The computer works with information, which can be text, graphic, audio or video format. All information processed on a computer is stored in files.
The concept of a file is one of the basic concepts of computer literacy.
A file is a named area of memory on computer storage media.
In other words, a file is a collection of data on computer storage media ( HDD, CD and DVD disc, flash drive, etc.), which has its own name (file name).
File name
What characters can be used in a file name? It is recommended to use Russian and Latin letters, numbers, spaces and punctuation marks in file names. However, the file name should not begin with a period, nor should it use square brackets or curly braces ( ) in the name. The following service characters are invalid for file names: / \ | : * ? “< >
Is there a maximum filename length? The file name length must not exceed 255 characters. In fact, 20-25 characters are usually enough.
Windows does not differentiate between lowercase and uppercase letters for file names. This means that you cannot store files whose names differ only in case in the same directory. For example, two file names "Title.doc" and "TITLE.doc" for Windows will be the same name for the same file.
File type
Do you think there can be several files with the same name PRIMER in one directory? This is possible provided that the PRIMER name has different extensions.
File name extension points to file type(sometimes they also say - format file). Thus,
- "file type",
- "file format",
- "file extension",
- “file name extension”
- this is, by and large, the same thing.
For example,
PRIMER.doc(x) – the file type is Word document(or file in Word format),
PRIMER.bmp – the file type is a picture,
PRIMER.avi – the file type is a video file,
PRIMER.wav – The file type is an audio file.
All these files have different names(due to different extensions file name) and can be stored in the same place, i.e. in one directory. If we draw an analogy with people's names, then the file name is the same as the person's name, and the file name extension is the person's last name. Accordingly, PRIMER.doc and PRIMER.bmp by this analogy are the same as Ivan Petrov and Ivan Sidorov. Files with the names PRIMER.doc and VARIANT.doc are two brothers from the same document family (with the same .doc extension), just as, for example, Ivan Petrov and Fedor Petrov are brothers from the same Petrov family.
The file type (that is, the file name extension) is the part of the file name that begins with a period followed by several characters.
Common types (extensions) consisting of three letters are .doc, .txt, .bmp, .gif, etc. Case does not matter, so .doc and .DOC are the same document extension, the same file type.
The extension is an optional attribute in the file name, that is, it may not be present. In this case, there is usually no dot at the end of the file name. The extension, although not necessary, is still desirable, since it indicates to the Windows operating system the type of file.
Simply put, the file type tells Windows which program to open the file with. For example, the .doc extension indicates that the file should be opened using the Word editor, and the .cdr extension indicates that the file should be opened graphics program Corel Draw.
There are reserved (service) names that cannot be used as file names because they are device names:
PRN – printer,
COM1-COM4 – devices connected to serial ports 1-4,
AUX – same as COM1,
LPT1-LPT4 – devices connected to parallel ports 1-4 (usually printers),
CON (consol) – for input – keyboard, for output – screen,
NUL is an “empty” device.
Here are examples of file names that are invalid:
5<>8/7.txt – symbols "<», «>" and "/" are prohibited,
What's the question? - symbol "?" prohibited
PRN.bmp – here PRN is a reserved name.
Key Points You Need to Know About File Types
Depending on the file type on Windows screen are displayed various icons (icons). The first example concerns the icon text editor:
– icon of a document processed by the Word editor and having the extension .doc.
The second example concerns an archive file. This is the file that was processed using the WinRAR archiver program (RAR for short):
– icon of compressed (archive) files processed by the RAR archiver and having the .rar extension.
Why can't I see file types in my Explorer?
Windows Explorer(Start-Programs-Accessories-Explorer) by default has a mode where file name extensions (types) are not displayed on the screen, but file icons (icons) are displayed.
Learn more about how to “force” Windows to show file types:
Selecting a file type when saving a file
When saving a file, just write its name and select the file type from the available list. The selected extension will automatically be added to the file name. For example, in the figure below, the program itself will add the .jpg extension to the file name. As a result, Windows will remember this file with the name “drawing in paint.jpg”.
To avoid misunderstandings when saving files, always pay attention to the “file type” line, if there is one. After all, the file type is a hint for Windows, with the help of which the system determines which program this file can be opened.
Close relationship between a file type and the program that opens that type
If you downloaded a file from the Internet, for example, with the extension .rar, but you do not have an archiver program installed on your computer to work with such “compressed, archived” files, then do not be surprised that the file does not open. In other words, you need to be aware that if you open files, for example, in video format, then the computer must have the appropriate program to work with this format.
An analogy can be drawn between a file (more precisely, between a file type) and a program that works with that type of file. A file is a lock, and the program that opens this file is the key to the lock. As you know, a lock cannot be opened without a key, and a key without a lock is not of particular value.
Computer literacy exercises:
1) Try creating two folders on your Desktop with the names: PRIMER and primer.
To do this, on the desktop, click right click mouse on an empty space, and in the window that appears, click on the “Create” option and, finally, click on the “Folder” option. Instead of the words " new folder» enter "PRIMER". Then repeat all this to create a second folder called “primer”. Did Windows give you the go-ahead to open a second folder?
2) For example, go to Word editor and try saving the document with the name PRN. Does Windows allow this name for a new file?
3) How to solve the problem: “I download files from the Internet, but they are in xsd (PM)/RAR format and cannot be opened or read on the computer. What to do?"
Receive the latest articles on computer literacy directly to your Mailbox
.
Already more 3,000 subscribers
F.I. __________________________________________CLASS________ Option 1
1. The file system is:
A) system program;
B) nested file structure;
B) nested folder structure;
D) nested structure of folders and files
2. What file names are composed, correct:
A) “example”.doc;
B) example. doc ;
B) doc?. Example;
D) example: doc;
3. Specify the file extension “My Portfolio. doc":
A) no extension;
B) portfolio. doc ;
B) doc;
G) . doc ;
4. Specify the Proba .html file type:
A) text;
B) graphic;
B) web page;
D) executable.
5. A folder is:
A) a means of organizing thematically related files;
B) named disk area;
C) a program that translates a programming language into machine code;
D) a program that is used to connect input/output devices.
6. The folder can contain:
A) files only;
B) only other folders;
B) files and folders;
G) Windows windows ;
7. The folder in which all folders and files are stored is called:
A) main;
B) root;
B) main;
D) nested.
8. Name C: has:
B) CD drive;
B) hard drive;
9. Which path from the root directory is correct:
A) A:\Learning programs\Field of Miracles\pole .exe ;
B) \Learning programs\Field of Miracles\ pole .exe ;
B) A:\Learning programs\Field of Miracles\;
D) A: Study programs Field of Miracles.
10. The full file name is C :\DOC │PROBA .TXT .What is the file name?
A) PROBA;
B) PROBA.TXT;
B) doc\PROBA.TXT ;
D) TXT.
TEST ON THE TOPIC “FILE SYSTEM”
F.I. __________________________________________CLASS________ Option 2
1. A file is:
A) unit of measurement of information;
B) program c random access memory;
B) text printed on a printer;
D) a program or data on disk that has a name.
2. Which file names are formed correctly:
A) example?.doc;
B) example: txt ;
B) example text.doc;
D) ?example?. doc
3. Specify the file type s.exe
A) text;
B) graphic;
B) executable;
4. Specify the disk .dat file extension:
A) disk;
B) disk.dat;
B) dat ;
D) no expansion.
5. File system usually depicted as a tree, where the “branches” are directories (folders) and the “leaves” are files. What can be located directly in the root directory, i.e. on the “trunk” of a tree?
A) files and folders;
B) folders only;
B) files only;
D) nothing.
6. The file type is indicated by:
A) file extension;
B) file name;
B) path to the file;
D) file name.
7. A folder that is inside another folder is called:
A) main;
B) root;
B) main;
D) nested.
8. Name A: has:
A) floppy drive;
B) CD drive;
B) hard drive;
9. The full file name is given: C:\ DOC │PROBA .TXT . What is the file name?
A)C:\DOC\PROBA.TXT;
B) DOC;
B) PROBA .TXT ;
D) TXT.
10. Which path to the file 10a.txt from the root directory is correct:
A) C:\My documents\10a\10a.txt ;
B) My documents\10a\10a.txt ;
B) C:\My documents\10a\;
D) C: My documents 10a 10a.txt ;
a) files only; c) files and folders;
b) only other folders; d) Windows windows.
8. The folder in which all folders and files are stored is called:
a) main; c) main;
b) root; d) nested.
9. Name C: has:
a) floppy drive; c) hard drive;
b) drive for CDs; d) file.
10. Which path from the root directory is correct:
a) A:\Training programs\Field of Miracles\pole. exe;
b) \ Training programs \ Field of Miracles \ pole. exe;
c) A:\Training programs\Field of Miracles\;
d) A: Training programs Field of Miracles.
11. The full file name is specified C:\DOC| PROBA. TXT. What is the file name?
A) PROBA; c) DOC\PROBA. TXT;
b) PROBA. TXT; d) TXT.
Option 2.
Horizontally:
1. Software, hardware and information tools that combine different kinds data into a single interactive environment.
2. A sound wave with continuously changing amplitude and frequency.
3. A program that compresses data.
4. Symbolic information.
5. Basic software.
6. Standard application- text editor.
10. Eliminate file fragmentation.
12. A specially written program whose main purpose is to harm a computer system.
Answers:
Horizontally:
1. multimedia; 2. sound; 3. archiver; 4. text; 5. systemic; 6. Notepad; 7. graphics; 8. installation.
All programs and data in computer memory and on disks are stored in the form of files. A file is information stored in long-term memory as a single unit and identified by a name.
The file name consists of two parts: the name itself and the extension.
The name of the file is chosen by the person who creates it. In the operating system Windows name file can have up to 255 characters , it can use letters of the Latin and Russian alphabets and some other symbols. At the same time, the use of Russian letters and spaces in file names, although acceptable, can create serious problems(when published on the Internet and transferred to other operating systems). The file name must not include the following characters: \ / : ? " |
Expansion is usually automatic specified by the program where you work, and indicates the file type (although the user can specify non-traditional extensions). It tells the user and the computer what information is stored in the file and what program created the file. The extension almost always consists of three letters of the Latin alphabet. The extension is separated from the name by a dot.
There are a large number of file types. Here are some of them:
executable- files containing ready-to-execute programs; they can be recognized by extensions com, exe;
text documents - have extensions txt, doc, rtf;
graphic- files containing images; their extensions - bmp, jpg, etc.;
The hard drive of one computer can store a huge number of files - tens and even hundreds of thousands. To avoid confusion, all files are stored on a specific system: in folders, which, in turn, can be contained in other folders (be nested within them) and so on. Suppose there are several games recorded on the computer’s hard drive. The game is a collection of files. Each game is stored in a separate folder, while all folders with games can be nested in one for convenience shared folder With name Games.
The file storage system is similar to storing a large number of books in a library:
Let's look at one of the tools that allows you to see what files are stored on your computer.
Window My computer opens double click on the icon of the same name located on Desktop. Window My computer contains icons of all computer devices on which you can store files. It may also contain an icon Control Panel and icon Printers.
To find out what is stored on drive C:, double-click on its icon - the contents of the disk will be displayed in the window. This window can contain several types of icons:
alone- to present data files;
other- for presenting program files;
third- to present folders;
Besides, you can also see shortcuts that provide fast access to any folder, program or document.
Open a folder by double-clicking on its icon.
Double click on the file icon to open the corresponding file.
While working on a computer, the most common file operations performed are modification, copying, deleting, and moving. Here you can also draw an analogy with books in a library:
When working with files you should not:
delete a file without determining whether this should be done;
give the file a name that does not explain its contents;
save the file in a folder where it will be difficult to find later;
delete or move files located in folders application programs- this may cause programs to stop working.
Poster "Computer and Information"
Poster “How information is stored in a computer”
The most important
A file is information stored in long-term memory as a single unit and identified by a name.
The file name consists of two parts. The name of the file is chosen by the person who creates it. The extension is usually automatically set by the program that creates the file and indicates the file type.
To avoid confusion, all files are stored in a specific system: in folders, which, in turn, can be nested in other folders and so on.
Questions and tasks
1. What is a file?2. What parts does a file name consist of?
3. What rules should you follow when writing a file name?
4. Describe the disk file storage system.
5. What operations can be performed with files?
6. What actions should be avoided when working with files?
EC TsOR resources
Animation Files and folders (N 196624)
Practical work No. 1
"We work with files and folders"
Part 1
1. Take your place at your computer.
2. Double-click the left mouse button to open the window My computer.
3. Make sure that the menu View enabled checkbox Large icons.
4. Double click on the icon hard drive WITH: and look at its contents.
5. Find the folder My Documents and open it by double clicking on the corresponding icon.
6. In a folder My Documents find the file Home.doc for or Home.odt for from folder Blanks. Open it by double clicking. Read and follow the instructions contained in the file ( close the window by clicking the close button).
7. Find on Desktop folder My Documents and open it.
8. Open the folder 6th grade, nested in the folder My Documents. Consider its contents.
9. Open the folder Blanks, nested in the folder 6th grade. Run the command [View - Table]. Review the information provided for each file.
10. Arrange file icons in alphabetical order. To do this, place the mouse pointer in a clean area of the window Blanks and right click ( call context menu ). Run the command [Arrange icons by name].
11. Arrange the file icons in ascending order of file size ( [Arrange icons by size]).
12. Arrange icons according to types files.
13. In a folder 6th grade create your own folder in which all your work will be stored. To do this, move the mouse pointer to a clean area of the 6th grade window and right-click ( call the context menu). Run the command [Create - Folder] and enter your last name as the name of the new folder. Make sure your last name is spelled correctly and press the key (Enter).
14. Go to the My Documents folder. Close the My Documents folder window.
Computer workshop can be conducted on Windows, Linux and MacOS operating systems using packages Microsoft Office and OpenOffice.org. ( http://metodist.lbz.ru/authors/informatika/3/umk.php ). Detailed description works for OpenOffice.org are contained on CD with software and methodological support and posted on the publisher's methodological support website.
Now we can
- open and close folders;- organize the contents of a folder - files and subfolders;
- create folders.
Many computer users are familiar with the situation: They wanted to rename a file on their computer or flash drive. We deleted the old name, wrote a new one, and here is the message: After changing the file name extension, this file may become inaccessible. Are you sure you want to change the extension? Without looking we agree, click Yes.
That's all. The icon has changed. We are trying to open. Does not work. The system prompts you to select a program to open.
Why is this happening?
Brief information: The file name in the Windows operating system consists of two parts separated by a dot. The first part is the file name itself, and the second part is the extension.
File extension indicates to the system the type of information stored in the file (music, text, drawing, etc.) For example, Article.docx - here the file name is Article, and the extension is docx. After removing the extension, the system does not know how or how to open such a file.
By default, Windows displays file extensions that are disabled, so we only see the name. If you receive a message when trying to rename or when creating a new file, this means that the display of file extensions has been enabled in the settings.
How to fix?
Windows XP - 7
To return the display of file names to your usual state, take the following steps:
1. Open any folder with files
If your file names show an extension, then move on to next step.
2. In the menu Service select an item Folder properties
Switch to the tab View
Scroll down the list of settings and check the box by left-clicking Hide extensions for registered file types and press the button OK.
(Alternatively, you can click Restore defaults. In this case, all settings for displaying files and folders will be returned to initial settings default).
Windows 8 - 10
IN latest versions operating room Windows systems this can be done in the folder window on the tab View. Open any folder with your files. For example, downloads. Click on the tab View. In chapter Show or hide uncheck the box Filename extensions(marked with a red arrow in the figure).
Hiding file extensions in Windows 10 The blue line shows file extensions. They cannot be deleted. If you change the file name, the extension must be kept. It’s easier to uncheck the box, as stated above. Then renaming will be safe.
Dear reader! You have watched the article to the end.
Have you received an answer to your question? Write a few words in the comments.
If you haven't found the answer, indicate what you were looking for.
Loading...
