Personal computers .
The process of human interaction with computers has been going on for more than 40 years. Until recently, only specialists - engineers, mathematicians - programmers, operators - could participate in this process. In recent years, there have been dramatic changes in the field of computing. Thanks to the development and implementation of microprocessors in the computer structure, small-sized, user-friendly personal computers appeared. The situation has changed; the role of a user can be not only a computer specialist, but also any person, be it a schoolchild or a housewife, a doctor or a teacher, a worker or an engineer. This phenomenon is often called the personal computer phenomenon. Currently, the global fleet of personal computers exceeds 20 million.
Why did this phenomenon occur? The answer to this question can be found if we clearly formulate what a personal computer is and what are its main features. We must correctly perceive the very definition of “personal”; it does not mean that a computer belongs to a person as personal property. The definition of “personal” arose because a person got the opportunity to communicate with a computer without the mediation of a professional programmer, independently, personally. It is not necessary to know a special computer language. The existing software in the computer will provide a favorable “friendly” form of dialogue between the user and the computer. We can identify five formal signs that will help us determine whether this computer personal or not.
1. The control method is simple, visual, convenient, and does not require deep knowledge in the field of computer technology. All technical means(display, keyboard, manipulator, printing device, etc.), ensuring interaction between a person and a computer, are made so that even a child can work on them without fear. Communication between a person and a computer is organized in a dialogue mode.
2. Large quantities developed software for various applications. This will relieve the user of the need to compose a program in computer language himself.
3. Small-sized devices external memory large capacity allow the replacement of one drive with another. Such devices include: floppy disk drives and hard drives, cassette recorders.
4. Due to its small size and weight, comparable to a TV, no special equipment is required for installation, just enough space on your desktop.
5. The design of the personal computer and its external design are attractive in color and shape, and satisfy ergonomic indicators. For the first time during the development of computer technology, this feature is included as the main one in defining an entire class of computers.
A more thorough analysis of all the signs shows that, of course, the most important are the first two signs that determine the nature of communication between a person and a computer, although the absence of one of the five signs listed above allows us to classify a computer as not personal.
Understanding now what a personal computer is, let’s consider the history of the emergence and development of this phenomenon.
The listed features of a personal computer became possible to achieve thanks to the creation of microprocessors, which made it possible to dramatically change the appearance of the computer - to reduce its size and weight. However, this circumstance alone led to the emergence of the microcomputer class. Improvement software, the study of problems by mathematicians and programmers subject area and the development on their basis of software tools needed in this area made it possible to turn microcomputers into a person’s personal information processing tool.
The first personal computer was developed in 1973 in France. Its author is Truong Trong Thi. The first copies were perceived as an expensive exotic toy. Mass production and introduction of personal computers into practice is associated with the name of Steve Jobs, the head and founder of Apple Computer, which launched the production of Apple personal computers in 1977.
Personal computers can be classified according to the capabilities they provide to the user. both domestic and professional.
Household personal computers are used at home. Their main purpose: to provide simple calculations, perform functions notebook, maintaining a personal file cabinet, a teaching tool for various disciplines, a tool for accessing public information funds via telephone channels, etc. It became widespread as a means of entertainment - an organizer and partner in various games.
Professional personal computers are used in a specific professional field; all software and hardware are focused on a specific profession. However, regardless of the professional orientation of computers, their main purpose is to perform routine work: they search for information in various reference and normative documentation and archives, draw up standard forms of documentation, keep a diary or laboratory journal, record research results, remember and provide information on the user upon request. given professional activity etc.
Currently, one of the most popular computers is the IBM PC model and its modernized version IBM PC XT, which, in terms of architecture, software, external design considered the basic model of a personal computer. Let's look at the basic structure and characteristics of the IBM PC XT personal computer. The basic kit includes; system unit2, display1 with color image, keyboard6, printing device (printer), floppy drive magnetic disk and a hard drive.
The basis of a personal computer is the system unit. It organizes work, processes information, makes calculations, and ensures communication between a person and a computer. The user is not required to thoroughly understand how the system unit works. This is for specialists. But he must know what functional blocks the computer consists of. We do not have a clear idea of the principle of operation of the internal functional blocks of objects around us - a refrigerator, a gas stove, washing machine, car, but they must know what is the basis for the operation of these devices, what are the capabilities of their constituent blocks.
SYSTEM UNIT personal computer consists of motherboard, having dimensions of 212/300 mm and located at the very bottom, speaker, fan, power supply, two disk drives. One drive provides input-output of information from a hard drive, the other - from floppy magnetic disks.
MOTHERBOARD is the central part of a computer and is made up of several dozen integrated circuits for various purposes. The microprocessor is designed as one large integrated circuit. A socket is provided for an additional Intel 8087 microprocessor to perform floating point operations. If you need to improve your computer's performance, you can place it in this slot. There are several modules of permanent and RAM. Depending on the model, there are from 5 to 8 connectors into which various adapter cards are inserted.
An adapter is a device that provides communication between the central part of the computer and a specific external device, for example between RAM and a printer or hard drive. The board also contains several modules that perform secondary functions when working with a computer. There are switches that are necessary to ensure the computer operates with the selected composition external devices(computer configuration).
KEYBOARD
Every computer has a keyboard. With its help, information is entered into the computer or commands are given to the computer. The great-grandmother of the computer keyboard was the typewriter. From her, the keyboard inherited keys with letters and numbers.
But a computer can do more things than a typewriter, and therefore its keyboard has many more keys. Different keys do different things. For example, an ordinary typewriter does not have keys for erasing what is written, but a keyboard does. Such a typewriter cannot insert a new word between two others, but a computer can, and there is a special key for this too.
When we play computer games, then we most often use the arrow keys. They are also called "cursor keys". Using these keys you can control how the game hero runs across the screen. The STRI and ALT keys are often used in games. The hero shoots with one key and jumps with the other. These are quite large keys, and they are located at the very bottom of the keyboard, and therefore are convenient to use.
The longest key is SPACEBAR. You can press it even blindfolded. And therefore it is also very often used in games.
MONITOR
When working with a computer, we receive the most information by looking at the monitor screen. A monitor is somewhat similar to a TV. But you shouldn’t watch TV close, because it is very harmful to your eyes. The monitor also affects the eyes, but not as much as the TV. Monitor images are clearer.
Monitors are different. They differ in screen sizes and image quality. Screen size is measured in inches. If you don't know what an inch is. then take a match and break it in half. The length of such a half is an inch.
Measure the screen obliquely - between opposite corners. Regular monitors are 14 inches. Monitors with a size of 15 inches are also often found. There are even more, but they are rarely used at home.
If you have 14-inch monitors, then you should definitely put a protective screen on it - it will greatly reduce the harm from monitor radiation. YOU CAN'T WORK WITH A REGULAR MONITOR WITHOUT A PROTECTIVE SCREEN!
Lesson No. 6. Personal Computer as a system
Test
Goals:
Educational:
Developmental:
consolidate schoolchildren’s ideas about systems of objects;
give an idea of the PC as a system;
test your knowledge on the topic “objects and systems”
develop logical thinking, memory, attention, ability to compare and analyze, ability
apply the acquired knowledge and skills when performing practical exercises;
Educational:
to form a set of universal educational actions that ensure the ability to learn, i.e.
process information;
to form the information culture of schoolchildren;
form a deeper understanding of object systems and their features;
form ideological positions;
Equipment:
computer,
board
projector
Software
presentation
multimedia projector, computer
Lesson type:
explanatory and demonstration
During the classes
1. Organizational moment
Checking those present in the lesson, preparing students for the lesson.
2. Checking homework
1. Textbook: §1.7.
2. Workbook: visual check of task completion: p. 2526 No. 41.42
3. Repetition of past material
1. Give the concept of “Black box”
2. Give an example of interaction between the system and the environment. Specify inputs and outputs
systems.
1
7th grade________6th lesson ______ Personal computer as a system Lesson date__________
4. Learning new material
One of the objects that, you and I
we look at it in computer science lessons -
This is a PC, so today we will look at
PC as a system.
Parts,
Let's remember:
the system is a whole
consisting of parts that are interconnected
between themselves.
forming
system are called its elements, i.e.
A PC consists of certain parts, with
with which he can perform
some actions
namely
work with information efficiently.
If we look at the PC system then
we can distinguish 3 subsystems in it:
hardware, software,
informational resources. OS is the most
main PC program.
Application programs - creation
images, texts, videos.
Tools – development
other programs
to be
fulfill our requirements.
The PC is part of the “Human” system
pc", so that a person can
work fine on a PC, I could use it
understand,
there must be means
which provide interconnection
between system objects – this is an object –
person, object – PC. Facilities,
providing interconnection between
man and computer is
interface.
2
7th grade________6th lesson ______ Personal computer as a system Lesson date__________
The interface can be divided into 4 groups.
If the PC showed us information
such as he sees, i.e. 101000, we
they wouldn't understand anything. Thanks to
there is a wasp, a cat. convert 101100 to the form,
familiar to us, we can do fine
work on a PC.
5. Generalization of new material
provision
PC – system – including
hardware subsystems,
software
And
information resources.
PC is a subsystem of the human system
computer".
Interconnectivity Tools
between the objects of this system,
called an interface.
The user interface is
human-computer interaction.
6. Consolidation of new material
Workbook: p. 35 No. 48
7. Test
Evaluation criteria:
13 – 049% 2
4 5070% 3
5 (7185%) 4
67 (86 – 100%) – 5
3
7th grade________6th lesson ______ Personal computer as a system Lesson date__________
Part 2:
Test 1
Option 1.
1. Finish
perceived by a person as a single whole is called ... "
sentence: “Any part of the surrounding reality,
concept
object
subject
system
2. Mark single object names:
machine
birch
Moscow
Baikal
Pushkin A.S.
Windows XP
operating system
keyboard trainer
3. Mark operating system objects:
Desktop
window
folder
file
computer
5. Specify the relationship for the “processor and system unit” pair:
is an element of the set
included in
is a variety
is the reason
6. Mark the natural systems:
solar system
football team
mathematical language
plant
computer
automobile
properties
dimensions
behavior
state
actions
7. Specify the subsystems included in the system " Hardware personal
computer":
input devices
4
2. Note the common object names:
concept
object
subject
system
machine
birch
Moscow
Baikal
Pushkin A.S.
Windows XP
operating system
keyboard trainer
3. Label the classroom objects:
Desktop
window
folder
file
computer
properties
behavior
state
possibilities
actions
is an element of the set
included in
is a variety
is the reason
7th grade________6th lesson ______ Personal computer as a system Lesson date__________
storage devices
operating system
application programs
Option 2.
Complete the sentence: “A whole, consisting of parts that are interconnected,
called..."
4. Mark the signs that may be indicated in the message about the object:
5. Specify the relationship for the pair " graphics editor and MS Paint":
6. Mark technical systems:
Solar system
football team
mathematical language
plant
computer
automobile
7. Indicate the subsystems included in the “Software” system
personal computer."
We looked at various computer devices separately. Now we can discuss what a personal computer is as a system in which these devices are present.
Open Architecture Principle
Talking about design computer systems, the principle of open architecture is often mentioned, which implies establishing a standard for the way a computer operates and its configuration, that is, the hardware that makes up the computer and the connections between them. The implementation of this principle in practice makes it possible to assemble computers from individual parts that can be manufactured by a wide variety of companies.
In order for the computer to be easily upgraded or supplemented with new devices over time, it has special internal slots into which the user can insert a variety of devices ( new hard disk, modem, additional memory, etc.). Thus, you can always achieve the desired computer configuration - in accordance with the specifics of its use.
Connecting computer devices
Assuming that it is possible to assemble a computer from various devices, it is necessary to make certain assumptions about how these devices will be able to interface, that is, what their interface will be (English interface - pairing). An interface is a means of connecting two devices, in which all physical and logical parameters are consistent with each other. In our case, to connect computer devices to each other, we must require that they have the same interface.
An interface approved at the level of international agreements is called standard.
Each of the functional elements (memory, monitor or other device) is associated with a bus of a certain type - address, control or data bus.
To coordinate interfaces when connecting peripheral devices, controllers, adapters and ports are used.
Controllers and adapters are electronic circuits, which ensure compatibility of interfaces of various computer devices. Controllers, in addition, control peripheral devices based on processor requests.
Device ports are also electronic circuits that contain one or more I/O registers and allow connection peripherals computer to external processor buses.
In addition, the term port is used when talking about devices standard interface: serial, parallel and game ports (or simply interfaces).
The serial port is usually used to connect relatively “slow” or fairly remote devices (for example, a mouse or modem). Faster devices (for example, a printer or scanner) are connected to the parallel port. A joystick is connected through the game port. The keyboard and monitor have their own specialized ports (regular connectors).
The main electronic components that determine the processor architecture are located on the main computer board, which is called the system or motherboard.
computer hardware electronic processor
Personal computer as a system
One of the objects discussed in computer science lessons, is a personal computer. It can be considered as a system consisting of subsystems “hardware”, “software”, “information resources”(Fig. 1.20).
The hardware subsystem acts as a supersystem for input, processing, storage and output devices.
operating system - software subsystem and supersystem, which includes system and utility programs.
Information resource system includes text and graphic files, sound files, files with video information, etc.
Personal Computer is part of the human-computer system. The means that provide interconnection between the objects of this system are called an interface. There are hardware, software, hardware-software and user interfaces.
Hardware interface- interaction between computer devices; provided by the manufacturers of this equipment.
Software interface- interaction (compatibility) of programs with each other, as well as software and information resources; provided by software developers.
Hardware-software and user interface provided by the computer operating system.
Hardware-software interface- interaction between computer hardware and software.
User interface- human-computer interaction. The menu-based user interface offers the ability to select a control command from a menu (list of commands). IN graphical interface computer objects are represented by small pictures (icons). Select the desired icon using the mouse. In addition to icons, texts (for tooltips) and menus (for selecting commands) are also used. The three-dimensional interface allows navigation in three-dimensional computer space. By pointing the mouse at the door of the virtual museum, you can enter it. In the virtual hall you can look around, approach any painting and examine it in more detail. This interface replicates the real world.
Briefly about the main thing
Personal Computer- a system that includes subsystems of hardware, software and information resources.
Personal Computer- subsystem of the “human-computer” system. The means that provide interconnection between the objects of this system are called an interface.
User interface- human-computer interaction. It is provided by the operating system.
Questions and tasks
1. Which systems include the “computer” subsystem? For which systems is a computer a supersystem?
2. Name the supersystem for the “printer” object. What is the relationship between the objects “printer” and “inkjet printer”?
3. What is an interface? List the types of interface.
4. What do you know about user interface?
5. How do you understand the meaning of the phrase: “Operating room Windows system provides the same user interface when working with different objects"?
6. Specify the inputs and outputs for the computer system.
Test No. 1
on the topic “Objects and systems”
Part A
A1. Finish the sentence: “Any part of the surrounding reality, perceived by a person as a single whole, is called...”
1. concept
2. object
3. subject
4. system
A2. Note single object names:
1. car
2. birch
3. Moscow
4. Baikal
5. Pushkin A.S.
6. operating system
7. keyboard trainer
8.Windows XP
A3. Mark operating system objects:
1. desktop
2. window
3. folder
4. file
5. computer
A4. Mark the signs that may be indicated in the message about the object:
1. properties
2. sizes
3. behavior
4. condition
5. Actions
A5. Specify the relationship for the “processor and system unit” pair:
1. is an element of the set
2. included
3. is a variety
4. is the reason
A6. Check out the natural systems:
1. Solar system
2. football team
3. plant
4. computer
5. car
6. mathematical language
A7. Specify the subsystems included in the “Personal Computer Hardware” system:
1. information input devices
2. storage devices
3. operating system
4. application programs
Part B
1. Fill in the table with the following words: thunder, PC work, disk drive, monitor, lightning, drawing, printer, text printing.
2. Give the most specific common name to each group of objects
a) Cuba, Haiti, Chile, Peru
b) Nile, Congo, Danube, Rhine
c) Joystick, scanner, mouse, keyboard, light pen.
3. For the properties of each of the objects below, indicate the name (value) and value
4. Make a diagram of the varieties:
Printer, optical, laser, inkjet, monitor, matrix, raster, liquid crystal (LCD), mouse, ballpoint, PC devices.
ROUTING LESSON CONSTRUCTION
Item :Computer science
Class
Lesson topic :
Personal computer as a system
The purpose of the lesson:
1) expand and generalize schoolchildren’s ideas about systems of objects;
2) give an idea of a personal computer as a system;
3) master new techniques for creating graphic objects.
Lesson type:
Lesson on learning new material
Means to achieve the goal:
Using technology for developing critical thinking in the lesson, using active notes to navigate students’ actions
Planned results :
Subject
Metasubject
Personal
Students will learn:
Introduce about a personal computer as a system, supersystems and subsystems of a PC;
name the main devices of a personal computer and their current characteristics;
Analyze surrounding objects from the point of view of a systems approach;
Understand the purposes of the main devices of a personal computer;
Understand the role of the computer in the life of a modern person,
Understand the implications of computer skills for school and life;
Understand the need to use a systematic approach in life.
Lesson problem:
Students have difficulty in
The main idea of the lesson:
Basic concepts taught in class
System, supersystem, interface.
Type of ICT tools used in the lesson
PC, multimedia projector, multimedia presentation
Educational Internet resources
ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE OF THE LESSON
1. STAGE – CHALLENGE Main tasks of the stage:
1. Updating existing knowledge and methods of action;
2. Arousing interest in receiving new information;
3. The student sets his own learning goals
Teacher activities
1. Teacher's introduction
1. Since this topic completes the “Objects and Systems” section, a test work is carried out at the beginning of the lesson for 5-7 minutes.
2. Work on formulating the lesson problem.
Questions:
1. P List the main devices of a computer.
2. What additional (peripheral) devices can be connected to the computer?
3. What data can be processed using a computer and what is needed for this?
4. What is the system effect when operating a PC?
Conclusion:
The computer is complex object, consisting of many devices, programs are required for its operation, which means it can be considered ------
Hence the topic of our lesson:
State the objectives of the lesson:
To know
Learn
Understand
Student activities
1. Students take the test, check it, give points.
2. Formulation of the lesson problem:
Students answer the teacher's questions:
1. System unit, monitor, keyboard, mouse, processor and memory;
2. Printer, video camera, projector, scanner and other devices;
3. You can process numerical, graphic, text and multimedia data using programs;
4. Each part or program individually does not have the same property that the entire “personal computer” system has, namely, to work and process information.
As a system;
Lesson topic " Personal computer as a system"
Students formulate goals:
- How does a personal computer system work?
- identify PC supersystems and subsystems
- What is an interface and what are its types?
2. STAGE Problematic explanation of new knowledge
stage task: Active work with various sources of information: active notes, textbooks, Internet materials, aimed at solving the problem of the lesson.
Teacher activities
How a personal computer functions as a system, let’s find out what in a PC serves as a supersystem and what as a subsystem.
Chat with the textbook. Find out what an interface is and what its types are. Do the exercise.
Complete the task on your computer:
Student activities
Video
Read the textbook on p. 40-41, perform № 71 , explain the task, check their answers with the correct template for filling out the diagram, assign points.
Etc. No. 5 Task No. 6
3. STAGE Reflection
The stage of reflection (thinking) allows students to consolidate new knowledge and rebuild their primary understanding of the material being studied. Thus, there is a holistic comprehension and “appropriation” of new knowledge, the formation of one’s own attitude towards the material being studied.
Teacher activities
Was it easy for you or were there difficulties?
What did you do best and without mistakes?
Which task was the most interesting and why?
Were you able to achieve the goals you set for yourself at the beginning of the lesson?
How would you rate your work?
Questions for consolidation.
What devices are included? system unit?
What processor characteristics do you know?
What is clock speed?
What is the processor bit size?
What is the difference between RAM and external memory.
Why hard disks called "Winchesters"?
Grade – average score for all tasks in the lesson
Student activities
4. STAGE Homework. Textbook: §6 RT: No. 69, 73
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