Information system concept
A system is understood as any object that is simultaneously considered both as a single whole and as a collection of heterogeneous elements united in the interests of achieving set goals. The systems differ from each other both in composition and in main goals.
Table 1.1.
Example systems
An information system is an interconnected set of tools, methods and personnel used to store, process and issue information in order to achieve a set goal. Information systems provide collection, storage, processing, retrieval, and issuance of information necessary in the decision-making process of problems from any area. They help analyze problems and create new products. A personal computer (PC) is used as the main technical means of information processing. In large organizations, along with a personal computer, the technical base of the information system may include a mainframe or supercomputer. A special role in information systems is assigned to humans, because the technical implementation of an information system in itself will not mean anything if the role of the person for whom the information produced is intended and without whom its receipt and presentation is impossible is not taken into account.
It is necessary to understand the difference between computers and information systems. Computers equipped with specialized software are the technical basis and tool for information systems. An information system is unthinkable without personnel interacting with computers and telecommunications.
Stages of information systems development
Table 1.2.
Stages of information systems development
The first information systems appeared in the 50s. During these years, they were intended for processing bills and payroll, and were implemented on electromechanical accounting machines. This led to some reduction in costs and time for preparing paper documents.
60s are marked by a change in attitude towards information systems. The information obtained from them began to be used for periodic reporting on many parameters. To achieve this, organizations needed multi-purpose computer hardware that could handle many functions beyond just processing invoices and processing payroll.
In the 70s - early 80s. Information systems are beginning to be widely used as a means of management control, supporting and accelerating the decision-making process.
By the end of the 80s. the concept of using information systems is changing. They become a strategic source of information and are used at all levels of any organization. Information systems of this period help an organization achieve success in its activities, create new products and services, find new markets, secure worthy partners, organize the production of products at a low price, and much more.
1.3. Processes occurring in the information system
The processes that ensure the operation of the information system can be represented in the form of a diagram (see Fig. 1.1.).
Rice. 1.1. Processes in the information system
Processes that ensure the operation of the information system:
Entering information from external or internal sources;
Processing input information and presenting it in a convenient form;
Output information for presentation to consumers or transfer to another system;
Feedback is information processed by people of a given organization to correct input information.
An information system is defined by the following properties:
Any information system can be analyzed, built and managed based on general principles building systems;
The information system is dynamic and evolving;
When building an information system, it is necessary to use a systematic approach;
The output of the information system is information on the basis of which decisions are made;
An information system should be perceived as a human-computer information processing system.
The introduction of information systems can contribute to:
Obtaining more rational options for solving management problems through the introduction of mathematical methods and intelligent systems etc.;
Freeing workers from routine work due to its automation;
Ensuring the reliability of information;
replacing paper storage media with magnetic disks or tapes;
Improving the structure of information flows and the document flow system in the company;
Reducing costs for the production of products and services;
Providing unique services to consumers;
Finding new market niches;
Binding buyers and suppliers to the company by providing them with various discounts and services.
1.4. Information system structure
The structure of an information system is a collection of its individual parts, called subsystems. A subsystem is a part of the system, distinguished by some characteristic.
The general structure of an information system can be considered as a set of subsystems, regardless of the scope of application, and the subsystems are called supporting. The structure of any information system can be represented by a set of supporting subsystems.
Rice. 1.2. The structure of the information system as a set of supporting subsystems
Information Support
The purpose of the information support subsystem is the timely generation and delivery of reliable information for making management decisions.
Information support - totality unified system classification and coding of information, unified documentation systems, diagrams information flows, circulating in the organization, as well as the methodology for constructing databases.
Unified documentation systems are created at the state, republican, sectoral and regional levels. The main goal is to ensure comparability of indicators in various spheres of social production. But when examining most organizations, a whole range of typical shortcomings are constantly revealed:
Extremely large volume of documents for manual processing;
The same indicators are often duplicated in different documents;
Working with a large number of documents distracts specialists from solving immediate problems;
There are indicators that are created but not used, etc.
Eliminating deficiencies is one of the tasks facing the creation of information support.
Schemes of information flows reflect the routes of information flow and its volumes, the places of origin of primary information and the use of resulting information. By analyzing the structure of such schemes, it is possible to develop measures to improve the entire management system.
As an example the simplest scheme data flows, you can give a diagram that reflects all the stages of passing memo or records in the database about the hiring of an employee - from the moment of its creation until the issuance of an order on his employment.
Construction of information flow diagrams that allow identifying volumes of information and conducting its detailed analysis ensures:
Elimination of duplicate and unused information;
Classification and rational presentation of information.
The methodology for constructing databases is based on the theoretical foundations of their design.
Stage 1 - examination of all functional divisions of the company in order to: understand the specifics and structure of its activities; build a diagram of information flows; analyze the existing document flow system; determine information objects and the corresponding composition of details (characteristics) describing their properties and purpose.
Stage 2 - construction of a conceptual information and logical data model for the field of activity surveyed at stage 1. In this model, all connections between objects and their details must be established and optimized. The information logical model is the foundation on which the database will be created.
Technical support
Technical support is a set of technical means intended for the operation of an information system, as well as the corresponding documentation for these means and technological processes.
The complex of technical means consists of:
Computers of any models;
Devices for collecting, storing, processing, transmitting and outputting information;
Data transmission devices and communication lines;
Office equipment and automatic information retrieval devices;
Operating materials, etc.
The documentation covers the preliminary selection of technical means, the organization of their operation, the technological process of data processing, and technological equipment. Documentation can be divided into three groups:
System-wide, including state and industry standards for technical support;
Specialized, containing a set of techniques for all stages of hardware development;
Regulatory reference used when performing calculations for technical support.
Two main forms of organizing technical support (forms of using technical means) have emerged: centralized and partially or completely decentralized.
Centralized technical support is based on the use of large computers and computer centers in the information system.
Decentralization of technical means involves the implementation of functional subsystems on PCs directly at workplaces.
The most promising approach is a partially decentralized approach - the organization of technical support based on distributed networks consisting of a PC and a mainframe computer for storing databases common to any functional subsystems.
Mathematical and software
Mathematical and software is a set of mathematical methods, models, algorithms and programs for implementing the goals and objectives of an information system, as well as the normal functioning of a complex of technical means.
Mathematical software includes:
Management process modeling tools;
Typical management tasks;
Methods mathematical programming, mathematical statistics, queuing theory, etc.
The software includes system-wide and special software products, as well as technical documentation.
General-system software includes complexes of user-oriented programs designed to solve typical information processing problems. They serve to expand functionality computers, control and management of data processing.
Special software is a set of programs developed during the creation of a specific information system. It includes packages application programs, implementing the developed models of varying degrees of adequacy, reflecting the functioning of a real object.
Technical documentation for development software should contain a description of the tasks, a task for algorithmization, an economic and mathematical model of the problem, and test examples.
Organizational support
Organizational support is a set of methods and means that regulate the interaction of workers with technical means and among themselves in the process of developing and operating an information system.
Organizational support implements following functions:
Analysis existing system managing the organization where the IS will be used and identifying tasks to be automated;
Preparation of problems for solution on a computer, including technical specifications for the design of an IS and a feasibility study of its effectiveness;
Development of management decisions on the composition and structure of the organization, methodology for solving problems aimed at increasing the efficiency of the management system.
Legal support
Legal support is a combination legal norms, defining the creation, legal status and functioning of information systems that regulate the procedure for obtaining, transforming and using information. The main purpose of legal support is to strengthen the rule of law.
Legal support includes laws, decrees, resolutions of state authorities, orders, instructions and other regulatory documents of ministries, departments, organizations, and local authorities. Legal support can be divided into a general part that regulates the functioning of any information system, and a local part that regulates the functioning of a specific system.
Legal support for the stages of operation of the information system includes:
Information system status;
Rights, duties and responsibilities of personnel;
Legal provisions certain types of management process;
The procedure for creating and using information, etc.
DEVELOPMENT OF AN INFORMATION SYSTEM FOR AUTOMATING THE WORK OF OISOU JSC NKMZ
Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine
Donbass State Engineering Academy
Faculty of Automation and Mechanical Engineering
and information technology
Department of Intelligent Decision Making Systems
COURSE WORK
in the discipline "SYSTEMS MODELING"
on the topic
«______________________________________»
Completed
Student gr. IS-___ ________________ _________________
signature full name
Supervisor __________________ ___________________
signature position, full name
Kramatorsk 200__
ANNOTATION
CONTENT
INTRODUCTION
1 CONCEPT AND PURPOSE OF INFORMATION SYSTEMS
1.1 History of the development of information systems. Information systems processes
1.2 Automated IS and their classification
2 STRUCTURE OF THE DEPARTMENT OF OISOU SERVICE OF JSC NKMZ
2.1 General provisions of OISOU
2.3 Statement of the IS problem
2.4 Logical database model
3.2 User manual
Conclusion
Bibliography
Application
INTRODUCTION
In the conditions of the dynamism of modern production and social structure, management must be in a state of continuous development, which today cannot be ensured without exploring the ways and possibilities of this development, without choosing alternative directions. Management research is carried out in the everyday activities of managers and personnel and in the work of specialized analytical groups, laboratories, and departments. The need for research into management systems is dictated by a fairly large range of problems that many organizations have to face. From the right decision The success of these organizations depends on these problems.
Over many years of work, various institutions and enterprises have accumulated large amounts of information, which continues to increase, and there is a need to systematize and process it. Working with a huge pile of paper information is very time-consuming and labor-intensive. The solution can be found in creating an electronic database.
This greatly facilitated the work of various information services. In the modern world, there is not just a lot of all kinds of data and information, but a gigantic amount.
Computers have penetrated into most enterprises, educational institutions, research institutes, and industrial centers. This made it easier to process a huge amount of information and search for data.
Solving these problems is not possible without a systematic approach to them, which makes the topic of the course work relevant.
1 CONCEPT AND PURPOSE OF INFORMATION SYSTEMS
1.1 History of the development of information systems. Basic information systems processes
The first information systems appeared in the 50s. During these years, they were intended for processing bills and payroll, and were implemented on electromechanical accounting machines. This led to some reduction in costs and time for preparing paper documents. Such systems are called transaction processing systems. Transactions include the following operations: issuing invoices, invoices, preparing payrolls and other accounting operations.
In the 60s computer technology has received further development: operating systems appear, disk technology, programming languages are improving significantly. Management reporting systems (RMS) are emerging that are aimed at decision-making managers.
In the 70s information systems continue to actively develop. At this time, the first microprocessors, interactive display devices, database technology, and user-friendly software (tools that allow you to work with a program without studying its description) appeared. These advances created the conditions for the emergence of decision support systems (DSS). Unlike management reporting systems, which provide information according to pre-established reporting forms, DSS provide it as the need arises.
There are 3 stages of decision making: information, design and selection stage. At the information stage, the environment is examined, events and conditions that require decision-making are determined. At the project stage, possible areas of activity (alternatives) are developed and assessed. At the selection stage, a specific alternative is justified and selected, organizing monitoring of its implementation. The most important goal of the DSS is to provide technology for generating information, as well as technological support for decision making in general.
In the 70-80s. offices began to use a variety of computer and telecommunication technologies, which expanded the scope of information systems. Such technologies include: word processing, desktop publishing, email, etc. The integration of these technologies in one office is called an office information system. Information systems are beginning to be widely used as a means of management control, supporting and accelerating the decision-making process.
1980s are also characterized by the fact that information technology began to claim a new role in the organization: companies discovered that information systems are a strategic weapon. Information systems of this period, providing on time necessary information, help an organization achieve success in its activities, create new products and services, find new markets, secure worthy partners, organize production of products at a low price, and much more.
Processes in the information system
The processes that ensure the operation of an information system for any purpose can be roughly represented in the form of a diagram (Figure 1.1), consisting of blocks:
– input of information from external or internal sources;
– processing of input information and presenting it in a convenient form;
– output of information for presentation to consumers or transfer to another system;
– Feedback- this is information processed by people of a given organization to correct input information.
Figure 1.1 – IS processes
The main tasks solved by the IS:
Data interpretation. Interpretation refers to the process of determining the meaning of data, the results of which must be consistent and correct. Typically, multivariate data analysis is provided.
Diagnostics. Diagnostics refers to the process of relating an object to a certain class of objects and (or) detecting a malfunction in a certain system. A malfunction is a deviation from the norm. This interpretation allows us to consider equipment malfunctions in technical systems, and diseases of living organisms, and all kinds of natural anomalies.
Monitoring. The main task of monitoring is continuous interpretation of data in real time and signaling when certain parameters exceed acceptable limits.
Design. Design consists of preparing specifications for the creation of “objects” with predetermined properties. The specification means the entire set of necessary documents - drawing, explanatory note, etc. The main problems here are obtaining a clear structural description of knowledge about an object and the “trace” problem.
Forecasting. Forecasting allows you to predict the consequences of certain events or phenomena based on the analysis of available data. Predictive systems logically derive likely consequences from given situations.
Planning. Planning refers to finding action plans related to objects capable of performing certain functions. Such ES use models of the behavior of real objects in order to logically deduce the consequences of the planned activity.
Education. Teaching refers to the use of a computer to teach a discipline or subject. Educational systems diagnose errors when studying any discipline using a computer and suggest the correct solutions.
Control. Management is understood as a function of an organized system that supports a certain mode of activity. This kind of ES controls the behavior of complex systems in accordance with given specifications.
Decision support. Decision support is a set of procedures that provides the decision maker with the necessary information and recommendations to facilitate the decision-making process. These ES help specialists select and/or form the desired alternative among many choices when making responsible decisions.
The main difference between analysis problems and synthesis problems is that while in analysis problems a set of solutions can be listed and included in the system, in synthesis problems the set of solutions is potentially unlimited and is built from solutions to components or subproblems. The objectives of the analysis are: data interpretation, diagnostics, decision support; synthesis tasks include design, planning, and management. Combined ES: training, monitoring, forecasting.
1.2 Automated information systems and their classification
Experience in creating an automated information system, introducing optimization methods into the practice of economic work, formalizing situations in production and economic processes, equipping government and commercial structures with modern computing means radically modified the technology of information processes in management. AIS for management activities are being created everywhere. Automated information systems are diverse and can be classified according to a number of characteristics.
Since the classification of systems according to the scope of operation of the control object is obvious, let us consider the following features. Based on the types of management processes, AIS are divided into:
AIS for technological process control are human-machine systems that provide control of technological devices, machines, and automatic lines.
AIS for managing organizational and technological processes are multi-level systems that combine AIS for managing technological processes and AIS for enterprise management.
For the AIS of organizational management of an object, production, economic, socio-economic functional processes implemented at all levels of economic management are used, in particular:
– banking AIS;
– AIS of the stock market;
– financial AIS;
– insurance AIS;
– tax AIS;
– AIS of the customs service;
– statistical AIS;
AIS of industrial enterprises and organizations (accounting AIS occupy a special place in terms of importance and prevalence), etc.
AIS for scientific research ensure high quality and efficiency of interindustry calculations and scientific experiments. The methodological basis of such systems is economic and mathematical methods, the technical basis is a wide variety of computer technology and technical means for carrying out experimental modeling work. Both organizational and technological systems and scientific research systems can include computer-aided work design (CAD) systems in their circuit.
Training AIS are becoming widespread in the training of specialists in the education system, in retraining and advanced training of workers in various industries.
In accordance with the third feature of the classification, sectoral, territorial and intersectoral AIS are distinguished, which are at the same time systems of organizational management, but at the next higher level of the hierarchy.
Industry-specific AIS operate in the industrial and agro-industrial complexes, construction, and transport. These systems solve problems information services management apparatus of the relevant departments.
Territorial AIS are designed to manage administrative-territorial regions. The activities of territorial systems are aimed at the high-quality implementation of management functions in the region, the generation of reports, and the issuance of operational information to local government and economic bodies.
Intersectoral AIS are specialized systems of functional management bodies of the national economy (banking, financial, procurement, statistical, etc.). Having powerful computing systems, intersectoral multi-level AIS ensure the development of economic and economic forecasts, the state budget, monitor the results and regulate the activities of all parts of the economy, as well as control the availability and distribution of resources.
Modern development informatization in the field of economic and managerial activities requires unified approaches to solving organizational, technical and technological problems. The main factors determining the results of the creation and operation of AIS and informatization processes are:
– active participation of a human specialist in the system of automation of information processing and management decision-making;
– interpretation information activities as one of the types of business;
– the presence of a scientifically sound software, hardware, and technological platform implemented at a specific economic facility;
– creation and implementation of scientific and applied developments in the field of informatization in accordance with user requirements;
– formation of conditions for organizational and functional interaction and its mathematical, model, system and software;
– formulation and solution of specific practical problems in the field of management, taking into account specified performance criteria.
Defining AIS as a set of specialists, computer and other equipment, mathematical methods and models, intellectual products and their descriptions, organized to achieve a common goal, as well as methods and order of interaction of these components, it should be emphasized that the main link and managing entity in the listed complex of elements was and remains to this day a man, a specialist.
1.3 Subject area, modeling subject area
Interconnected resources and processes economic system can be described in domain terms.
The subject area refers to the elements of the material system, information about which is stored and processed in the EIS.
A subject area is a set of interconnected functions and management tasks with the help of which the achievement of set goals is achieved; it is a part of the real world that is of interest for a specific study.
The EIS information base serves as an information display of the entire subject area of an economic object. Information base consists of one or more databases. To describe the subject area, terms such as object, object property, interaction (connection) of objects, interaction property are needed.
An object is any element of some system. In economic applications, the concept of an object is narrowed to the concept of a physical object, which is understood as any object that occupies a place in space. It is necessary to distinguish between a separate physical object (a separate object) and an object - a concept that covers many physical objects. An individual object is often called an object instance, and various sets of objects formed according to a given principle are called object types. The initial grouping of instances into some set-classes is called classification. The resulting object classes are a set of objects in the real or abstract world that have real characteristics and laws of behavior. Object types can be combined to form new types according to the principle of “a set whose elements are other sets.”
Objects are divided into simple and complex. Complex objects: composite, generalized, aggregated.
Generic Objects - Organizes an object from a class of other objects. Aggregated objects - forms an object as a connection between other objects. Object properties:
– single
– multiple
– static, unchangeable over time
– dynamic, i.e. time-varying
Objects of the economic sphere are grouped into three large types, called means of production, objects of labor and performers.
A property of an object is a certain quantity that characterizes the state of the object at any point in time. A single instance of an object can be accurately described by specifying a sufficient number of values for its properties. Two instances of objects are different if they differ in the value of at least one property.
Significant simplifications in the description of objects are associated with the establishment of analogies in the structure of objects that form a class. Objects of the same class are described by properties of the same name. Objects included in a certain type contain a number of properties characteristic of the type as a whole. This principle is called property inheritance. Thus, all instances of objects that form the “fixed assets” type are characterized by the property book value, which is absent in other types, for example, in the “performers” type.
Activities that unfold over time are covered by the concept of interaction of objects. The interaction of objects is the fact of the participation of several objects in any process that occurs in both time and space.
An interaction property is a property that characterizes the joint behavior of objects, but does not apply to any one object separately. For example, in the production of products, the objects Worker, Material, Equipment, Product interact. The number of products produced on a given day is a property of interaction, but does not in any way characterize the above objects taken separately.
The problem of completeness of mapping objects and processes of the subject area into stored data is solved in the EIS as follows. It is assumed that the representation of an object or process is reduced to indicating its properties; Attributes serve as information displays of properties and, therefore, an object instance or a process instance is represented in the database as a set of pairs<Имя атрибута>,<3начение атрибута>, where the attribute names are different and correspond to the names of the properties of the object or process. The question of expressing the essence of objects using one or another set of properties is resolved by expanding the set of properties that describe the object, thereby achieving a more complete understanding of its essence. The number of properties must be such that it is always possible to distinguish an object of one class from an object of another class, as well as any two objects from the same class. Among the properties that describe an object, it is necessary to highlight identifying properties, i.e. properties, by the value of which one can clearly distinguish a given instance of an object from any other (including within the class of objects containing this instance).
In some cases, establishing an identifying property is not a simple task.
An artificial identifier, as a rule, corresponds to the usual numbering of object instances, for example, Inventory number.
An entity is a real or imaginary object that is significant for the subject area under consideration.
Each entity must have a unique identifier. Each instance of an entity must be uniquely identifiable and distinct from other instances of this type essence. Each entity must have certain properties:
– have a unique name; the same interpretation must always be applied to the same name;
– the same interpretation cannot be applied to different names, unless they are pseudonyms;
– have one or more attributes that either belong to the entity or are inherited through a relationship;
– have one or more attributes that uniquely identify each instance of an entity.
Each entity can have any number of connections with other entities in the model.
A relationship is a named association between two entities that is significant for the domain under consideration. A relationship is an association between two entities, in which each instance of one entity is associated with an arbitrary (including zero) number of instances of the second entity, and vice versa.
The relationship (relationship) between entities has a property called cardinality - the number of instances of a child entity that can exist for each instance of a parent entity.
The most typical relationship is “0, 1 or many” (in relational database theory, a “1:M” or “one-to-many” relationship),
Type of relationship - if an instance of a child entity is uniquely determined by its relationship with the parent entity, then the relationship is called identifying, otherwise - non-identifying.
Attribute - any characteristic of an entity that is significant for the subject area under consideration and is intended to qualify, identify, classify, quantify or express the state of the entity. An attribute represents a type of characteristics or properties associated with a set of real or abstract objects (people, places, events, states, ideas, objects, etc.). An attribute instance is defined by the type of the characteristic and its value, called the attribute value. In the ER model, attributes are associated with specific entities. Thus, an entity instance must have a single a certain value for the associated attribute.
– primary key:
– alternative key;
- external key.
Primary key (master key) is an attribute or group of attributes that uniquely identifies each instance of an entity. When choosing a primary key, you should give preference to the simplest keys that have a numeric value type. The primary (master) key must have the following properties:
– must have unique values;
– must not contain empty (undefined) values:
– must be compact, i.e. must contain only such attributes, the removal of any of which may lead to loss of uniqueness.
An alternate key is a substitute for the primary key. Used to organize data search. Selected from among the candidate keys for the role of the master key.
Foreign key - exists only for a child entity and is a reference to the key value of the parent entity. When creating connections (relationships) between entities, the attributes that make up the primary key of the parent entity are transferred to the child entity. These attributes make up the foreign key.
2 STRUCTURE OF THE DEPARTMENT OF OISOU SERVICES OF CJSC NKMZ
2.1 General provisions of OISOU
The Department of Information Management Systems (IMS) is a structural unit of the head service of the IASU and reports to the deputy chief engineer for IASU.
The department is headed by the head of the department, who is appointed and dismissed by order of the General Director on the proposal of the deputy. Chief Engineer for IAS, agreed with the Chief Engineer of the plant.
In its activities, the department is guided by orders and instructions for the plant, orders and instructions of the deputy. chief engineer for information and automated control systems, conceptual modeling and analysis methodology, global quality management and business process reengineering methodologies.
The ISOU department, together with the functional services of the plant, is a single organizational complex created for the development and implementation of corporate information systems in the field of technical and economic planning, engineering document management, accounting, operational production management, management of financial, material and energy resources, marketing and other systems organizational and economic purposes to achieve the main goals - obtaining maximum profit, ensuring reliable development of the plant from the standpoint of a strategic management course.
Corporate information systems together constitute a single information space plant, working in real time. The main object of automation is end-to-end business processes that permeate the entire organizational structure of the plant.
Structure of OISOU
The structure of the department is built in accordance with the following principles:
Unified system integration carried out by department specialists at all levels of development carried out in the head and functional services of the plant's automated control system;
Continuous development and improvement of business processes for organizational and economic purposes;
Selection of two branches of work:
Development and implementation of a corporate information system;
Development and maintenance of existing xBASE systems, their migration to ICS;
Creation of creative teams within the bureau structures at the level of working groups responsible for a specific project from the beginning of development to turnkey delivery.
The structure and staffing level of the department is developed by the head of the department within the established fund, salary schedule, agreed with the Chief Engineer of the plant, deputy chief engineer for IAS and approved by the General Director.
The OISOU includes the following structural divisions:
Bureau of System Analysis and Design of Corporate Information System;
Bureau for the design and implementation of information systems for technical preparation of production;
Bureau for the design and implementation of information systems for resource supply and quality;
Bureau for the design and implementation of information systems for managing planning, economic and production processes;
Bureau for the design and implementation of information systems for accounting and analysis;
Bureau for the design and implementation of personnel management information systems.
2.2 Main tasks and functions of the department
– development of a unified strategy for building corporate information systems using client-server technology;
Virtual modeling of business processes: construction of functional-informational, functional-cost, functional-simulation models of organizational and economic systems;
Development and implementation of ICS projects, integration of various architectural solutions without any restrictions, construction open system;
Coordination of work and ensuring full and effective interaction of all departments involved in the development and implementation of information systems;
Ensuring maximum economic efficiency of information systems and their self-sufficiency;
Achieving a qualitatively new level of productivity, flexibility and dynamism of the ICS organization;
Execution of functions system integrator: ensuring information, software and technical compatibility of ICS components;
Parallel optimization of the ICS architecture and business processes supported using its resources;
Fulfillment of tasks set by plant management.
2.3 Statement of the IS problem
The program is designed to organize the work of information
systems of the ISOU department.
The program should:
Provide data entry and correction;
Provide the opportunity to view information;
Provide generation and printing of reports;
Infological database model:
The subject area for the database is OISOU JSC NKMZ
Main entities: Employees, Projects, Tasks.
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2.4 Logical database model
The subject area of OISOU is described most accurately by such entities as: Employees, Tasks and Projects.
The Employees entity is a collection of attributes that describe it. Each entry in the entity table will correspond to an entity instance with its corresponding attribute values. Among the list of attributes there are key attributes that uniquely characterize the entity. Such a key attribute is the Identifier or, as it is designated in the database, ID.
This key attribute has a one-to-many relationship with a non-key attribute from the Tasks entity and with a non-key attribute from the Projects entity. This is due to the fact that each serial number of the input data can correspond to several values from the Tasks and Projects entity.
The Bureau entity attribute OISOU allows you to note which bureau the employee belongs to. Also, in essence, Employees, in addition to the last name, first name and patronymic, data can be entered about where the employee lives, his home and mobile phone numbers are indicated.
The Project entity is represented by the attributes: ID, Project Name, Responsible, Start Date and End Date.
The key attribute of this entity is also the ID. It is similar to the attribute from the Employees entity and is identical. The key attribute has a one-to-many relationship with the Project attribute from the Tasks entity. The project name attribute indicates the name of the ongoing project, and the responsible attribute indicates the OISOU employee who is responsible for the project.
The start and end dates determine the time frame within which the project must be completed.
The Task entity is characterized by the following attributes: ID, Project, Assigned to, Title, Status, % completion, Start date.
The key attribute of an entity is similar to the entities described above.
The Project entity attribute reflects the current project being developed. The Assigned to attribute indicates the employee or several employees of the department who are assigned to complete the project.
The Status attribute can take one of 5 values: Not started, In progress, Completed, Postponed, and Awaiting decision.
2.5 Set of relations using the normalization method
Reduction to 1st normal form:
ID ID, ID,
The attributes First Name, Middle Name, Address, Start Date, and End Date are not atomic and must be separated. But based on the convenience and setup of the database, we leave them unchanged.
Reduction to 2nd normal form:
Development of an information system for automation of robots OISOU ( ID, Bureau OISOU, Last name, First name Patronymic, Position, Home phone, Mobile phone, Address, City, Region, ID, Project, Assigned To, Title, Status, %Complete, Start Date, ID, Project name, Responsible, Start date, End date).
Key: ID .
Functionally, the following attributes fully depend on the key: Bureau OISOU, Last name, First name Patronymic, Position, Home phone, Mobile phone, Address, City, Region, Project, Assigned to, Name, Status, % Completion, Start date, Project name, Responsible, Date start, end date.
That is, all the attributes that are part of the entities, since each unique identification number (ID) corresponds to its own unique record in the Employees, Project and Tasks entities.
3 COMPUTER IMPLEMENTATION OF AN INFORMATION SYSTEM IN THE MS ACCESS ENVIRONMENT
3.1 Description of the implementation of the main functions
The work of the ISOU department, together with the functional services of the plant, represents a single organizational complex created for the development and implementation of corporate information systems in the field of technical and economic planning, engineering document flow, accounting, operational production management, management of financial, material and energy resources, marketing and others systems for organizational and economic purposes to achieve the main goals - obtaining maximum profits, ensuring reliable development of the plant from the standpoint of a strategic management course.
For successful operation, it is necessary to use information systems and technologies: with the help of an effective information system, the process of control and management can be significantly simplified.
Currently, for automated work accounting, it is not enough to use MS Office - you need an information system or a universal mass-use program, customized for a specific enterprise with a specific type of product.
Automation of the work of the ISOU department is most accurately described by such entities as: Employees, Tasks and Projects.
Filling out the Employees, Tasks and Projects tables in the table designer is presented below.
Figure 3.1 – Table Employees
Figure 3.2 – Task Table
Figure 3.3 – Table Projects
When you create a data schema in Access, it defines and remembers the relationships between tables. This allows the system to automatically use relationships once defined in the data schema when creating forms, queries, and reports based on interrelated tables, and the user is freed from the need to specify these relationships when constructing these objects. The database data schema is graphically displayed in its own window, where tables are represented by lists of fields, and connections are represented by lines between fields of different tables. The information system data diagram is presented in Figure 3.4.
Figure 3.4 – Data diagram
Filling tables with data thanks to established connections can be done from the Projects and Employees tables. The filling result is presented in Figures 3.5 and 3.5.
Figure 3.5 – Filling out tables using the Projects table
Figure 3.6 – Filling out tables using the Employees table
Queries are database components that perform selection, sorting, and various calculations using data from one or more tables.
Several queries were created in this information system. A query showing records for all projects in the OISOU is presented in Figure 3.7. The query results are presented in Figure 3.8.
Figure 3.7 – Query constructor All projects
Figure 3.8 – Request result All projects
To display information about projects that have been completed and those that are in progress, queries were created: Completed projects and Open projects, respectively. The results and the query designer are presented in Figures 3.9, 3.10, 3.11, 3.12.
Figure 3.9 – Query constructor Completed projects
Figure 3.10 – Query result Completed projects
Figure 3.11 – Request constructor Open projects
Figure 3.12 – Result of the Open projects request
Request additional information about employees was created to facilitate the search for information about employees working at OISOU. The request displays information about where the employee lives, his contact phone number, in particular mobile and home number. The query designer and its results are presented in Figure 3.13.
A report is a database element that is used to select data from one or more tables, perform calculations with them, summarize the results and display them on the screen or print.
The reports of this IS were created based on the queries described above, which display the relevant information in a user-friendly format. All reports can be printed upon request. All types of reports are presented in Figure 3.14.
Figure 3.14(a) – Result of IS reports
Figure 3.14(b) – Results of IS reports
Typically, forms are used to enter and edit data, control the progress of program execution, display various messages, and print information.
Main form The IS makes it possible to view each of the tables, make new entries in it and, if necessary, change its contents, change or delete an entry. It also contains the ability to view reports created based on the results of work on projects and print them.
The main form of the IP is considered to be the List of Projects form (Figure 3.15).
Figure 3.15 – Main form of IP
3.2 User manual
The created menu at the top of the form allows access to all IS tables, designed for the convenience of the user in the form of forms, and reports created on request.
The user can create a record about a new project and enter data by pressing the button 
. A form will open (Figure 3.16), in which you can enter project data in the appropriate fields that are understandable to the user. Upon closing the form, the new project will be added to the list of projects and will be available to the user.
Figure 3.16 – Form for recording a new project
With the List of Projects, it is possible to carry out work by e-mail, such options as sending the list by mail and collecting data by mail are available.
The user menu also contains a button for Opened Projects and Completed Projects. The forms are respectively created based on the Open Projects and Completed Projects queries, which contain the relevant data (Figure 3.17).
Figure 3.17 – Open projects form
The Reports button allows you to select a report from the drop-down list that has already been created in the IS and is ready for viewing and printing (Figure 3.18).
Figure 3.18 – Result of the Reports button
The last of the menu buttons is called List of Employees and, when clicked, opens a form containing information about all employees for all bureaus of the ISOU department (Figure 3.19).
Figure 3.19 – Employee List form
CONCLUSION
The result of the work carried out is the database of the “Information system for automating the work of the ISOU department” in the DBMS Microsoft Access, which has a convenient user interface designed for various user groups.
The database can provide the user with all necessary information about the activities of the department. Thus, the primary goal of writing this course project, namely the creation of a database that allows you to automate the accounting of enterprise activities, has been completed.
The information system is easy to use, so even an inexperienced user can easily figure out how to work with it. Understanding its functioning does not require knowledge of special sections of database design, special programming skills or knowledge of economic disciplines.
The disadvantages of this database are insufficient information about the enterprises: there is no information about the director, about the salaries of workers, about the specialization of workshops, about sales of products and about their balances. Perhaps the conditions for input data are not provided everywhere, and the idea of access to the database has not been fully thought out: levels and user groups.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
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The evolution of information systems can be most clearly seen in. development of methods for storing, transporting and processing information.
IN data management, combining the tasks of obtaining, storing, managing, analyzing and visualizing data, there are six time phases (generations), which are presented in Fig.
Rice. 4. Time phases of data management development
At first, the data was processed manually. The next step used punch card equipment and electromechanical machines to sort and tabulate millions of records. In the third phase, data was stored on magnetic tapes, and special programs performed batch processing of sequential files. In the fourth phase, the concept of a database schema and operational navigational access to data appeared. In the fifth phase, automatic access to relational data bases was provided and distributed and client-server processing was introduced. Now the sixth phase has begun - systems have emerged that store richer types of data, especially documents, graphics, sound and video images. These systems are basic facilities storage for Internet and Intranet applications.
Another clear example of the evolution of information systems is the area organizational management.
Until the 1960s The main function of information systems was interactive electronic processing (Electronic Data Processing - EDP) records, accounting, etc. In the process of forming the concept of management information systems (Management Information Systems - M.I.S.) a function was added aimed at providing users with reports necessary for making management decisions, generated on the basis of data collected about the process (Information Reporting Systems - IRS).
However, the rigid structure of reporting has become an obstacle to expanding information interaction. The consequence was the emergence of the concept of decision support systems (Decision Support Systems - DDS), whose task was to support the decision-making process in conditions of contradictory and rapidly changing information.
In the 1980s The rapid development of computer power (speed, memory capacity), the emergence of new operating systems, application programs, and telecommunication networks at various levels have created the prerequisites for free access to end user computing resources. From this moment on, end users were able to independently use information resources to solve professional tasks without the mediation of specialized information services.
Further development of information systems showed that many end users (managers top level) use the information they need, when they need it and in a format convenient for them. Existing reporting systems or decision support systems could not meet the requirements. Thus, the concept of management information systems (Executive Information Systems) appeared. EIS).
An important milestone was the creation and application of systems and methods artificial intelligence(Artificial Intelligence - A.I.) in information systems. Expert systems(Expert Systems - ES) and knowledge base systems (Knowledge-Based Systems) have determined the new purpose of information systems - providing end users with high-quality and reliable recommendations in specialized areas.
Further development is associated with the appearance in the 1990s. concepts of strategic information systems (Strategic Information Systems - SIS). According to this concept, information systems do not simply provide information processing for end users, but become a generator based on new information that provides the company with a competitive advantage in the market.
The most common are the class of production information systems, as well as process control systems (Process Control Systems). PCS) and office automation systems (Office automation Systems - OAS).
Office Automation Systems OAS) collect, process, store and transmit information in the form electronic documents. They use word processing, data communications, and other information technologies to improve office efficiency. For example, it is possible to use word processors to process correspondence, email and electronic messaging; desktop publishing systems are used to produce company newsletters, and teleconferencing capabilities are used to conduct electronic meetings.
Information systems are usually combinations of several types of information systems. The conceptual classification of information systems is designed to highlight the various roles of information systems. In practice, these roles are integrated into complex or interconnected information systems that provide a range of functions. Thus, most information systems are designed to provide information and support decision-making at various levels of management and in various functional areas.
An equally striking example of the evolution of information systems is corporate governance. The creation of corporate information systems currently relies on various information technologies, since, unfortunately, there is no universal one. The following three groups of management methods can be distinguished: resources, processes, corporate knowledge (communications). Among the information technologies, the most used ones include: DBMS, Workflow (standards of the Workflow Management Coalition association), Intranet. In Fig. Figure 5 shows the place and purpose of each of the information technologies.
Rice. 5. Place and purpose of each information technology
In Fig. 6, the color intensity corresponds to the degree of information technology support for management methods.
Rice. 6. Degree of information technology support for management methods
The problem of resource management is one of the classical management techniques and is the first where information technologies began to be widely used. This is due to the presence of well-developed economic and mathematical models that are effectively implemented by computer technology. Let's consider the evolution of resource management problems.
Initially, a methodology for planning enterprise material resources was developed MRP(Material Requirements Planning), which was used with the methodology of volume scheduling MPS(Master Planning Shedule). Next step was the creation of a methodology for planning production resources (capacity) CRP(Capacity Requirements Planning). This methodology was fundamentally similar to MRP, but was focused on calculating production capacity, not materials and components. This task requires large computing resources, even at the current level.
The combination of the above methodologies led to the emergence of the “second level” MRP task: MRP II(Manufacturing Resource Planning) integrated planning methodology, including MRP\CRP and using MPS, and FRS (Finance Resource/Requirements Planning) financial resource planning. Next, the concept was proposed ERP(Economic Requirements Planning) integrated planning of all “business” resources of an enterprise.
These methodologies were supported by appropriate tools. To a greater extent, DBMSs are applicable to support these methodologies.
The next step was to create the concept of production resource management - CSPP(Customer Synchronized Resource Planning) resource planning synchronized with consumption. The difference between this concept is the consideration of auxiliary resources related to marketing, sales and after-sales service. In Fig. Figure 7 shows the relationship between the concepts of CSSP, ERP and stages of the product life cycle.
Rice. 7. The relationship between the concepts of CSSP, ERP and stages of the product life cycle
Due to the fact that many suppliers and buyers are involved in modern production, a new concept of supply chains has emerged. The essence of this concept is to take into account, when analyzing the economic activity of the entire chain (network), the transformation of a product from raw materials into a finished product (Fig. 8).
Rice. 8. Supply chain concept
In this case, emphasis is placed on the following factors:
- the cost of the product is formed throughout the entire supply chain, but the stage of sale to the final consumer is decisive;
The cost of goods is critically affected by the overall efficiency of all operations;
The most controllable are the initial stages of product production, and the most sensitive are the final (sales) stages.
A further development of the concept of supply chains is the idea of a virtual business (Fig. 9), representing a distributed system of several companies and covering the entire life cycle goods, or the division of one company into several “virtual businesses”.
Rice. 9. Virtual business idea
The methodologies discussed above are manifested in both individual software products, and within the Intranet as a corporate governance tool.
Intranet is a technology for managing corporate communications, in contrast to the Internet, which is a technology for global communications. In telecommunications technologies, there are three levels of implementation: hardware, software and information. From this point of view, Intranet differs from the Internet only in information aspects, where three levels are distinguished: a universal language for representing corporate knowledge, representation models, factual knowledge.
A universal language for representing corporate knowledge is independent of a specific subject area and defines grammar and syntax. On at this stage there is no single description language; this category can include a graphical language for describing data models, network diagrams, algorithms, etc. The task of a universal language for representing corporate knowledge is: unification of knowledge representation; unambiguous interpretation of knowledge; breaking down knowledge processing processes into simple procedures that can be automated.
View Models determine the specifics of the organization’s activities. Knowledge at this level is metadata that describes the primary data.
Factual knowledge reflect specific subject areas and are primary data.
Information provides a tangible economic effect in the organization's activities, which is associated, first of all, with a sharp improvement in the quality of information consumption and its direct impact on the production process. For an organization's information system, the following concepts become key: publication of information, consumers of information, presentation of information.
Intranet architecture was a natural development of information systems: from systems with a centralized architecture through client-server systems to the Intranet.
The idea of a centralized architecture was classically implemented in mainframes, the peculiarity of which was the concentration of computing resources in a single complex, where huge amounts of information were stored and processed. Its advantages are ease of administration and information security.
With the advent personal computers it became possible to transfer part of the information system directly to the workplace. Thus, the need arose to build a distributed information system. The client-server architecture, based on the model of interaction between computers and programs on the network, corresponds to these goals (Fig. 10).
Rice. 10. Model of interaction between computers and programs on the network
In the traditional sense, client-server systems deliver data and are characterized by the following properties:
The server generates data, not information;
A closed protocol is used to exchange data between clients;
The data is transmitted to clients, where it is interpreted and converted into information;
Fragments of the application system are hosted on clients.
The main advantages of client-server systems:
low load on the network (the workstation sends a request to the database server to search for certain data, which itself performs the search and returns to the network only the result of processing the request, i.e. one or more records);
high reliability (DBMS based on client-server technology support transaction integrity and automatic recovery in case of failure);
flexible setup level of user rights (some users can be assigned only viewing data, others viewing and editing, others will not see any data at all);
Support for large fields (data types whose size can be measured in hundreds of kilobytes and megabytes are supported).
However, client-server systems have a number of serious disadvantages:
difficulty of administration due to territorial disunity and heterogeneity of computers at workplaces;
Insufficient degree of information protection from unauthorized actions;
a closed protocol for communication between clients and servers, specific to a given information system.
Therefore, an architecture of Intranet systems free of these shortcomings was developed, concentrating and combining best qualities centralized systems and traditional client-server systems (Fig. 11).
Rice. 11. Architecture of client-server systems
The entire information system is located on central computer. At workplaces there are simple access devices (navigators) that provide the ability to manage processes in the information system. All processes are carried out on a central computer, with which the access device communicates through a simple protocol, by transmitting screens and codes using keys on the remote control.
The main advantages of Intranet systems:
Presenting information (not data) in a user-friendly form;
used to exchange information between client and server protocol open type;
concentration of the application system on the server; only the navigator program is located on clients:
Simplified centralized management server side and jobs;
unified interface, independent of the software used by the user (operating system, DBMS, etc.).
An important advantage of Internet is the openness of the technology. Existing software based on proprietary technologies, when solutions are developed by one company for one application, seems to be more functional and convenient. However, it sharply limits the possibilities for the development of information systems. Currently, open standards are widely used in the Intranet in the following areas: management network resources(SMTP, IMAP, MIME); teleconferencing (NNTP); information service (HTTP, HTML); help desk(LDAP); programming (Java).
Trends further development Intranet are: intelligent network search; high interactivity of navigators due to the use of Java technology; network computers: turning the navigator interface into a universal interface with a computer.
Related information.
Information systems provide the collection, storage, processing, retrieval, and issuance of information necessary in the decision-making process of problems from any area. They help analyze problems and create new products.
An information system is an interconnected set of tools, methods and personnel used for storing, processing and issuing information in the interests of achieving a set goal.
This system must provide the following means for information processes:
collection of information,
conversion and processing,
storage and protection,
transfer for use .
The modern understanding of an information system assumes the use of a personal computer as the main technical means of information processing.
Modern information systems at enterprises are created on the basis of local and distributed computer networks, new technologies for making management decisions, new methods for solving professional problems of end users, etc.
The ultimate goal of both developers and users is to create holistic technological systems that fully cover information production with all main and auxiliary processes at all levels of management.
In the 50s the role of information as the most important resource of an enterprise, organization, region, and society as a whole was realized; began to develop automated information systems of various kinds. The first information systems were intended exclusively for processing invoices and payroll calculations, and were implemented on electromechanical accounting machines. This led to some reduction in costs and time for preparing paper documents. As computer memory increased, the main attention began to be paid to the problems of organizing databases. This direction retains a certain independence at the present time and is mainly engaged in the development and development of technical and software implementation tools for data processing using computers of various kinds.
60s are marked by a change in attitude towards the information system. The information obtained from them began to be used for periodic reporting on many parameters. To achieve this, organizations needed multi-purpose computer equipment capable of serving many functions, and not just processing invoices and calculating salaries, as was previously the case.
The main features of this generation of information systems - information systems:
- - technical support for the systems consisted of low-power computers of 2-3 generations.
- - Information Support were arrays (files) of data, the structure of which was determined by the program in which they were used.
- - software specialized application programs, for example, payroll software.
- - information system architecture - centralized. As a rule, batch processing of tasks was used. The end user did not have direct contact with the information systems; all preliminary information processing and input was carried out by information systems personnel.
- - a strong relationship between programs and data, that is, changes in the subject area led to changes in the data structure, and this forced the programs to be redesigned;
- - complexity of development and modification of systems;
- - the difficulty of coordinating parts of the system developed by different people at different times.
In the 70s - early 80s. Enterprise information systems are beginning to be used as a means of production management, supporting and accelerating the process of preparation and decision-making. For the most part, information systems of this period were intended to solve established problems, which were clearly defined at the stage of creating the system and then practically did not change. This reduces the load on centralized computing resources and upper levels management, which makes it possible to concentrate in them the solution of large long-term strategic objectives. The viability of any information technology largely depends on users’ prompt access to centralized resources and the level of information connections both horizontally and vertically within the organizational structure. At the same time, to ensure effective management of large enterprises, the idea of creating integrated automated control systems has been developed and remains relevant.
By the end of the 80s. The concept of using information systems is changing again. They become a strategic source of information and are used at all levels of an enterprise of any profile. Information technologies of this period, providing the necessary information on time, help the organization achieve success in its activities, create new goods and services, find new markets, secure worthy partners, organize the production of high-quality products at a low price, etc. The desire to overcome the shortcomings of the previous one generations of information systems gave rise to the technology of creating and managing databases. A database is created for a group of interrelated tasks, for many users, and this allows one to partially solve the problems of previously created information systems. At first, DBMSs were developed for large computers, and their number did not exceed a dozen. Thanks to the advent of personal computers, database technology has become widespread, a large number of tools and DBMS for the development of information systems, which in turn caused the emergence of a large number of applied information systems in application areas.
The main features of information systems of this generation:
- - the basis is a database,
- - the software consists of application programs and a DBMS.
- - technical means: computers of 3-4 generations and personal computers.
- - information systems development tools: procedural programming languages of 3-4 generations, extended by the language of working with the database (SQL, QBE).
- - architecture of information systems: the most popular are two types: personal local information systems, centralized database with network access.
A big step forward was the development of the principle of a “friendly interface” in relation to the user (both the end user and the developer of the information system). For example, it is widely used GUI, developed assistance systems and user tips, various tools to simplify the development of information systems: rapid application development systems (RAD systems), computer-aided design tools (CASE tools). By the end of the 80s, the shortcomings of this generation of systems were also revealed.
Disadvantages of information systems of this generation:
- - large investments in computerization of enterprises did not produce the expected effect corresponding to the costs (overhead costs increased, but there was no sharp increase in productivity);
- - the implementation of information systems was faced with the inertia of people, the reluctance of end users to change their usual work style and master new technologies;
- - higher requirements began to be placed on the qualifications of users (knowledge of a PC, specific application programs and DBMS, the ability to constantly improve their skills).
information processing expert
Concept IS (information systems) has undergone significant changes throughout its existence. The history of the development of IP and the purposes of their use at different periods are presented in the table.
Changing the approach to using IP- information systems
Period of time |
Information Use Concept |
Type of information system - IS |
Purpose of using IP |
| 1950 1960 | Paper flow of settlement documents | IT processing of settlement documents on electromechanical accounting machines | Increasing the speed of document processing. Simplifying invoice processing and payroll processing |
| 1960 - 1970 | Basic assistance in preparing reports | Management IT for production information | Speeding up the reporting process |
| 1970 1980 | Management control of sales (sales) | Decision support systems. Systems for senior management. | Development of the most rational solution |
| 1980 2000 | Information- a strategic resource that provides a competitive advantage | Strategic IT. Automated units | Increasing the competitiveness of the enterprise |
- In the 50s the role of information as the most important resource of an enterprise, organization, region, and society as a whole was realized; began to develop automated IS of various kinds. The first ISs were intended exclusively for processing invoices and payroll calculations, and were implemented on electromechanical accounting machines. This led to some reduction in costs and time for preparing paper documents. At first, when it became possible to process information using computer technology, the term “data processing systems” (DPS) was widespread; this term was widely used in the development of radio control systems for rockets and other space objects, in the creation of systems for collecting and processing statistical information about the state of the atmosphere, accounting and reporting information of enterprises, etc. As computer memory increased, the main attention began to be paid to the problems of organizing databases (DBs). This direction retains a certain independence at the present time and is mainly engaged in the development and development of technical and software implementation tools for data processing using various types of computers. To preserve this direction as it develops, the terms “knowledge base” and “goal base” appeared, allowing one to expand the interpretation of the problem of the actual creation and processing of a database to the tasks that are posed in the future when developing an IS.
- 60s are marked by a change in attitude towards IP. The information obtained from them began to be used for periodic reporting on many parameters. To achieve this, organizations needed multi-purpose computer equipment capable of serving many functions, and not just processing invoices and calculating salaries, as was previously the case.
The main features of this generation of IS information systems:
- The technical support for the systems consisted of low-power computers of 2-3 generations.
- Information support (IS) consisted of arrays (files) of data, the structure of which was determined by the program in which they were used.
- software specialized application programs, for example, payroll software.
- IS architecture is centralized. As a rule, batch processing of tasks was used. The end user did not have direct contact with the IS; all preliminary information processing and input was carried out by IS personnel.
Disadvantages of IS - information systems - of this generation:
- a strong relationship between programs and data, that is, changes in the subject area led to changes in the data structure, and this forced the programs to be redesigned.
- the complexity of developing and modifying systems.
- the difficulty of coordinating parts of a system developed by different people at different times.
- In the 70s - early 80s. Enterprise IP is beginning to be used as a production management tool that supports and accelerates the process of preparation and decision-making. Most of the information systems of this period were intended to solve established problems, which were clearly defined at the stage of creating the system and then practically did not change. The emergence of personal computers leads to adjustments to the idea of automated control systems; from computer centers and centralization of control to distributed computing resources and decentralization of control. This approach has found its application in decision support systems (DSS), which characterize the new stage of computer IT organizational management. At the same time, the load on centralized computing resources and upper levels of management is reduced, which allows them to concentrate the solution of large long-term strategic tasks. The viability of any IT largely depends on users' prompt access to centralized resources and the level of information connections both horizontally and vertically within the organizational structure. At the same time, to ensure effective management of large enterprises, the idea of creating integrated automated control systems has been developed and remains relevant.
- By the end of the 80s. The concept of using IP is changing again. They become a strategic source of information and are used at all levels of an enterprise of any profile. IT of this period, providing the necessary information on time, helps the organization achieve success in its activities, create new goods and services, find new markets, secure worthy partners, organize the production of high-quality products at a low price, etc. The desire to overcome the shortcomings of the previous generation IP gave rise to the technology of creating and managing databases. The database is created for a group of interrelated tasks, for many users, and this makes it possible to partially solve the problems of previously created information systems. At first, DBMSs were developed for large computers, and their number did not exceed a dozen. Thanks to the advent of personal computers, database technology has become widespread, a large number of tools and DBMSs have been created for the development of information systems, which in turn has caused the emergence of a large number of applied information systems in application areas.
A big step forward was the development of the principle of a “friendly interface” in relation to the user (both the end user and the IS developer). For example, a graphical interface, developed user assistance systems, and various tools to simplify IS development are widely used: rapid application development systems (RAD systems), computer-aided IS design tools (CASE tools). By the end of the 80s, the shortcomings of this generation of systems were also revealed.
Disadvantages of information systems (IS) of this generation:
- large investments in computerization of enterprises did not produce the expected effect corresponding to the costs (overhead costs increased, but there was no sharp increase in productivity);
- the introduction of information systems was faced with the inertia of people, the reluctance of end users to change their usual work style and master new technologies;
- Higher requirements began to be placed on the qualifications of users (knowledge of a PC, specific application programs and DBMS, the ability to constantly improve their skills
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