, the injection site is treated with alcohol or iodine and clamped with a cotton swab until the blood stops completely.

The algorithm for collecting capillary blood from a child is exactly the same as from an adult.

Why from the ring finger?

Perhaps someone is interested in which finger the blood is taken from and why. The sampling occurs from the ring finger, although it is allowed from the middle or index finger. A puncture, like any violation of the integrity of the skin, can lead to infection. The ring, index and middle fingers have an isolated inner membrane, so if penetration occurs, the infection will first be localized, which means there is time to eliminate it. The thumb and little finger are directly connected to the lining of the hand, and when infected, the infection spreads to the entire hand. The choice of the ring finger is explained by the fact that it bears the least physical load.

What does the analysis show?

Taking blood from a finger is taken for preventive purposes, for diagnosis and treatment monitoring. This is a basic examination, and the main, most necessary characteristics for doctors that blood shows are the following:

• hemoglobin level;
• red blood cell level;
• leukocyte level;
• relative content of lymphocytes, monocytes, neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils.

Using clinical analysis, doctors can diagnose the following pathological conditions:

• leukemia;
• anemia;
• bleeding disorders;
• the presence of an infectious or inflammatory process in the body.

Interpretation of results

Deciphering should be carried out only by the attending physician. You should not try to do this yourself based on tables that indicate the norm for each indicator. The doctor evaluates the main parameters not only individually, but also in aggregate.

1. Hemoglobin level. The norm for women is g/liter, for men – g/liter. If the content is higher than normal, dehydration, intestinal infections, and congenital heart disease are possible. A low level indicates anemia.
2. CPU (color index). The norm is from 0.85 to 1.15%. Low values ​​indicate anemia; elevated values ​​are observed with folic acid deficiency and stomach cancer.
3. Red blood cells. The norm for men is 4-5 g/l, for women – 3.7-4.7 g/l. An increase in level indicates renal pathologies, tumors, Cushing's syndrome. A slight excess of the norm can be observed with diarrhea, taking diuretics, and burns. Low levels indicate anemia, overhydration, and blood loss.
4. ESR. The red cell sedimentation rate is an indicator of the level of plasma proteins. Normally, in women – up to 20 mm/hour, in men – up to 15 mm/hour. A high level is typical for inflammatory processes, infections, autoimmune diseases, intoxication, endocrine, renal and hepatic pathologies, and oncology. The reasons for the decrease are circulatory failure, hyperbilirubinemia, erythremia.
5. Leukocytes. The norm of white cells is 4-9X10⁹/liter. The reasons for the decrease are cancer with secondary tumors in the brain, diffuse connective tissue diseases, typhoid fever, viral hepatitis, leukemia. Increased levels are observed in bacterial and fungal infections, acute inflammation, purulent infections, pneumonia, otitis media, pancreatitis, bronchitis, meningitis, and so on.
6. Platelets. The normal content of blood platelets responsible for blood clotting is X10⁹/liter. High platelet counts indicate the development of rheumatoid arthritis, polycythemia, tuberculosis, and myeloid leukemia. A reduced content accompanies thrombocytopenic purpura, aplastic and hemolytic anemia, hemolytic disease, and lupus erythematosus.

Which blood is better to take for analysis - venous or capillary?

Externally, blood from a vein and from a finger are slightly different. Venous is darker blood, capillary is light blood. Patients often wonder why they take a venous one, if taking it from a finger is easier and more convenient. It is believed that the best laboratories in the world work with venous tissue, and its study using new methods gives more accurate results.

Finally

A finger prick blood test is a fairly informative method, although it only reflects the general condition of the body. Deviations from the norm of certain indicators cannot be considered confirmation of the presence of any diseases. Changes in the composition of the blood make it possible to suspect a developing pathology and undergo a specific examination at an early stage, when there are no symptoms. The result may be distorted if you do not follow the rules and donate blood not on an empty stomach, but after a meal. In this case, a repeat analysis is prescribed.

In modern medicine with high development technological processes In diagnostics, the laboratory method of examining patients plays a significant role. Indicators of the internal environment of the body have high degree accuracy, information content, objectivity, help to effectively identify diseases and control the treatment. To prescribe laboratory tests, blood is drawn from a vein, which is studied for the content of cellular, biochemical, hormonal, and immunological composition.

Why do they take blood from a vein?

In recent years, modern laboratories have used only venous blood for research. Previously, capillary blood from the ring finger was used for some tests, for example, in the case of a general blood test. With this method of collecting biomaterial, microthrombi often formed, which made it difficult to calculate the studied parameters.

Taking blood from a vein provides comprehensive information about the state of health and allows you to prescribe the necessary instrumental examination methods to clarify the diagnosis. The most frequently used clinical methods are those that reveal the nature of the pathological process, allow the treatment of the disease to be adjusted, and are also used for screening and preventive examinations.

• A general blood test reveals the cellular composition of the blood and ESR. Prescribed for the diagnosis of inflammatory diseases, infections, blood pathologies. Refers to a mandatory examination method during annual medical examinations.
• Blood biochemistry determines the main biological indicators (glucose, proteins, electrolytes, enzymes, lipids) and indicates the pathology of the liver, heart, blood vessels, and the development of oncology.
• Hormonal background studies the level of hormones and the function of the endocrine, digestive system, and metabolism.
• The immunological status determines the state of cellular and humoral immunity, the development of allergic reactions.

Donating blood from a vein is required when diagnosing any disease. Laboratory tests are safe and painless methods for identifying pathological processes in the body.

How to prepare for the procedure?

The blood collection algorithm requires special preparation for the event. The reliability of the analysis results is influenced by the following factors:

• time of collection of biological fluid;
• food intake, the nature of foods in the diet;
• drinking alcoholic beverages, smoking;
• taking medications;
• physiotherapy;
• intense physical activity;
• stressful situations;
• instrumental diagnostic methods (MRI, ultrasound, x-ray);
• cyclical changes in a woman’s body (mensis).

Before taking blood from a vein, you should adhere to general rules that will increase the efficiency of the study and minimize the risk of obtaining false results.

1. Blood is donated on an empty stomach in the morning (8.00 – 11.00). You can drink water without carbon dioxide.
2. On the eve of the examination, it is not recommended to overeat, eat salty, spicy, or fatty foods.
3. The day before the test, avoid drinking alcohol.
4. It is necessary to submit biomaterial before undergoing instrumental examination and physiotherapeutic treatment.
5. Coordinate the discontinuation of medications with your doctor.
6. One hour before the examination, you should not smoke; it is necessary to exclude stressful situations and physical overexertion.

Repeated blood tests to monitor indicators over time should be carried out under the same conditions (time, diet) and in the same laboratory, since the blood sampling algorithm, study methods and reference values ​​(norms) may differ significantly in different medical institutions.

How is biomaterial collected?

The reliability of the analysis results depends on the technique of collecting venous blood, which affects the correct diagnosis, adequate treatment, and restoration of health. Correct venipuncture prevents the development of complications that may arise if the technique is violated. The most common is a through puncture of a vessel with the formation of a hematoma (bleeding) in the surrounding tissues. Neglect of antiseptic rules leads to inflammation of the vein (phlebitis) and the development of general infection of the body (sepsis).

Vacuum tubes are marked with colored caps for different types of laboratory research

A needle, disposable syringe or vacuum system is used to obtain biomaterial. The needle is used to directly pour blood into a test tube. This method is losing its popularity due to the inconvenience of use, the high probability of blood contact with surrounding objects and the hands of medical staff. Drawing blood into a disposable syringe is often used in manipulation rooms of medical institutions. The disadvantage of this technique is the need for additional instruments (test tubes, test systems) and frequent blood hemolysis during the procedure.

Modern diagnostic centers use innovative vacuum systems for collecting venous blood, which consist of a test tube with a vacuum and a chemical reagent inside, a thin needle and an adapter (holder). They are durable and have color coded lids for various types tests, completely eliminate contact of the biomaterial with the hands of medical staff, and do not require the use of additional instruments. Donating blood using this method is painless and safe. The possibility of obtaining false research results due to contact of the biomaterial with the external environment is minimal.

Method of collecting venous blood

The technique of collecting venous blood requires compliance with conditions of strict sterility and the implementation of a certain sequence of actions.

1. Prepare the container and direction to the laboratory, label it, indicate the patient’s data, enter information in a journal or electronic system.
2. Place the patient on a chair near the manipulation table. Fix your hand with your palm up in the position of maximum extension of the elbow joint. Place an oilcloth roller under the elbow.
3. Apply a rubber or fabric tourniquet to the middle third of the shoulder; the pulse should be palpable at the wrist.
4. Treat the elbow area with a cotton swab moistened with medical alcohol.
5. Ask the patient to work intensively with his fist to maximally fill the cubital vein with blood, and then squeeze his fingers.
6. Using a syringe or vacuum system, puncture the ulnar vein at an acute angle with the needle cut down until you feel it “falling” into the void. Then direct the needle parallel to the wall of the vessel. If necessary, veins from the wrist or hand can be used.
7. Pull the syringe plunger up; when the needle enters the vein, dark cherry blood will appear inside the cannula. Using vacuum systems The blood flows into the test tube under pressure on its own.
8. When taking the required amount of biomaterial, a cotton ball moistened with alcohol is pressed to the puncture site, and the needle is removed from the vein. When using vacuum systems, the tube must first be disconnected.
9. The patient bends his arm at the elbow joint for 5 minutes to form a clot at the site of puncture of the vessel and prevent the formation of a subcutaneous hematoma.

When collecting blood for examination of a newborn child, it is often not possible to puncture the ulnar vein due to physiological characteristics. Therefore, for laboratory tests, veins are used on the head (in the fontanelle area), hand, forearm, and lower leg.

Labeled tubes are placed in a special container and sent to the laboratory. A day is usually enough to obtain the results of the study. In some cases, an examination must be carried out urgently to select treatment tactics for life-threatening states. In this case, the analysis is carried out in a few hours, and the “cito!” mark is placed on the referral form.

If the rules for collecting blood for research are not followed, infectious and inflammatory complications may occur. This condition is accompanied by pain in the arm, increased body temperature, and redness at the site of the puncture of the vessel. Violations in the general condition and local changes in the area of ​​​​the vein puncture require consultation with a doctor and the appointment of appropriate treatment.

Taking blood from a peripheral vein for laboratory examination is a simple but informative diagnostic method. It requires strict adherence to the rules of preparation for the study, collection of biological fluid, and transportation. This approach ensures the effectiveness of disease detection and therapy, eliminates false test results and the development of complications after the procedure.

What is a general blood test and how to donate blood? These questions interest many patients. A biochemical blood test aimed at identifying various types of diseases, necessary to make the most accurate diagnosis, is called a general blood test in medicine.

The analysis takes place in special medical laboratories, which are found in almost all medical institutions. A general clinical blood test is a procedure that is often performed on patients seeking help from medical institutions.

This type of analysis has a very wide range and is capable of identifying more than a hundred abnormalities in the blood caused by various diseases and microorganisms, and is also necessary for overall assessment the state of immunity and determining the amount of hormones and enzymes in the human body.

Blood tests make it possible to assess its quality and composition, determine the amount of hemoglobin, peptides, and carbohydrates. All parameters determined in the laboratory can give an accurate answer about diseases even at the initial stages.

A general analysis makes it possible to establish an increased level of leukocytes and the presence of some kind of inflammatory process in the body. To obtain more accurate information, doctors will have to use other diagnostic methods.

The test takes place very quickly, because in most cases blood is taken from a finger. In order to understand the research results, you need to know the norms and concepts that will be presented below, but it is better to entrust this complex matter to professionals. Patients who are about to donate blood. should know how to prepare for this procedure.

How to donate blood correctly?

Donate blood on an empty stomach. The procedure takes 1-2 minutes, during which in the treatment room a health worker wipes the patient’s finger with alcohol to disinfect and uses a special scarifier needle to inject. Next, blood is collected using a pipette for analysis, but there are cases when patients do not produce blood or produce very small amounts of blood.

In this case, simply press on the finger, starting from the middle and rising to the injection site. In adults, blood is taken from the ring finger. If it is necessary to take material from a baby, then it is taken from the heel, since the most developed circulatory network is located there.

Recently, most hospitals are increasingly using the method of taking blood from a vein for a test. This change is due to the fact that analyzes are now carried out by electrical analyzers, and they require a significant amount of material that cannot be taken from the fingertips. Therefore, the patient donates blood from a vein. Moreover, it is necessary to donate blood on an empty stomach.

How to take a general blood test?

How to donate blood correctly? This is a popular question. Most laboratories and doctors require patients to take blood tests strictly in the morning and on an empty stomach, since eating can cause deviations in the results (both minor and significant), due to which you may be prescribed the wrong treatment.

Do you need to prepare for a blood test? The patient does not require any special preparation. The main material for the study is blood serum; it can lose its properties over time.

Because of this feature, the serum should be examined no later than 3 hours after it was collected. The rules for taking tests must be followed with maximum accuracy.

Interpretation of the obtained test results

Remember: the decoding and diagnosis must be made by the attending physician, since there are many parameters that change their values ​​depending on other indicators.

In addition, abnormalities in blood tests can be caused by a delay in the study of more than 3 hours, your lifestyle (for example, diet), or laboratory errors.

The doctor must take all this into account, and if in doubt you will be asked to take the test again. If the results are repeated, the doctor can diagnose the presence of a particular disease or disorder in the patient’s body. If this is not enough to prescribe treatment, then a number of further medical studies will be needed.

Another factor that will prevent you from understanding the test results on your own is the presence of a huge list of parameters with various abbreviations and abbreviations. Only a specialist can understand them. The most common indicators that are determined during a general blood test are hemoglobin, red blood cells, color index, reticulocytes, platelets, ESR, leukocyte formula, etc. In order to understand the abbreviations in the results and find out what amount is normal, consider these parameters separately.

Hemoglobin is the main component of red blood cells, which means its decrease can lead to anemia. Hemoglobin may decrease due to a lack of iron and vitamin B12 in the body. If the test results are higher than normal, this indicates the presence of heart or lung failure or even blood cancer in the body.

The amount of this parameter is different for female and male organisms. So, for men the parameter should be g per liter. For women - g per liter, for infants - g per liter.

Leukocytes in the body play an important protective function. This means that when their levels increase in the body, inflammatory processes, diseases, viruses or toxins occur. Also, an increased level of leukocytes may indicate bleeding, both external and internal. If the level is below normal, then this is a sign of viral infections or hepatitis, chronic diseases.

The norm for adults is 4-9*10^9 cells per liter, for children under 2 years old – 6-9*17^9 cells per liter, from 4-16 years old – 5.5-13*10^9 cells per liter .

Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) in in good condition should not exceed 15 mm per hour. If this indicator is exceeded 2 or more times, it means that a strong inflammatory process is occurring in the body. This may be caused by large blood loss.

Platelets are irregularly shaped blood platelets. Their the main task– stopping the bleeding of a vessel through the formation of a blood clot. The norm for their content is 1.4-3 g per liter. If the level is higher than normal, then there may be cancer in the body. An increase in the number can also be observed after operations.

If the platelet count is less than normal when tested, then the body is poisoned with chemicals or there is a chronic infectious disease.

Erythrocytes are red blood cells that do not have a nucleus; they contain hemoglobin. Their main function is to transport gases in the body. For men, the norm is 4-5.5 million in 1 μl, for women 3.7-2.7 million in 1 μl of blood.

If the level is low, it means that the body does not have enough vitamin B12 or there has been severe blood loss. If the level is higher than normal, then there is a disease of the hematopoietic, respiratory or cardiac systems.

Why is it so important to carry out general blood tests?

A general blood test is the simplest and most effective study of the entire body to identify deviations in its functionality.

With the help of this blood test, the preparation for which does not require anything complicated, you can identify any diseases in the body even in the early stages of their development. But to get accurate results, you need to follow the rules for donating blood. There is nothing scary about this procedure, so get over your fear of donating blood, if you have one. You need to donate blood once a year.

To take advantage of the right to receive free medical care in our country, you need to take out a compulsory health insurance policy. We will tell you in our article what medical services you can receive with a compulsory medical insurance policy.

What tests are we entitled to?

Having a policy gives you the right to receive:

• emergency medical care (when calling an ambulance or seeking medical help on your own);
• outpatient treatment (that is, to receive and consult with specialists at a medical institution at the place of registration);
• inpatient treatment (treatment in a hospital on a day or 24-hour basis)

When receiving emergency medical care or hospital treatment, questions usually do not arise. As necessary, specialists take the necessary tests on site, on the basis of which they prescribe treatment. As for treatment in the clinic, not everything is so simple here.

Paid or free: who decides?

Any treatment begins with testing. Having a compulsory medical insurance policy in hand, in most cases you can take them for free. However, there are also those for which you still have to shell out money. Therefore, when a doctor in a clinic writes out a referral for tests for which you need to pay money in a private laboratory, you should not rush. First, check the list of free tests under compulsory medical insurance with your insurance company, and only after that make a decision.

Here is a short list of what can be given at the clinic for free:

• blood: general indicators, HIV infection, glucose, hormones, etc.;
• urine: general indicators, according to Nechiporenko, etc.;
• feces: general indicators, for eggworm, coprogram, etc.;
• analysis of the sensitivity of microflora to antibiotics, bacteriophages, etc.

The above list is far from complete. You should check with your insurance company for the final list. There are two options for this:

• personally;
• by calling the hotline.

How to get referrals for analysis under compulsory medical insurance?

To take the test for free, you must receive a referral from the medical institution at the place of registration. To do this, you need to get an appointment with a specialized doctor. After examining and assessing your condition, the doctor writes a referral for their examination. In this case, the following scheme works:

• a referral is given for examination at the same medical organization;
• if there is no possibility of free delivery in this organization, the doctor is obliged to refer to another medical institution;
• if in yours locality This test cannot be taken for free; the doctor gives directions for tests to be taken in a private laboratory for a fee.

Refund Policy

If a referral for a paid test was issued in circumvention of the scheme described above, you passed it, and then discovered that your rights to receive free medical care were violated, then you can return the money spent. To do this you need:

• have receipts on hand confirming that tests have been paid for;
• have a referral from a doctor for paid tests.

Next, you should personally come to your insurance company to clarify the list of what tests are included in compulsory medical insurance. If the test you took is included in the list of free tests, you should write a request for a refund of the money spent on the spot. Accordingly, the money should be received within the specified time frame.

Taking advantage of people's ignorance and inexperience, unscrupulous medical workers often direct tests for a fee that can be done for free. Therefore, in order not to become a toy in someone’s hands, carefully study your rights, and if they are violated, demand a refund of the money spent. After all free tests Every citizen of Russia can receive compulsory medical insurance. No one will protect your rights except you!

Video on the topic

Is an HIV test taken before surgery?

Research for presence this virus in the body it is mandatory to carry out both before planned surgical interventions and before urgent ones (in emergency cases). ELISA is performed more often, but if at this stage specialists receive a questionable result and prepare samples for immunoblotting.

Blood for HIV is donated before operations in advance so that laboratory technicians have time to conduct research using serological methods and, if necessary, a confirmatory test.

You can find out whether an HIV test is done before the operation, even before donating blood - the patient must give written consent to draw blood for testing for the presence of the pathogen.

If there was a risk of infection shortly before surgery, ELISA and immunoblot may not detect antibodies to the virus due to their low concentration in the blood. In such cases, biological material is examined using the PCR method.

Also, using PCR, an HIV test is carried out before surgery on infected people (during ARV therapy) in order to find out the viral load of patients. This method detects not antibodies with antigens, but DNA and RNA of the virus, and the study is informative already 2 weeks after infection.

Is an HIV test done before surgery in emergency cases?

When urgent surgical intervention is required, the study is carried out using a rapid test - ICA (immunochemiluminescent). The test will require blood from a finger prick, saliva or urine. It takes specialists about 20 minutes to get the result and find out whether the patient is infected.

The validity period of an HIV test before surgery does not differ from the shelf life for a regular examination - 3 months. Research using a rapid test is not confirmatory (a false positive result is often obtained) - after the operation, the patient will have to donate blood from a vein for ELISA.

Is it compulsory for hospitals to take blood for HIV during hospitalization, or is it possible to refuse? This study should not be compulsory, but often they will not be hospitalized without it (only if the patient’s condition is not extremely serious). Also, pregnant women will not be able to “evade” this - this is a mandatory procedure when registering.

Reply from 05/28/2015 17:45

Nina, write an application to the head physician and ask for a copy of the book or an extract. They are required to provide it within a month; they do not provide it to the prosecutor’s office or court.
It's too early for you to go to the prosecutor's office now. You didn’t even contact the head doctor
Article 22. Information about health status
1. Everyone has the right to receive, in a form accessible to him, information available in a medical organization about the state of his health, including information about the results of a medical examination, the presence of a disease, the established diagnosis and prognosis for the development of the disease, methods of providing medical care related to them risk, possible types of medical intervention, its consequences and results of medical care.
2. Information about the patient’s health status is provided to the patient personally by the attending physician or other medical professionals directly involved in medical examination and treatment. In relation to persons who have not reached the age established in Part 2 of Article 54 of this Federal Law, and citizens recognized as incompetent in accordance with the procedure established by law, information about their health status is provided to their legal representatives.
3. Information about the state of health cannot be provided to the patient against his will. In case of an unfavorable prognosis for the development of the disease, information should be communicated in a sensitive form to the citizen or his spouse, one of the close relatives (children, parents, adopted children, adoptive parents, siblings, grandchildren, grandparents), unless the patient prohibits inform them about this and (or) did not identify another person to whom such information should be transferred.
4. The patient or his legal representative has the right to directly familiarize himself with medical documentation reflecting the state of his health, in the manner established by the authorized federal executive body, and to receive advice from other specialists on the basis of such documentation.
(as amended by Federal Law dated November 25, 2013 N 317-FZ)
(see text in the previous edition)
5. The patient or his legal representative has the right, on the basis of a written application, to receive medical documents reflecting the state of health, their copies and extracts from medical documents. The grounds, procedure and deadlines for providing medical documents (copies thereof) and extracts from them are established by the authorized federal executive body.

Federal Law of November 21, 2011 N 323-FZ “On the fundamentals of protecting the health of citizens in the Russian Federation”

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The Unified Laboratory Testing Reference will also advise doctors which test to prescribe depending on the possible diagnosis.

A unified reference book for laboratory tests (IF) has been developed in the capital. This is the result of the transfer of all laboratories to a single method by which they decipher tests. Already in the first quarter of 2017, doctors in clinics will begin to be given access to this electronic directory. He will tell doctors which laboratory tests should be prescribed in which cases. In addition, IF will become a base that will allow you to prescribe and receive test results electronically. This system will be operational in all city clinics within two years.

Department of Health and Department information technologies the cities of Moscow have collected reference information on more than 2.7 thousand laboratory tests and 4.6 thousand tests into a single service. We are talking about 12 types of research: clinical, biochemical, immunological, microbiological, genetic and others.

Now all laboratories in the city work according to the same methodology, software integrated with the Unified Medical Information and Analytical System (UMIAS).

“Over the course of two and a half years, the Department of Health together with the Department of Information Technology have done a tremendous job,” explained Deputy Head of the IT Department Vladimir Makarov. - To convert tests into electronic form, you need to equally and correctly understand the entire range of laboratory tests and tests that are included in each type of study. It is also necessary to interpret them in the same way, to translate them into reference values ​​(intervals showing the norm. - Approx. mos.ru).”

In the first quarter of this year, a pilot project will begin in several city clinics, during which doctors will have access to a unified directory of laboratory tests through an electronic prescribing system. It contains tips for both doctors and patients. Thus, a doctor can enter a proposed diagnosis into the system, and the “smart” directory will give him lists of recommended studies and tests, as well as mandatory tests that are provided for by the Moscow clinic standard for a specific diagnosis. If several doctors have ordered the same tests, the system will prompt you to perform them only once. In this case, you can print out a reminder for the patient about preparing for the study. From it, for example, he will find out whether he needs to go for an analysis on an empty stomach and the like.

The nurse who takes the biomaterial sees detailed instructions: which tube to take, how much biomaterial is needed, which laboratory to send to. “This significantly improves the quality of laboratory diagnostics, since 70 percent of errors occur precisely at the preanalytical stage, that is, before sending the biomaterial to the laboratory,” noted the EMIAS press center.

By the end of the year, all outpatient clinicians will have access to a single reference book of laboratory tests with tips.

Within two years, according to Vladimir Makarov, all appointments and test results in city clinics will be converted into electronic form. By the end of the year, it is planned to complete the work on converting the most common tests into electronic form - venous blood, urine, feces. After this, the list will be supplemented by microbiological, histological and other studies. The system will significantly speed up the issuance of research results. The application for them comes from the clinic doctor immediately to information system centralized laboratory, the patient's sample is identified using an individual unique barcode. The result of the study appears online in the computer of the doctor who prescribed it.

After this, the EMIAS laboratory service will give doctors hints on the necessary studies, including based on an analysis of the previous results of a particular patient. Currently, the electronic prescription system is being tested in clinic No. 115 and its four branches in the north-west of the capital. IN electronic form translated 76 types of venous blood studies. In 2015, more than 700 thousand laboratory tests were already ordered electronically.