Disk Operating System is a tool that you use to work with information stored in files on your computer's disk. DOS is a designation for a disk operating system (Disk Operating System).
The two most famous versions of the OS are PC DOS and ds DOS. operating system PC DOS is developed and owned by IBM, and ds DOS is owned by Microsoft. At their core, these operating systems are the same. The difference between them lies in the interface and the use of various additional programs. We will continue our consideration of the Disk Operating System based on PC DOS. PC DOS is a set of programs and standard procedures that enable us to communicate with the computer, and the computer to communicate with hardware devices. You can't do anything with a computer without DOS. The computer itself and the application programs are useless. However, with DOS, you can enter commands, run application programs, and process information. The DOS operating system is the de facto industry standard and is the most widely used, allowing the creation of various tool and application systems on a single basis. The main advantages of DOS: organization of multi-level directories, connection of additional drivers external devices, working with all serial devices as files, running a background task simultaneously with dialog work, developed command language. DOS requires up to 60 KB of free memory to operate.
When installing DOS on a computer, the following files COMMAND.COM, CONFIG.SYS and AUTOEXEC.BAT appear in the root directory. These files belong to the system and serve to organize proper operation computer. The absence of these files on the computer can lead to unstable operation of the computer or a complete shutdown. In some cases, files may be marked as "hidden". This means that although the files will not be displayed on the screen, they will be present on the disk and, accordingly, participate in the work.
DOS file structure
With a small number of files on the disk, working with them is not difficult. But if there are a lot of them, then search the desired file becomes very difficult. To make working with files easier, a catalog system is used. Files created using your application programs(or in some other way) are stored on disk in directories that can be compared to folders located in a closet. In turn, cabinets can be stored in rooms, rooms on floors, etc. Just like in folders, files can store various documents, drawings, diagrams, tables, etc. The content, structure, and type of your files are important to your application programs.The organization of directories on the disk is hierarchical. This means that directory levels grow from one main directory. This is done in order to:
Select in separate groups logically homogeneous files;
Select all files related to any subsystem;
Allocate separate disk space for each user of this machine.
Because directories on a disk look like connected branches of a tree, the directory structure is called directory tree. Directories are divided into two types:
- root directory
- subdirectories
Each directory has its own name, which is displayed on the display when the operating system boots. Directories can contain other directories or files. In order to apply a command to a file or perform any operation on it, you must tell DOS exactly where the file is located in the directory tree. To do this, you specify the path starting with the drive name. The path defines the route that DOS will take to look for the file - starting from the root directory, possibly through several other directories, to the one that contains the file, and finally to the file itself.
Within one directory, the names of subdirectories and files must be unique. However, you can use the same file or subdirectory names if they are stored in a different directory.
Comment: You should think about file and directory names. Names must clearly identify the contents of the file.
DOS commands
- CD (CHDIR) - change directory;
- CLS - clears the display screen;
- COPY - copies the specified file or group of files;
- DATE - displays or saves the date on the computer;
- DEL - deletes the specified file or group of files;
- DIR - viewing the contents of directories;
- ERASE - destroys the specified file or group of files;
- MD (MKDIR) - create a directory;
- RD (RMDIR) - deleting a directory;
- REN (RENAME) - renames a file or group of files;
- TIME - displays or stores the time on the computer;
- TYPE - displays the contents of the file;
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As can be seen from the example, the number is set simultaneously in the base and game blocks open files and the number of buffers for different tasks. For the work block, the DOS system is installed in the upper areas of memory and the Include command is inserted from the base block, that is, the commands are executed: Files=15 and Stacks=9,256.
Working with menu commands. The DOS system has several commands for working with menus, which are used in the Config.sys file and can be: MENU - start finding the menu; MENUITEM - definition of a menu item; MENUDEFAULT - sets the menu item that will be executed by default; MENUCOLOR - defines the color of the menu; COMMON - definition of the common part of the file commands; SUBMENU - submenu; INCLUDE - insert a block. Since the commands are interrelated, a description of the first four will be given first, followed by examples of their use. The remaining commands will then be described.
Menu- defines the beginning of the menu location. In total, up to 9 menus can be defined. Syntax MENU.
Menuitem- defines a menu item. SyntaxMENUITEM=blockname[,menu_text], where blockname is the name of the block, which is described below. A block is a set of commands that must be selected when prompted for a menu and can contain up to 70 characters, except for the symbols: “\”, “/”, comma (”,”), “;”, “=“, “[“, “]”. If the block name is incorrect and the system cannot find this block, then this menu item is not displayed on the screen. menu_text - contains the text that will be displayed when the menu starts. If there is no text, the name of the menu item will appear on the screen. The text can contain up to 70 characters.
Menu Color- sets the text and background colors for the menu.
Syntax MENU_ COLOR=x[, y] , where y is the screen background color (black by default), x is the text color (values from 0 to 15). Values parameters x,y defined as: 0 - black, 1 - blue, 2 - green, 3 – blue, 4 – red, 5 - lilac, 6 - brown, 7 - white, 8 - grey, 9 - bright blue, 10 - green, 11 – bright blue, 12 – bright red, 13 – bright lilac, 14 - yellow, 15 – bright white.
Menu Default- defines a default block that will be executed if there was no menu item selection after a delay of the number of seconds specified in timeout. If this command is not used, then the first menu item will be executed by default. Syntax MENUDEFAULT=blockname[,timeout], where blockname specifies the menu item that will be executed by default, timeout is the amount of time after which the default menu block will be executed. The value can be from 0 to 90. A value of 0 means that the default item will be executed without delay.
. Common– determines that further there is a general part with commands that must be executed for any selection in the menu. Syntax
Example.
MENU COLOR= 0.14
MENUITEM=base, base
MENUITEM=game, for game
MENUITEM=work, for work
MENUDEFAULT=base,30
FILES=15
STACKS=9.256
FILES=20
STACK=12,256
DOS=HIGH
include=base
The color of the symbols is black, the background is yellow, determined by the command Menu Color=0.14. The base and game blocks set the number of simultaneously open files and the number of buffers for different tasks. For the work block, the DOS system is installed in the upper areas of memory and the Include command is inserted from the base block, that is, the commands are executed: Files=15 and Stacks=9,256. After 30 seconds and no response, the system will select the base block and begin executing it. This block defines the number of simultaneously open files to be 15 and the command to set the number of files and their size (Stack=12,256).
Submenu- submenu setting command in the main menu. The action is similar to the Menuit em command, except that it is not a main menu, but a submenu. Syntax SUBMENU=blockname[, menu_text], where blockname is the name of the block, which should be described below. A block is a set of commands that must be selected when prompted for a menu and can contain up to 70 characters, except for the symbols: “\”, “/”, comma (”,”), “;”, “=“, “[“, “]”. If the block name is incorrect and the system cannot find this block, then this menu item is not displayed. menu_text - defines the text that will be displayed when the menu starts. If there is no text, the name of the menu item will appear on the screen. The text can contain up to 70 characters.
Example.
[MENU ]
MENUITEM_ivan
MENUITEM_kolya
SUBMENU_too
MENUITEM_olya
MENUITEM_ dima
MENUDEFAULT=olya,15
ECHO_ ivan
ECHO_kolya
ECHO_olya
ECHO_dima
[COMMON]
In this example, there is a main menu with sections: ivan, kolya and a submenu called too, containing sections: dima and olya.
1.5 I/O redirection
There are two main operations in a computer: input and output of information.
Enter. In many programs, information is read from the keyboard or from a file on disk. From time to time there is a need to redirect input. That is, instead of entering from the keyboard, you need to enter information from the file and vice versa. There is a special operation for this, which is indicated by the symbol “<“.
Let's give an example. If you type the name of the Sort command on the command line, the cursor will move to the line below, waiting for data input. Instead of typing on the keyboard, you can use data from a file, and to do this you need to type the following command: SORT_ Conclusion. To redirect output, use the “>“ symbol. When executing the Dir command, the output is produced on the display screen. In order to output information to file, you need to use the command: DIR_ >rab.txt. In this example, the output will be sent to the file rab.txt. If there was information in the rab.txt file, it will be destroyed and new data will be written from the beginning of the file. In order to save data in the rab.txt file and add new information to the end of the file, you need to type the command: DIR_ >>rab.txt. To print information, you should use the command: DIR_ >PRN. In this example, output will be sent to a printer because the PRN value represents the common name of the printer. To direct the output of one program to the input of another, The “|” sign is used. This command also called a filter. To do this, the following commands can be used: Sort (sorting), Find (search for a string of characters in a file) and More (page-by-page display of information on the screen). For example, prog1_|_prog2. In this case, while the prog1 program is running, the system creates a temporary file where the data will be output. Then, after running the prog2 program, the data will be read from this intermediate file. When prog2 finishes running, the intermediate file will be destroyed. This is equivalent to running the following commands: prog1_ >tmp.txt - output data to the tmp.txt file. prog2_ DEL_ tmp.txt - destruction of the temporary tmp.txt file. Example. DIR_|_SORT_ DIR - sorting file names for the Dir command. Standard names. As already mentioned, you can use standard device names, which can be: CON, PRN, LPTx, COMx, where x is the port number. For example, with the DIR_>PRN command you can display information about file names on standard device print. Here are a few examples: 1.prog1_ DOS has programs that can be useful when most of your work is done on Windows. Fdisk program - used for partitioning hard drive, and there is no similar program in the Windows system. Other programs allow you to test or fix errors on the disk when booting from a system floppy in case of Windows system failures. In brackets is the translation of the English text that is displayed on the screen. Working with these programs included in DOS version 6.22 is described below. The Fdisk program is designed for partitioning hard drives and is used when the disk is not partitioned, which happens quite rarely, or to override the sizes of logical disks. Attention! When partitioning a disk, all data on it is destroyed. !
This program is not used for modern hard drives, as it has restrictions on the size of the hard drive. It is better to use free programs, which will be described in the Free Programs Tutorial. To launch the program, type Fdisk on the command line and press the key Enter. Running the program will erase data on the disk, so this program must be run from a floppy disk rather than from a hard drive, unless necessary only view distribution. After entering the program, a window will appear on the screen showing four modes: 1. Create DOS partition or Logical DOS Drive(create a partition or logical DOS disk); 2. Set active partition (set active partition); 3. Delete partition or Logical DOS Drive(destroy a partition or logical DOS disk); 4.
Display partition information(display information about the partition). If the computer has several hard drives, then the following item will appear on the screen: 5. Change current disk drive(change current disk). To enter the selected section, dial the mode number and press the key Enter(Enter choice: – make a choice). To exit the program, press the key Esc(Press Esc to exit FDISK). During your work, you may need the following: 1. View the partition distribution table on the disk; 2. Create a new allocation for the disk; 3. Delete the current disk allocation. If your disk is unpartitioned, then do the second. If the disk is partitioned and you need to redefine the partition of the disk, you must first delete the current partition (third point) and then create a new one (second point). When the program finishes, the following message will appear on the screen: (System will now restart Insert Dos system diskette in drive A: Press any key when ready)(the system will boot again. Insert the floppy disk with the DOS system into drive A:. Press any key when you are ready). Insert the boot floppy disk and press any key. If partitions were changed while working with the program, then format the logical devices. View disk partitions.
To view the disk partition, dial the number 4 and press the key Enter. A window will appear on the screen containing the following information: Header - Display Partition Information (display information about the partition); Current fixed disk drive: 1 Next is a table for the distribution of primary and secondary partitions. Each hard drive must have its own primary disk and only one from which the system boots. If there is more than one logical drive on a single hard drive, then this means that there must be a secondary allocation that can contain one or more logical drives. The table has columns with the following names: Partition (distribution) - indicates the partition numbers, there may be several partitions; Status - section status; Type - partition type, which can be: Pri (primary) and Ext (secondary). Volume Label - contains the volume name; Mbytes (Megabytes) - partition size in megabytes; System - indicates the type of table of contents; Usage - The percentage of disk memory used, this value is equal to the partition size divided by the total disk size. The sum of the numbers in the column should give 100%; if it is less, then the operating system will not use the entire disk, but part of it. Next are the entries: (total disk space 257 megabytes (1 megabyte = 1048576 bytes)), The Extended DOS Partition contains Logical DOS Drives.(The extended DOS partition contains logical DOS devices). Bottom of the screen: (click on Esc to return to Fdisk options). When you press a key Esc will exit to the initial menu. A little higher request to continue working: Do you want to display the logical drive information (Y/N)....?[Y](do you want to display information about logical devices (Y/N)?). If you answer “Y”, information will be displayed that is approximately the same as the previous menu, except that this is information about the logical drives of the secondary partition. Therefore, we will not dwell on it in detail. Destruction of partitions.
To perform this operation, you need to dial the number 3 in the initial menu. In this case, a window will appear on the screen with a heading at the top: Delete DOS Partition or Logical DOS Drive(destruction of the DOS partition of the device), then: Current fixed disk drive: 1 (Current fixed disk device: 1). Note that in the initial window two lines with numbers 1 and 2 were displayed on the screen, and the name fixed and hard disk are synonyms. The inscription below means: Choose one of the following: - Select one of the following. You can choose from the following four modes: 1. Delete Primary DOS Partition (deleting the primary DOS partition). 2. Delete Extended DOS Partition(removing the extended DOS partition). 3. Delete Logical DOS Drive(s) in the Extended DOS Partition(removing a logical DOS device in an extended DOS partition). 4. Delete Non-DOS Partition (deleting a non-DOS partition). And below: Enter choice: (enter a choice). First you need to delete the non-DOS partition (if there is one. As a rule, there is none and this item is skipped), the logical devices in the extended partition (item 3), then the extended partition (item 2), and finally the primary partition (item 1) . After which the deletion of partitions will be completed and new partitions can be created. To exit this mode, you should use the note located at the bottom of the window: (click Esc to return to Fdisk modes (options). Removing a logical device. By selecting option 3 in the window, you enter the logical device removal mode. A window will appear on the screen with the following title: Delete Logical DOS Drive(s) in the Extended DOS Partition(destruction of logical DOS devices in the extended partition). Below is a description of the logical devices in the extended section. Note that drive C: is located in the primary partition. Below are the inscriptions: Total Extended DOS Partition size is 117 Mbytes (1 MByte = 1048576 bytes)(total size of the extended DOS partition is 117 megabytes (1 megabyte = 1048576 bytes)) and WARNING! Data in a deleted Logical DOS Drive will be lost. (WARNING! Data in the destroyed DOS logical device will be lost). Below is the request: What drive do you want to delete......?(which device do you want to destroy..?). You must specify a logical device name, such as “D” or “E”. In this case, the following queries will be displayed on the screen: Enter Volume Label.......? (enter volume label). You can just press a key Enter(if there is no label, the name can be found under the inscription Label) And Are you sure (Y/N)....? [N](Are you sure (Y/N)?). If you answer “N”, destruction will not occur, but if you answer “Y”, the specified device will be destroyed and there will be one less line on the screen, namely the one where the device name was indicated. To destroy all devices, you need to enter the answer to the request to delete devices twice in the form: “D” and “E”. At the end of the deletions, the following message should appear on the screen: “All logical drives deleted" (All logical devices deleted). To exit this submode, press the key Esc.
Deleting an extended partition on a disk. After entering the symbol “2” in the deletion menu, a window will appear on the screen with the inscription at the top: Delete Extended DOS Partition (destruction of an extended DOS partition). To delete an extended partition, you need to dial the character “1”. At the bottom of the screen there will be text: Press Esc to return to Fdisk options(press the Esc key to return to Fdisk modes (options). Destroying the primary disk partition. When you enter the character “1” in the delete menu, the following messages will be displayed: Delete Primary DOS Partition Current fixed disk drive: 1(destruction of the primary DOS partition on disk: 1), followed by the heading: Partition Status Type Volume Label Mbytes System Usage(Section Status Type Volume Label MB System Used) and below values: C: 1 A PRI DOS AA 140 FAT16 54%, that is, section C:, status 1A, and so on. Total disk space is 257 Mbytes (1 Mbyte = 1048576 bytes)(Total disk space 257 MB (1 MB=1048576 bytes), WARNING! Data in a Primary DOS Drive will be lost.(Attention! The data in the primary DOS partition of the Disk will be destroyed), Do you wish, to continue......? [N] (continue?). To destroy the partition you need to answer Y . At the bottom of the screen is the inscription: Press Esc to return to Fdisk options(press the Esc key to return to Fdisk modes (options), that is, you will exit this submode). Creating partitions and logical devices on a disk
When you enter the character “1” from the list of modes (first window), a window will appear on the screen with a title at the top: Create DOS Partition or Logical DOS Drive(creating DOS partitions or logical DOS devices). Next: Current fixed disk drive: 1 (current fixed disk: 1) and Choose one of the following: (select one of the following:). The following is a description of the modes: 1. Create Primary DOS Partition(creating a primary DOS partition); 2. Create Extended DOS Partition(creating an extended DOS partition); 3. Create Logical DOS Drive(s) in the Extended DOS Partition(creating a logical DOS device in an extended DOS partition). First, you should create a primary partition, then a secondary one and split it into logical disks. To execute one of the modes, dial its number and press the key Enter. To exit this submode, press the key Esc.
Creating a primary partition. In order to create a primary partition, you must type the character “1” in the partition creation menu. In this case, a window will appear on the screen with the heading at the top: Create Primary DOS Partition (creating a primary DOS partition). Below is the request: Do you wish to use the maximum available size for a Primary DOS Partition and make the partition active (Y/N)...?[Y](Do you want to use the maximum available space for the Primary DOS partition and make the partition active (Y/N)...?). The answer “Y” (Yes) means that there will be only one primary partition on the disk. Since the primary partition contains only one logical device, this answer assumes that there will be only one logical device on the disk. If the answer is “N”, you must subsequently create a secondary partition, which can contain several logical devices. To exit this submode, press the key Esc.
Creating a secondary partition. To create a secondary partition, you must type “2” in the partition creation menu; As a result, a window will appear on the screen containing the following text: Create extended DOS partition(creating a secondary DOS partition), followed by the heading: Partition Status Type Size in Mb Percentage of disk used(Section Status Type Size in megabytes Percentage of use) and below the value: C: 1 A PRI DOS 50 20%, that is, section C:, status 1A and so on. Total disk space is 250 Mbytes (1 Mbyte = 1048576 bytes) ( General disk space 250 MB (1 MB=1048576 bytes ), Maximum space available for partition is 200 Mb (80%). Enter partition size in Mb or percent of disk space (%) to create an extended DOS partition…..(The maximum space available for partitioning is 200 Megabytes (80%). Enter the partition size in Megabytes or as a percentage of disk space (%) to create an extended partition...). Enter the memory size for the extended (secondary) partition. If this value is less than what is available on the disk, then a request will follow for the next secondary partition, and so on. After partitioning all the remaining disk space into an extended partition, you need to exit the mode and create logical devices in the extended partition. At the bottom of the screen is the inscription: Press Esc to return to Fdisk options(press the Esc key to return to Fdisk modes (options), that is, to exit this submode). Creating logical devices in the secondary partition. In order to create a logical device, you must type the character “3” in the partition creation menu; the following message will appear in the mode window: Create logical DOS drive(s)in the extended DOS partition(creating a logical DOS device in an extended DOS partition), followed by the text: Total partition space is 200 Mbytes (1 Mbyte = 1048576 bytes) (Total space in the partition is 200 MB (1 MB = 1048576 bytes), Maximum space available for logical drive is 200 Mb (100 %). Enter logical drive size..... (The maximum space available for a logical device is 200 Megabytes (100%). Enter the size of the logical device...). You must enter the memory size for the logical device. If this value is less than what is available in the section, then a request will follow for the next logical device and so on. To exit submode, press the key Esc.
The MSD program is part of DOS and is used to display information about the computer on the screen. To run this program, you need to type MSD at the command line and press the key Enter.
A message will appear on the screen: “ MSD is examining your system...” (MSD checks your system), after which a window will appear on the screen containing the main sections: Computer..., Disk Drives..., Memory..., LPT Ports..., Video..., COM Ports..., Network..., IRQ Status..., OS Version..., TSR Programs..., Mouse..., Device Drivers..., Other Adapters... and main menu ( File Utilities Help). Let's take a closer look at them. The windows that appear on the monitor are intended only for displaying information. At the bottom there is a button OK, which you need to click after viewing the data. Below are examples of messages and their translation. It is necessary to take into account that different computers will have their own options, which depend on the type of computer, which must be taken into account when viewing. Operating modes
Computer
(computer). The mode window contains the following text: Computer Name: Phoenix(computer name: Phoenix - manufacturer name), BIOS Manufacturer: Phoenix(BIOS manufacturer: Phoenix. BIOS is a program called when the computer is turned on, before DOS loads, and sets system parameters), BIOS Version: A486 Version 1.03 (BIOS version: A486 version 103), BIOS Category: IBM PC/AT (BIOS category: IBM PC/AT), BIOS ID Bytes: FC 01 00(BIOS identification bytes), BIOS Date: 03/25/95 (BIOS creation date), Processor: 486DX (486DX processor. Types of processors are described in the technical support section), Math Coprocessor: Internal (math coprocessor: internal). The meaning can have two types: internal and external. For Pentium type processors, the value will be internal, that is, built into the processor, Keyboard: Enhanced (keyboard: extended), Bus Type: ISA/AT/Classic Bus (bus type: ISA/AT/classic bus), DMA Controller: Yes (DMA controller). The concept of DMA and others are described in detail in the section on software, Cascaded IRQ2: Yes (IRQ2 stage: yes). There is a second interrupt stage IRQ2 (Yes). This cascade is available in most computers, BIOS Data Segment: D44C -10848k (BIOS data segment: D44C -10848k, where Bios is located in random access memory).
Memory
(memory). The mode window contains: Heading, containing the inscriptions: Available, RAM, ROM, Possibly Available, EMS, Page, Frame, Used UMBs ), Free UMBs (free UMB blocks), and partitions: Conventional Memory(main memory), Total: 639K, Available: 534K 547264 bytes, Extended Memory, Total: 7168K, XMS Information extended memory), XMS Version: 3.00 (extended memory version 3.00), Driver Version: 3.10 (driver version 3.10), A20 Address Line: Enabled, High Memory Area: In use (high memory area: in in use), Available: 5056K (available: 5056 kilobytes), Largest Free Block: 5056K (largest free block: 5056 kilobytes), Available SXMS: 5056K (available SXMS: 5056 kilobytes). Video(video). The mode window contains the following inscriptions: Video Adapter Type: VGA, Manufacturer: Unknown, Model: (model), Display Type: VGA Color (display type: VGA), Color (color), Video Mode: 3, Number of Columns: 80, Number of Rows: 25, Video BIOS Version: Western Digital Inc V1.2 ( Video BIOS version: Western Digital Inc - company name), V1.2 (version number), Video BIOS Date: 01/14/94 (video BIOS date: 01/14/94), VESA Support Installed: Yes (VESA support installed (VESA - video bus name): Yes), VESA Version: 1.02 (VESA version: 1.02), VESA OEM Name: Western Digital Inc V1.2 ( VESA OEM name: Western Digital Inc V1.2), Secondary Adapter: None (secondary adapter: no, OEM denotes a company that operates under a license from a company with the right to indicate the name of that company on the product). Network...(network) networks are not discussed in the book. If there is no network connection, the following message will appear on the screen next to the network name: No Network. After completing the mode, a window will appear on the screen with the text: Network Detected: No (network detected: no). OS Version(operating system version). The mode window consists of two parts. The first - with system parameters, the second - Environment Strings (environment variables) - with environment parameters, which are mainly located in the Autoexec.bat file. Let's look at the first part of the window. Operating System: MS-DOS 6.22 ( operating system: MS-DOS (Microsoft DOS version 6.22), Internal Revision: 00 (change: 00), OEM Serial Number: FFH ( serial number OEM: FFH), User Serial Number: 000000H, OEM Version String: MS-DOS Version 6.22 ( OEM version: MS-DOS version 6.22), DOS Located in: HMA (DOS is located in: upper area), program path: C:\WINDOWS\MSD.EXE). Mouse(mouse). Mode parameters: Driver Manufacturer: Microsoft ( Driver manufacturer: Microsoft (Microsoft is the company name)), DOS Driver Type: Serial Mouse ( DOS driver type: serial mouse), Driver File Type: .COM File (driver file type: .COM file (file extension name)), DOS Driver Version: 8.20 (DOS driver version: 8.20), Mouse IRQ: 4 (interrupt number for mouse: 4), Mouse COM Port: COM1: (mouse serial port: COM1), Mouse COM Port Address: 03F8H ( Mouse Serial Port Address: 03F8H), Number of Mouse Buttons: 2, Horizontal Sensitivity: 50, Mouse to Cursor Ratio: 1:1 ), Vertical Sensitivity: 50, Mouse to Cursor Ratio: 1:1, Threshold Speed: 50, Mouse Language: English : English), Path to MOUSE.INI: C:\util\ncold\MOUSE.INI ( path to the mouse program: C:\util\ncold\MOUSE.INI). Other Adapters(other adapters) – sets the types of other adapters, in particular, if there is a joystick, its parameters. If the joystick is missing, a message will appear on the screen: Game Adapter: Not Detected. Disk Drives - allows you to determine what disk reading devices are available. The header consists of: Drive Type (drive type), Free Space (free space) and Total Size (total size). A:-Floppy Drive, 3.5" 1.44M (floppy disk reader, size 3.5 inches, capacity 1.44 megabytes), Cylinders- 80 (80 cylinders), C:-Fixed Disk, CMOS Type 31 (fixed (hard) disk , BIOS memory type – 31), 285 Cylinders, 16 Heads (285 cylinders, 16 heads), 512 Bytes/Sector, 63, Sectors/Track ( 512 bytes per sector, 63 sectors per track), CMOS Fixed Disk Parameters (hard disk parameters in CMOS), 524 Cylinders, 16 Heads (524 cylinders, 16 heads), 63 Sectors/Track (63 sectors per track), D:- Fixed Disk, CMOS Type 0 (fixed (hard) disk, type in BIOS memory - 0), 224 Cylinders, 16 Heads (224 cylinders, 16 heads), 512 Bytes/Sector, 63 Sectors/Track ( 512 bytes per sector, 63 sectors per track), CMOS Fixed Disk Parameters (hard disk parameters in CMOS), 11856 Cylinders, 246 Heads (11856 cylinders, 246 heads, 0 Sectors/Track - 0 sectors per track), E:-Fixed Disk, CMOS Type 0 (fixed (hard) disk E:, type in BIOS memory - 0), 14 Cylinders, 16 Heads (14 cylinders, 16 heads). LPT Ports(LPT port - parallel port). The mode window contains the following inscriptions: Port, Port Address, On Line, Paper Out, I/O Error, Time Out, Busy (busy), ACK (transmit acknowledgment character). Next are the numbers of parallel devices (LPT1:, LPT2:, LPT3:) and their characteristics. COM Ports(COM ports are serial ports). There are four devices in the mode window header: COM1:, COM2:, COM3:, COM4:, and then: Port Address, Baud Rate, Parity, Data Bits , Stop Bits, then there are modem signals: Carrier Detect (CD), Ring Indicator (RI), Data Set Ready (DSR), Clear To Send (CTS) (ready to transmit), UART Chip Used (UART chip is used). IRQ Status(interrupt status). The mode window header contains: IRQ (interruption), Address (address), Description (description), Detected (detected), Handled By (controlled through). Timer Click, Keyboard, Second 8259A, COM2:, COM4:, COM1:, COM3: (serial ports), Serial Mouse, LPT1:, LPT2: (parallel ports) ), Floppy Disk, Real-Time Clock, Redirected IRQ2, Reserved, Math Coprocessor, Fixed Disk, KBDSCR.COM ( program name), Default Handlers (default management), System Area (system area). TSR Programs(resident programs). Resident programs are programs that are permanently located in the computer's RAM, for example, a mouse program. In addition to programs, the window contains messages about buffers, system blocks and reserved areas. Normal programs free up memory when they exit. Header: Program Name, Address, Size, Command Line Parameters, System Data, File Handles, FCBS, BUFFERS (buffers), Directories (directories), Default Handlers (default management), System Code (system codes), Free Memory (free memory). Device Drivers(Device Drivers) allows you to display available device drivers. In the header: Device (device), Filename (file name), Units (device), Header (header, that is, starting addresses of programs), Attributes (attributes), NUL (zero), Block Device (device block), CON DISPLAY ( console display), HIMEM (program name), SETVER (program name), CON (console, which can be either a display or a keyboard), AUX (auxiliary), PRN (print), CLOCK$ (clock), COM1, COM2, COM3 (serial ports, LPT1, LPT2, LPT3 - parallel ports). Main menu.
The main menu contains submenus File(file), Utilities(utilities), Help(help). File
(file). The mode window contains the following: Find
File
...
(find file). A field will appear in the mode window where you need to specify the file template to be found (Search for) and the directory in which to search (Start from), then press the Search button to search. When the files are found, a window will appear on the screen with the names of the selected files. Switches: Include sub-dirs (including subdirectories), Search boot drive (search boot sectors of disks), Search all drives (search in all disks). Buttons: Search, Cancel. Report Information(report information) allows you to select those modes whose information should be printed. To set a switch, you need to move the cursor to it and press the spacebar, and a cross will appear in square brackets. To cancel the mode, you need to press the spacebar again, and the square will disappear. You can specify printing of all Report All modes, or select the ones you need. Below is a list of modes: Report All, Mouse, Memory Browser, Customer Information, Other Adapters, CONFIG.SYS (file name), System Summary by system), Disk Drives (disk drivers), AUTOEXEC.BAT (file name), Computer (computer), LPT Ports (LPT port), WIN.INI (system Windows file), Memory, COM Ports, SYSTEM.INI (Windows system file), Video, IRQ Status, Network, TSR Programs, OS Version ( installed version operating system), Device Drivers. AUTOEXEC.BAT, CONFIG.SYS, WIN.INI, SYSTEM.INI
(names system files). When you click on the name of one of the files, a window with its contents will appear on the screen. eXit(exit) – allows you to exit the program. Utilities(utilities). The window contains a submenu, the modes of which are discussed below. Memory Block Display...
(video memory block). After entering this mode, a window will appear on the screen in which there are two fields: Allocated memory (memory distribution) and Memory map (memory map). The first window contains the names of programs located in memory, their address and size. The second window shows the distribution of programs by address, where the address where the program is located is indicated on the left. Memory
Browser
...
(memory view). Insert
Command
...
(insert command). Test
Printer
...
(printer testing). The mode window contains fields Printer Type(printer type): Generic/TTY Printer(general type of TTY printer) and Postscript Printer(printer with Postscript language). Field Test Type(test type): 7-bit ASCII (seven-bit test with ASCII code) and 8-bit ASCII(eight-bit test in ASCII codes). The Printer Port field shows the ports to which the printer can be connected: LPT1, LPT2, LPT3, COM1, COM2, COM3, and COM4. Black & White(white and black) allows you to change the display of the image in white and black colors. This mode can also be called using the key F5.
Help(help). Contains reference information about the program indicating the version number and manufacturer. The Scandisk program is designed to scan the disk. When it starts, a disk scan begins and a window appears on the screen, in which at the top there is the name of the developer company and the name of the program (Microsoft ScanDisk), followed by the message: ScanDisk is now checking the following areas of drive D:(ScanDisk is currently checking the following areas on the D: drive.) Below is a list of areas, and after the test is completed, a check mark appears next to the mode: Media descriptor - media descriptor, File allocation tables - FAT table (file distribution table), Directory structure - directory structure, File system- file system, Surface scan - surface scanning. At the bottom of the screen, a number changes that determines how many percent are completed (43% complete d- 43% completed). Below are the Pause buttons (pause) - allows you to stop the program for a while),< More Info >(more information) and< Exit >(exit - exit the program). When scanning is complete, the following message will appear on the screen: ScanDisk has finished testing the file structure of drive D. If you want, ScanDisk can also perform a surface scan on this drive. During a surface scan, ScanDisk checks the physical surface of the disk and identifies any areas that may be failing. In most cases, ScanDisk can recover the data from such areas. A surface scan on drive D will take about 10 minutes. You can stop the scan at any time by choosing Exit. Do you want to perform a surface scan now? ( ScanDisk has finished testing the file structure on Device D. If you want, ScanDisk can also scan the surface of this device. During the scanning process, ScanDisk examines the physical surface of that disk and identifies any area that may be damaged. In many cases, ScanDisk can recover data from such areas. Scanning a surface on Device D will take approximately 10 minutes. You can stop scanning at any time by selecting Exit. Do you want to scan the surface?) Answer Yes or No. After the program completes, if the testing was successful, the following message will appear on the screen: ScanDisk did not find any problems on drive E(ScanDisk found no problems on device E). At the bottom there are two buttons: View Log (view the protocol) and< Exit >(exit - exit the program). When you press the first button, a message will be displayed on the screen indicating what problems there are on the disk. At the bottom of the window there is an inscription: (more) (further), which means that not all information is displayed. To view it, use the key Page Down. After clicking, a continuation of messages and the inscription: (more) will appear on the screen, which means that there is information on the screen even lower. If you want to view the previous message, press the key Page Up. If information is available below on the screen, then the inscription will be placed below: (more), which can also be viewed using the key Page Down. At the bottom there are buttons: OK (allows you to exit the mode) and< Save Log >(save the protocol). Below is a translation of the messages encountered: Microsoft (name of the program manufacturer) ScanDisk (program name), Log file generated at 07:39PM on Sunday, July 19, 1998.(The protocol was generated at 07:39 PM (PM means after noon, that is, at 17:39), on Monday, July 19, 1998), ScanDisk checked drive E for problems, with the following results: Directory structure ( ScanDisk checked device E for problems with the following results: Directory structure, ScanDisk did not find any problems ( ScanDisk found no problems), MS-DOS file allocation table MS-DOS, MS-DOS File system, Surface scan. After entering the log saving mode, a message will appear on the screen stating that ScanDisk is saving the damage log in the C:\SCANDISK.LOG file and further: ScanDisk tests every area of the drive thoroughly. If it finds physical problems, ScanDisk moves any data in that location to a safe area of the drive, and then marks the damaged area as unusable.(ScanDisk thoroughly tests each area on the device. If problems are found at the physical level, ScanDisk will move any data from that area to a safe area on the device and then mark the damaged area as unused.) Dialogue Surface Scanning shows a map of the device, where each block represents a certain number of clusters on the device. For example, if a device has a total of 20,000 clusters, then each block will contain 32 clusters. The list at the bottom right of the dialog means: Unused cluster: (Most of the clusters in this block are free), Some clusters used: (Some, but not all clusters in this block are in use), Clusters used: (All clusters in this block are in use). Some bad clusters: (Some, but not all, of the clusters in this block are marked as bad. If this symbol appears in a zone of a device that ScanDisk has not yet tested, then the bad cluster(s) in that zone were previously marked as bad.) The Unformat program is used in cases where the disk was mistakenly formatted by the Format program and it is necessary to restore the information. In general, floppy disks are most often formatted, but you can also format a logical device on a hard drive. To call the program, type Unformat_ A:, where E: is the name of the disk in which the information should be restored. After the program starts running, messages will appear on the screen (blank lines have been removed): Restores the system area of your disk by using the image file created by the MIRROR command.(Recovering the system zone of your disk using the file image created by the Mirror command) WARNING!! WARNING!! (Attention attention !!) This command should be used only to recover from the inadvertent use of the FORMAT command or the RECOVER command. Any other use of the UNFORMAT command may cause you to lose data! Files modified since the MIRROR image file was created may be lost.(This command will only recover data lost due to careless use of the Format or Recover commands. Any other use of the Unformat command may result in data loss! Files modified since the Mirror image file was created may be lost.) Searching disk for MIRROR image.(search for a Mirror file on disk). The last time the MIRROR or FORMAT command was used was at 16:12 on 05/09/98. (The last time the Mirror or Format commands were used was 16:12 on 09/05/98). The MIRROR image file has been validated. (The Mirror image file is correct). Are you sure you want to update the system area of your drive A: (Y/N)?(Are you sure you want to restore the system area of drive A: (Y/N)?). Answer Y to continue and N to stop. As you continue working, the following messages will appear on the screen: The system area of drive A: has been rebuilt. (System area drive A: restored). You may need to restart the system. (You may need to reboot your system.) Then you can view the list of files and directories on the disk that will be restored. The Help program is designed to display reference information about commands and programs of the DOS system. To call the program you need to type Help in the command line and press the key Enter.
After entering the program, a window will appear on the screen containing a list of DOS commands. At the top of the window is main menu line with the names of the mode groups: File, Search and Help, which will be discussed below. Next is the inscription: Use the scroll bars to see more commands. Or, press the PAGE DOWN key. For more information about using MS-DOS Help, choose How to Use MS-DOS Help from the Help menu, or press F1. To exit MS-DOS Help, press ALT, F, X. (use the scroll lines to view other commands. Or press the Page Down key. For more information, use MS-DOS Help by selecting How to Use MS-DOS Help from the Help menu, or press the F1. To exit Help MS-DOS mode, click on ALT, F, X). Note that the entry ALT, F, X in the assistance system is equivalent ALT+F And X in this book. Below are points, containing a description of commands or sections of the DOS system, enclosed in triangular brackets “<“ и ”>“. After placing the cursor on them and pressing the key Enter A description of the selected item will appear on the screen. To move to the next item on a line, press the key Tab. When you press a key with a certain character, the cursor will move to the first item containing this character at the beginning. For example, by clicking on the “A” symbol, you will move the cursor to the Ansi item. Using the keys Shift+x, where x is a letter, you can go to last entry, containing the first character typed. For example, when you click on Shift+A The cursor will move to the item named Attrib. Shift+Tab- moves the cursor to reverse order compared to a key Tab. As always, when you press the key Alt and the initial character of the main menu, a transition to this group of modes will occur. So typing Alt+F, you will be taken to the File group, Alt+S– to Search, Alt+H– to the Help group. Not all items are listed on the screen. To view other items, you must use the scroll lines or arrow keys, Page Up, Page Down. Key Home End - to the end of the line. View a menu item. The principle of operation of the program is similar for different items. In the main window there is a line with two modes: Note, Examples and below - a description of the syntax of the selected command. Thus, you can view three sections of the clause: syntax, remarks, and examples. To view the text with comments, you need to click on the Note inscription, A to view the section with examples – on Examples, which are surrounded by the symbols “<“ и ”>“. In Note viewing mode, a line with Examples and Syntax modes will appear on the screen. By clicking on the inscription Examples, you go to the comments view mode, and on Syntax - to the previous item with a description of the command syntax. Similarly, when you enter the example viewing mode, a line will appear on the screen that allows you to switch to the following modes: Syntax and Note. For view description commands (in three modes: syntax, remark and examples) you can use the arrow keys, Page Up, Page Down. Key Home allows you to set the cursor to the beginning, and End - to the end of the line. When you press the keys Alt+C There will be a transition to the initial window containing a list of items that you want to see. Using the combination Alt+N, go to the next point. When you are in the window for viewing the syntax of a command, after pressing the keys, you will go to view the comments, then examples of the command will be shown, then to view the syntax of the next command, and so on, for example, the Buffers command after Break. When you press the keys Alt+B will go to the previous view in reverse order compared to the current command. To exit the item, press the key Esc. In this case, the original window with a list of items will appear on the screen again. List of main menu modes. The main menu bar contains the names of three mode panels: File, Search and Help. Mode panelFile
.
This panel has two modes: Print... And Exit. Mode Print... allows you to print the contents of the mode text that is currently on the screen. When you click on the inscription Printer Setup... The system enters a mode that allows you to set the port to which the printer is connected. Team Exit allows you to exit the program. Mode panelSearch. This panel contains the following modes: Find... And Repeat Last Find
.
Mode Find... allows you to find a chain of characters in texts. The search begins with a description of the syntax of the Ansi command, then looks at the text of comments, examples, the syntax of the next command, and so on. A window will appear on the screen where there is a What mode, in which the string of characters that needs to be found is indicated. The Match Upper/Lowercase switch allows you to conduct a search taking into account what characters the string is typed in: uppercase (large) or lowercase (small). The Whole Word switch allows you to search for a whole word. A word is a sequence of characters surrounded by spaces or punctuation marks. At the bottom there are inscriptions that indicate: OK - execution of the mode, Cancel - refusal to execute the mode, Help - entry into the program help system. Mode
Repeat Last Find(repeat last search) allows you to search for the next encountered string of characters. Instead of clicking on the inscription of this mode, you can use the key F3.
Mode panelHelp. Mode
About... allows you to display a plate with the version number, manufacturer and other reference information. Mode How To Use MS-DOS Help
allows you to actually enter the help mode. Working in the help system is similar to working in a program where points- contain a description of the sections help system and surrounded by the symbols: “<“ и ”>“. When you move the cursor over them and press a key Enter A description of the selected item will appear on the screen. To view all text, including text that does not fit on the screen, you can use the scroll lines or arrow keys, Page Up, Page Down. Key Home allows you to set the cursor to the beginning, and End to the end of the line. You can also use the keys: Alt+C to go to the original window, Alt+N– to move to the next item, Alt+B– to go to viewing sections of text in reverse order. Formatting is the layout of a floppy disk. A floppy disk is a disk with a magnetized surface. Before you start working with it, you must first mark it out, that is, create sectors with control information on the surface of the disk, select sectors for the table of contents of the disk, and so on. Once the floppy disk is marked, you can work with it. Formatting is used in two main cases: when you purchase an unformatted floppy disk or when the floppy disk produces bad sectors when reading or writing to it. Various programs are used for formatting. This could be the Format program from the DOS system, Sformat from the Norton Utilities software package, one of the Norton Commander program modes, or Windows system modes. In this chapter we will look at Format program for 3.5" floppy disks. For 5 1/4" floppy disks the operating principles are the same. To run the program, you need to type “Format A:” on the command line and press the key Enter. It does not matter what characters you type this text in - uppercase (large) or lowercase (small), or one or the other. The first word (Format) indicates the name of the program, the second (A:) is a program parameter and indicates that the disk located in the device with this name will be formatted. You can specify a different name (B:), then formatting will be carried out in this device. If you are an inexperienced user, then do not specify the C:, D: parameter, as this will destroy all data on the hard drive. After the program starts running, the following message will appear on the screen: Insert new diskette for drive A:(insert a new floppy disk into device A:) and press ENTER when ready...(and press the key Enter when you're ready...) After this message appears, install the floppy disk in the device specified when calling the program (A:) and press the key Enter. If you change your mind about formatting, press the keys Ctrl+C. If you continue working, the following message will appear on the screen: Checking existing disk format (checking the format of an existing disk). Saving UNFORMAT information(saving information for UNFORMAT). Verifying 1.44M (verification 1.44 M). 5 percent completed. First, the disk is checked, then the information is saved for the UNFORMAT program, and if you need to restore the information of a formatted disk, you can use the UNFORMAT program. The following shows the size of the floppy disk (1.44). The formatting process begins, and numbers appear on the screen that indicate the percentage of completion. They vary from 1 to 100%. At the end of the work, a message will appear on the screen stating that formatting is complete and asking whether you will enter the disk name: Format complete(Format completed). (Volume name (11 characters, ENTER if for nothing)?) This “nothing” means you will not enter a drive name. If you need to specify a disk name, then specify it and press the button Enter. In the case when the name is not important, then simply press the key Enter. The drive name is rarely required, so you don't have to specify it. However, some operations, such as installing a DOS system, require floppy disks with a specific name. This is done so as not to insert an arbitrary floppy disk with the necessary data and spoil it. After finishing work, statistics and a request to continue work will appear on the screen: Volume label (11 characters, ENTER for none)?{
volume label (11 characters, ENTER for nothing)? ) 1,457,664 bytes total disk space ( 1,457,664 bytes total disk space) 1,457,664 bytes available on disk ( 1,457,664 bytes available on disk) 512 bytes in each allocation unit.(512 bytes on each distributed device) 2,847 allocation units available on disk ( There are 2,847 distributed devices on disk). Volume Serial Number is 2040-1303(volume serial number 2040-1303) Format another (Y/N)?(format another Yes/No?). Notes. If you do not specify a volume name, the program will assign its own number, for example (2040-1303). At the end of formatting, you need to give an answer, continue working and format another floppy disk (Y) or finish working (N), after which you need to press the key Enter. HDD is also divided into sectors, but the sector size may be larger since the disk capacity is larger than that of a floppy disk. There are a total of 2847 sectors on a floppy disk. Creating a boot floppy disk using the Format program. Before working on your computer, you must create a boot floppy disk. Such a floppy disk is necessary if a system file in the root directory is accidentally destroyed or the computer is infected with a virus. In practice, it is better to create not one, but two or three floppy disks. To create it, you need to type in the command line: Format_a:_/s. Working with this program is similar to that described in the previous paragraph, only after formatting is completed the following message will appear: System transferred. Software for computers is usually developed in Western countries and is usually written in English. In order for a computer to work in Russian, special software is required, which can be divided into two groups: information is displayed on the screen in the DOS system or in Windows. On Windows system There are special modes that allow you to insert Russified fonts. When inserting fonts into Windows system all applications running in it can use them for their work. It is advisable to select files with the .ttf extension, since they can be used for output not only to the screen, but also to a printer. For withdrawal in DOS system must be Russified: screen, keyboard, printer. The issue of Russification of programs will be considered separately. To Russify the keyboard and screen, you can use two options - using DOS programs or non-standard programs. If you decide to use the standard capabilities of the DOS system, you need to install page 866. To do this, you need to insert certain commands into the following files: - to the Autoexec.bat file:
MODE CON CODEPAGE PREPARE=((866) C:\DOS\EGA.CPI) CHCP 866 KEYB RU,C:\DOS\KEYBOARD.SYS, Where The first line is determined by the command MODE, for the console (CON) the code page (CODEPAGE) is set to 866 for the screen indicating the path where the program is located (C:\DOS\EGA.CPI); The second line allows you to load the symbol table for the printer, keyboard and display (CHCP 866); The third line allows you to redefine the keyboard layout to the national alphabet, and the setting is taken from a file with a name and path called: C:\DOS\ KEYBOARD.SYS . to fileConfig.sys:
COUNTRY=007,C:\DOS\COUNTRY.SYS DEVICE=C:\DOS\DISPLAY.SYS CON=(EGA,1) INSTALL=C:\DOS\NLSFUNC.EXE C:\DOS\COUNTRY.SYS, Where The first line sets the country code (007) with the path and file (C:\DOS\COUNTRY.SYS); The second line allows you to install the screen driver; The third line installs the resident program that is needed for the CHCP program. You can take these lines for granted and, especially without delving into their meaning, simply put them in specified files. In this case, programs and drivers must be located in the specified path. That is, if there is a line C:\DOS\COUNTRY.SYS, then the COUNTRY.SYS file should be located in the specified path (C:\DOS\). If the file is located on a different path, then you need to change the description of the path to it. Non-standard programs. There are currently many programs for Russifying the screen and keyboard, such as Keyrus, Kbdscr, Mkey, Kbd and many others. All programs are resident, that is, they are loaded once and are valid until the end of the computer session. Basically they act the same. The difference lies in the type of font in which the characters are displayed on the screen, and in additional features, which the program may have, for example, redefining the layout of the keys, which can be convenient when changing keys with punctuation marks when you are used to working with a certain arrangement, as in a Windows system, completely blanking the screen after a certain period of time, and so on. In these programs, a key combination is used to switch from English to Russian font and vice versa Ctrl, Alt, and key Shift. In particular, you can use the following combinations: left key Shift+ right Shift, left key Ctrl+ right Ctrl, just right Ctrl, Alt+Ctrl, Alt+Shift and so on. Often this will cause the background around the screen to change color and cause a sound to sound. The programs mentioned earlier are resident, that is, they load once and run until the computer is turned off. Most often, this program is called after turning on the computer from the Autoexec.bat file. When you call programs of this type, as a rule, a message appears on the screen telling you how to switch to Russian or Latin fonts. To view this message, include the Pause command in the Autoexec.bat batch file, which will stop the messages from being displayed on the screen before pressing any key. A printer. Different printers have their own ways to resolve the problem of using Russian characters. There are dot matrix printers that have a built-in set of fonts for Russian characters. That is, you can turn on such a printer at any time and receive a printout that will use Russian fonts embedded in its memory. It often happens that this is not one set of fonts, but several styles, for example, italic, bold and underlined. If we need a different type of font, we need special drivers, which are usually supplied on floppy disks along with printers. There are also other possibilities. However, when using these fonts, you cannot turn off the printer, as the memory in the printer will be erased and you will have to download the program again. There may be other dot matrix printers that require downloading to work with Russian characters special programs. Often you need to turn on the printer to download them. When you turn off and then turn on the printer, you must start the program again, otherwise the printer will display strange symbols, that is, text printed in a different font, such as Arabic or Turkish. Laser and inkjet printers have their own drivers, they are diverse and their number is quite large. However, there are also devices that require other types of programs. These programs are supplied with the printer on floppy disks and consist of three parts: for the DOS system, for Windows 3.11, for Windows 9x. Moreover, if the program is loaded to operate the printer in a DOS system, then it will not work in Windows and vice versa. That is, you need to download the appropriate programs for the systems in which you are going to work. Russification of programs. As you know, programs are written mainly in English. Previously, programs were remade by our programmers, trying to Russify them. Often this did not work out very well for them, so that sometimes this or that text was simply impossible to understand. The fact is that Russification was carried out hastily and often to the detriment of quality. In addition, since the source texts of programs were often not Russified, errors occurred. Nowadays, many manufacturing companies themselves are beginning to carry out Russification of programs. Russification can be of two types. The first is Russification of messages in program windows, the second is text in the help system or help mode. There are programs that have only one type of Russification, for example, only help systems, although there may be single messages or windows in English. Mistakes still happen. For example, Russian characters are displayed normally on the screen, but the program does not sort according to the Russian alphabet (although everything happens normally with the English font), or the program does not accept some Russian character (for example, P). However, over time, errors are corrected and are no longer found in other versions of the program. Describe all errors different programs, different versions very difficult, since new versions and subversions of programs appear and such information quickly becomes outdated. Before you start working with any program, try to make a test recording and output it to the printer different types fonts, check which fonts the printer uses and which it does not. After this you can start working. Norton Utilities - package service programs, which are used for diagnostics and data recovery, formatting and optimization of floppy and hard drives, and other operations. Among these programs, there are those that are used frequently, and there are also those that are practically never used. Due to the fact that the user interface is quite clear, at this point we will focus on those programs that are more necessary for the user. Below is a list of programs in the package with a brief description of the capabilities: List of Norton Utilities programs
FACILITIES
Batch Enhancer- includes the following commands for batch files: as k - display the request on the screen; beep - sound signal; box - drawing a frame; cls - clear screen; delay - pause execution batch file;
exit - completion of the command file; goto - transfer control to another line; jump - execution of a conditional jump; monthday - definition of the day of the month; rowcol - placing the cursor at the specified position on the screen; sa - setting the color and attributes of characters; shiftstate - determining the code of the key pressed; trigger - suspending the execution of a batch file until a certain point; weekday - setting the day of the week; window - drawing a frame with resizing and organizing the shadow. Configuration- setting up Norton Utilities package parameters; Control Center- setting up computer parameters: Changing the cursor size; Changing the symbol and background color; Video mode selection; Controlling the speed at which characters reappear when you press a key; Changing the speed of movement of the mouse cursor; Serial port setup; Working with four timers; Choice of national format; Setting the time and date. Directory Sort- organizing directories; Duplicate Disk- copying floppy disks; File Attributes- viewing and changing file attributes; File Date– viewing and changing the date and time of file creation; File Find- search for files according to certain criteria: by name, by content, by attributes and time of file creation; File Locate- search for a file by name; File Size- display the size of files and directories; Line Print- output the file contents to a printer or disk; Norton CD- renaming, copying and deleting directories; Safe Format- formatting floppy disks; System Info- displaying information about the hardware and software subsystems of the computer; Text Search- search for text in files and erased areas of the disk, DATA PROTECTION
Disk Monitor- preventing accidental writing to disk; Diskreet- protects the file from being written to with a password request; WipeInfo- deleting files and disks so that they cannot be recovered. FAST
Calibrate- optimization of speed and reliability of data transfer when working with hard drives; Norton Cache- increasing the speed of working with the hard drive; Speed Disk - A program that allows you to optimize hard disk space defragments files. RECOVERY
Diagnostics- computer hardware testing program; Disk Doctor- detection and correction of errors on the disk; Disk Editor- editing the contents of the hard drive; Disk Tools- Creation boot disk, data recovery after the Recover program, fixing bad floppy disks, marking bad sectors on disk; File Fix- correction damaged files packages Lotus, Symphony, Excel, Quattro Pro, dBASE, Wordperfect; Image- storing service information about the disk so that it can be restored later; INI Tracker- storing DOS and Windows system files; Rescue Disk- creating a rescue disk and restoring data using it; SmartCan- protecting files from accidental deletion; UnErase- recovery of deleted files; UnFormat- disk recovery after formatting. Beginning of work.
To call each program in the package, you have two options: either call it through a shell program by typing “Norton” at the command line, or directly type the name of the desired program. When you install a package, the path for calling programs is automatically set in the Autoexec.bat file (for example, Path_ path;C:\nu). If it is not installed, then you can call the programs from the directory where Norton Utilities is located. Due to the fact that few places describe the parameters of the BE command, we will consider them below. Moreover, they can be useful for use in batch files. Batch Enhancer (BE)
Job
V
bat
files
.
The Batch Enhancer (BE) program allows you to include commands in batch files (bat files) to expand their capabilities. This program is used together with its parameters (commands), which are described below. Program syntax: BE_ command_ [parameters]_ or BE_ full-name_ [_ label], where full-name is the name of the BE command file, parameters are parameters that may vary depending on the command, label is the label in bat file, commands can be: 1.6 Some DOS programs
1.6.1 Fdisk - disk partitioning program
1.6.2 MSD - system information
1.6.3 Scandisk program
1.6.4 Unformat program for disk recovery
1.6.5 Help - help program
1.7 Formatting and creating a boot floppy disk
1.8 Russification of the computer
1.9 Norton Utilities (NU)
MS-DOS(English) MicroSoft Disk Operating System- disk operating system from Microsoft) - commercial operating system from Microsoft for IBM PC-compatibles personal computers. MS-DOS is the most famous operating system from the DOS family, previously installed on most IBM PC-compatible computers. Over time, it was supplanted by the Windows 9x and Windows NT family of operating systems.
MS-DOS was created in 1981 and during its development, eight major versions (1.0, 2.0, etc.) and two dozen intermediate versions (3.1, 3.2, etc.) were released, until Microsoft stopped using it in 2000. its development. It was the company's key product, providing it with significant revenue and marketing resources as Microsoft evolved from a programming language developer to a major software company.
The last boxed version was 6.22, but MS-DOS continued to serve as the boot loader for Windows 95 (versions 7.0 and 7.1), Windows 98 (version 7.1) and Windows ME (version 8.0).
One of the most common operating systems until the mid-90s was Microsoft's disk operating system MS DOS (Microsoft Disk Operating System).
In modern Windows operating systems, to work with DOS commands, the command line is used, which can be called: Start/Run, enter cmd in the dialog box and click OK. Another way to open the command line is Start/Programs/Accessories/Command Prompt.
Composition of MS DOS
The MS DOS operating system includes the following main modules:
Basic input-output system (BIOS);
Boot Record block;
BIOS expansion module (IO.SIS);
Interrupt processing module (MS DOS.SYS);
Command processor (COMMAND.COM);
driver files, which, after being loaded into memory, ensure the operation of devices such as a mouse, CD-ROM, etc.
OS utilities that perform various service functions (disk formatting, etc.).
The basic BIOS system is hardware dependent and is located in the ROM memory of the PC. This part of the operating system is built into the PC.
It implements the following main functions:
Automatic check of hardware components when the PC is turned on;
Calling the OS boot block (loading the operating system program into memory occurs in two stages: first, the boot record block is loaded and control is transferred to it, then the remaining modules are transferred using this block).
The Boot Record is a very short program (about 512 bytes) found in the first sector of every DOS disk. Boot Record loads two more OS modules into memory (system files io.sys, msdos.sys), which complete the DOS boot process.
The IO.SIS BIOS extension module is an addition to the BIOS ROM. It configures the OS for a specific PC configuration and allows you to connect new drivers to non-standard I/O devices.
MS DOS.SYS interrupt handling module – implements services related to servicing the file system and input/output operations.
Command processor COMMAND.COM – processes commands entered by the user.
After turning on the power of a computer on which the MS DOS operating system is installed, the following processes automatically occur:
PC testing (BIOS runs a set of programs for initial testing of the computer);
MS DOS setup (OS setup is performed using the commands written in the config.sys and autoexec.bat files.).
After loading the OS, a prompt is displayed on the monitor screen for the user to enter commands, which consists of the disk name and the following symbols:
A:\> or C:\>.
This means that DOS is ready to receive commands.
The DOS prompt contains information about the current drive and the current directory. For example,
A:\> - drive A:, root directory:
C:\windows> - drive C:, directory \windows.
The disk that the PC is currently working with is called the current one.
The system was created as a full-fledged alternative to the existing MS-DOS, which is distributed under a paid license. The development of the Free DOS project began back in 1994, but the system was released in a stable version 1.0 only in 2006. The OS is free and can be run on almost any new and outdated hardware, as well as using emulators to run necessary applications under DOS. The system code is open, which means, if desired, it can be modified by any developer to suit his own needs.
Usage
Today, the system in version 1.1 can be downloaded from the official website of the developers as a CD image for installation. The system is used by computer and laptop manufacturers as a free alternative to MS-DOS and other products from Microsoft, which can significantly increase the cost of a particular device, which as a result can negatively affect equipment sales. Dell, HP and ASUS provide users with the opportunity to buy computers running FreeDOS.
Characteristics
The OS runs on the FAT32 file system. It supports all basic file operations that are available in other operating systems. Free DOS also supports opening archives (ZIP, 7-ZIP), editing text documents using additional programs, viewing HTML pages, working with mouse pointers that have a scroll wheel. Another feature of Free DOS is a large number of programs ported from Linux. The system has its own browser, BitTorrent client and even anti-virus software.
Free DOS supports any modern computer, supporting x86 architecture. In this case, the device must have at least 2 MB of RAM, and about 40 MB may be required to install the system. The system can be started not only after installation, but also through virtual machines(eg VirtualBox) which can be installed in standard Windows, Linux or Mac. It is also possible to launch the system directly in the browser window using a Java emulator, which is available for download from the developer’s official website. For straight Free installations DOS on your computer is enough to download the latest version of the system and burn it to a blank CD, then restart the computer and boot from the disk.
Good day.
If you are interested in the DOS operating system, what it is, by whom and in what cases it is used, you have come to the right place. In my article you will find answers to these questions and find out how DOS differs from the familiar and beloved Windows system.
Acquaintance
This abbreviation stands for Disk Operating System in English, and in our opinion it is a disk operating system. It includes a whole family of operating systems for PCs, which involve the use of disk drives, that is, hard drives and floppy disks.
The first version was released by Seattle Computer Products in 1980. Later, the product was bought by Microsoft Corporation, signing a contract with IBM that included the development of an operating system for a new model of computers from this company.
Nowadays DOS is rarely found, except for working with outdated equipment or programs written a long time ago. It was popular during the advent of computers. Although there are extenders that allow you to fully use this product today.
Comparison with Windows
In order for you to better understand the essence of our conversation, I will make a comparison with Windows, since this system is one of the most popular. I won’t go into the weeds, but I’ll just say the main thing.
In the 80s of the last century, computers were not as compact as they are now, but were large electronic computers. Despite their size, their functionality was not very diverse. Therefore, a single-tasking 16-bit one with a simple interface was enough for them.
Didn't understand the last sentence? This means that in DOS you cannot work in multiple windows and programs, as Windows allows, which, by the way, has , and therefore can quickly process more commands.
The appearance of the DOS system is much simpler than that of beautiful and colorful Windows with many different icons and buttons.
The shell of the old brother is similar to the Windows command line. That is, it did not have a graphical interface.
Also, due to the rapid development of technology, disk system does not cope well with current sound, video cards and other hardware. It also does not involve means of control and protection against viruses, since at the time of its popularity, they essentially did not exist. While Windows is adapted to modern requirements.
In favor of the disk operating system
From the point of view of the average user, Windows wins due to the above advantages. However, there are times when none of them matter. For example, for an accountant who does not need to switch between windows, it is more convenient to work in MS-DOS. Since the interface allows you to preserve your vision, or rather strain it less.
And many experienced programmers prefer the outdated system. Because its simplicity allows you to completely take control over it into your own hands. To perform basic functions, it only needs a few light files, while in Windows there are quite a lot of them and all the most important things, especially , are reliably hidden from the user.
DOS components
The DOS operating system includes:
- Basic input/output system (). Built into the permanent memory of your hardware. Needed to check the functionality of the hardware when starting the computer and calling the initial DOS startup block.
- Boot Record block is a lightweight program (no more than 512 Bytes). After the BIOS, she loads two more modules to finally turn on the system.
- BIOS expansion module (IO.SIS). Its functions include setting up the OS configuration and installing drivers.
- Interrupt processing module (MS DOS.SYS) - serves file system(FAT with a limit of 8 characters for file and directory names), and is also responsible for data input/output.
- Command processor (COMMAND.COM) - processes tasks that you give.
- Built-in drivers for the operation of a mouse, keyboard, drive, etc.
- Utilities necessary to perform various service functions (format a disk, etc.).
I think now it has become clearer to you about what the dos operating system is. And in principle, for a deeper study, it is better, of course, to try everything in practice. But this is so, purely for the fans :).
Have a good mood!
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