Although liquid crystal panels have long ceased to be a dream, even when using the most modern technologies There are defects that can greatly spoil the mood of a perfect purchase. In order to be completely satisfied with the purchased product, you need to check the TV for dead pixels when purchasing.

Today, liquid crystal displays are not something unusual or extraordinary. On the contrary, in addition to televisions, they are present in many devices: computer monitors, phones, cameras, navigators and other similar equipment. LCD basis or LCD technology are liquid crystals. After light from lamps or LEDs passes through a layer of crystals, a corresponding picture appears on the screen.

The matrix of a color TV is a huge number of tiny indivisible rectangular or round cells called pixels. In turn, each such object consists of red, green and blue subpixels. It is these colors, or rather their combinations, that are considered the basis of color television. The simultaneous lighting of all pixels forms a complete image on the screen. Moreover, the more pixels, the clearer the picture. If you look closely at the display, you can easily see the three colored areas of these objects.

The concept of dead pixels, the reasons for their appearance

The number of pixels on the display is so huge that it is almost impossible to guarantee their 100% serviceability. Often on the screen you can see dots glowing in one color, completely motionless, which even with a change in the TV image do not change color or location. It is these objects that are commonly called dead pixels. They can be black, white and colored. There are two reasons for the occurrence of these defects: imperfect technology and ordinary manufacturing defects.

Dead pixels occur in two layers: liquid crystals and thin-film transistors.


After the transistor that controls the liquid crystals fails, black (“dead”) dots appear, indicating non-functioning cells. Subsequent management of these crystals is simply impossible. Such defects are most visible on a light background. Some experts consider it impossible to “treat” them, others argue that using a laser it is possible to partially return the pixel to its working condition.

The second reason is the subpixel frozen in one position. This problem appears in the liquid crystal layer. Such a “stuck” object appears on the display as a white (burning) or colored dot. To eliminate this defect, you can use special programs or carry out a series of physical manipulations. There are cases when dead pixels, after some time, disappear on their own.

Thus, when choosing an LCD TV, it is not enough to pay attention to its appearance, the presence of numerous functions, ports, connectors. It is also important to check the device for matrix defects. Let's try to figure out how to check a TV before buying and protect yourself from purchasing low-quality equipment.

Allowable number of dead pixels

You can often see a picture in stores when a buyer tries to return a newly purchased TV after discovering defects on the screen, in particular, dead pixels. For the sake of truth, we note that usually a dispute between a store and a buyer ends not in favor of the latter. To avoid getting into an unpleasant situation, we recommend choosing a TV very responsibly. In particular, it is worth knowing how to check an LCD TV at a retail outlet when purchasing for dead pixels, and become familiar with certain standards, according to which displays are divided into four classes.

How to check a TV in a retail chain

The information in the table indicates that first class products are completely devoid of dead pixels. The cost of a product depends on its class.

The picture is formed on the screen by all pixels of the display. For example, Full HD resolution (1920 x 1080) involves more than two million pixels. Knowing the acceptable standards for dead pixels and methods of checking for such defects, it is not difficult to choose high-quality equipment.


Device testing can also be done using special programs by connecting the TV to a computer or laptop. Often the buyer does not have a computer at hand, so it is extremely difficult to carry out such manipulations in the store. Many stores now offer paid service to check screens for defects. What to do in this case, should you agree or should you still try to cope with this work on your own?

The easiest way is to visually inspect the screen at close range for the presence of a dot glowing in a different color. An ordinary magnifying glass will be a reliable assistant in this check. Detection of black dots is possible when a white field is applied to the screen. To find white spots, just make the screen dark. Finding defective color subpixels can be made easier by changing the screen color one by one.

It is important to remember that some defects do not appear immediately, but only after the matrix is ​​heated. Pictures in the form of colored stripes, grids, and checkerboard fills will also help you quickly find malfunctioning subpixels that stand out from the general background.

If you are planning to purchase new equipment, first of all, study the relevant information, in particular, how to check the TV when purchasing it in a store. To carry out testing, you need to select special images and videos. They contain special pictures of different colors that appear alternately on the screen. Then write this information onto a flash drive, and then go get the TV. Videos are usually accompanied by music, which allows you to simultaneously check the quality of the acoustics.

Many today prefer new generation devices with Ultra HD resolution (3840 x 2160). They are characterized by excellent color saturation, ideal transition from one shade to another, the ability to adapt any format in 4K, excellent sound, a variety of additional functions. To check a 4k TV when purchasing, you need to use pictures with the appropriate resolution.

Is it possible to “cure” dead pixels?

Often, defects on the display appear during operation. Black dots, as mentioned earlier, cannot be removed on your own. As for colored pixels, there are two ways to get rid of them: physical treatment and hardware massage.

The first method involves using a regular cotton swab to massage the damaged area where the “stuck” pixel is located. Such manipulations are carried out in a circular motion with the device turned off. This method cannot be called completely safe, because careless movement not only will not save you, on the contrary, it may add to trouble.

The second method is to use special programs that are easy to find on the Internet. BadCrystal – does not always cope with the task, however, it’s worth a try. Practice shows that it removes stuck spots within a few minutes or a couple of days. The JScreenFix program is no less popular today. She not only finds the defect, but also eliminates it. Operating time from 20 minutes to 10 hours.

Thus, armed with the necessary test kit, you can safely head to the store for a new TV. Rush when checking the device is unacceptable. The test should be completed slowly, examining each section of the screen step by step.


Purchasing a computer, laptop or other gadget is a responsible undertaking. Even new technology can have obvious and hidden defects. Dead (or dead) pixels are a common malfunction that disrupts the integrity of the image on the display. If a single cell does not work, then a change in image quality is usually not detected by the naked eye. But if a group of pixels is damaged, then the perception of the picture is disrupted.

Defective pixels form a black, white or colored dot, which is distracting when working on a PC and interferes with watching videos. The reason for the formation of the defect is the malfunction of the matrix elements. In this regard, every potential buyer electronic device you need to know how to check your monitor for dead pixels.

Checking your monitor for defective pixels

Experts offer several ways to check your monitor for dead pixels. Let's consider the most reliable of them.

Monitor Inspection

The easiest way is to carefully inspect the screen. To visually determine whether there are defective pixels, do the following:

  • wipe the display to remove dust and possible fingerprints;
  • set the optimal resolution level;
  • using plain background(screen fill), alternately changing achromatic colors (white, black) and primary chromatic colors (red, yellow, blue, green).

Screen color changing function is provided software. So, for example, in the Windows 10 version, the color fill is done this way:

  • go to the “Settings” application, select the “Personalization” section;
  • set “Solid color” in the “Background” subsection;
  • click " Additional color", choosing a white or light gray shade from the color palette;
  • After clicking “Finish”, go to the “Taskbar” and enable the “Automatically hide the taskbar in desktop mode” function.

Each time you change the background, you should carefully inspect the monitor for blank or glowing dots. Their detection indicates matrix defects.

Using Utilities

When testing your monitor for dead pixels, you can use special utilities. Among the popular utilities for searching for dead pixels are:

IsMyLcdOK

Many experts consider IsMyLcdOK one of best utilities, designed to identify defective pixels. You can download the test program from the resource http://www.softwareok.com/?Download=IsMyLcdOK.
After the test utility is launched, you should press numbers from 1 to 9 on the keyboard. As you press the next number, the screen is filled with a certain color. If you look closely at the monitor, after 2–4 fills you can notice damaged pixels. The program is compatible with all Windows versions and takes up 30 KB, so it can be downloaded to a flash drive and then run on any computer.

Monitor test

The program, supported by all versions of Windows, allows you to quickly find dead pixels. To start testing, after launch you should change the fill color mode and change pictures. If desired, you can use automatic mode, simply by pressing the letter A on the keyboard. In auto mode, the pictures on the screen will change independently at certain intervals. You can download the test at https://dps.uk.com/software/dpt.

Online services

Online services are used to detect dead pixels. The principle of their operation is the same as that of utilities, but to check they need to be connected to the Internet, which is not a problem in specialized stores. During testing, the screen fill color also changes, and you only need to carefully monitor the image so as not to miss a possible defect.

Monteon

Among the popular online services is Monteon, located on the website http://monteon.ru. Using this service, you can conduct a universal monitor check. There are tests for sharpness, contrast, color rendition, and, of course, to search for dead pixels. The resource launch algorithm is as follows:
  • on home page Click the “Start” button, after which the full-screen viewing mode will open;
  • By clicking on the arrows or simply clicking in the center of the page, we scroll through the slides, carefully observing whether a black dot has appeared, which is a dead pixel.

CatLair

The CatLair website is very convenient for identifying dead pixels. Resource address: http://monitor.catlair.ru. In addition to searching for defective matrix cells, the online service makes a number of options available: color balancing, adjusting picture stability, and setting the display synchronization frequency. Testing is carried out as follows:
  • Having gone to the site page, press the F11 key to expand the window to fit the display;
  • By clicking sequentially on the icons on the control panel, you change the background images.

Each test is accompanied by detailed description indicating what to look for when checking.
There are other utilities and online services that you can use to diagnose your monitor. As you have seen, checking the integrity of the matrix yourself when purchasing an electronic device is not at all difficult.

The user consumes information through a monitor or laptop screen, so the presence of defects on it is unacceptable. The monitor itself is a fairly simple device, but at the same time quite fragile. The main trouble that a user may encounter when purchasing a monitor is the presence of dead pixels, that is, screen elements that are not capable of correctly transmitting colors. To avoid such a problem, you need to carefully check it when purchasing a monitor, and in this article we will look at how to do this.

Table of contents:

What is a pixel, what are dead pixels?

First we need to tell you a little theory. A pixel is the smallest part of the display that displays a picture. Depending on the display resolution and its diagonal, a pixel may be larger or smaller in terms of physical size.

Please note: Modern monitors can use several million pixels.

If one pixel or group of pixels is not working, the image on that part of the screen will not match the one sent to the monitor from system unit. There are several types of dead pixels:

  • Non-working. These pixels do not convey the image, and they are always black;
  • Stuck pixels. Most often these are pixels that are stuck in blue, red or green. They are not capable of working with RGB colors;
  • Constantly glowing pixels. These are pixels that are constantly lit in white.

Please note: Sometimes not just one pixel fails, but a group of pixels in a horizontal or vertical stripe, or “squares” of pixels, for example, 5 by 5 or 10 by 10 elements.

Why is it important to check your monitor for dead pixels when purchasing?

When purchasing a new monitor or laptop, be sure to immediately check for dead pixels in the store. This is due to the fact that if you discover such a defect after purchase, it is far from certain that you can return the monitor under warranty. The fact is that there is a standard ISO13406-2, which determines the permissible number of defective pixels for monitors of various classes.

This standard provides for the release to the market of monitors in 4 quality classes. Most best class– the first, the worst – the fourth.

Please note: Almost all mass-produced monitors are produced according to the second quality class, respectively, according to the standardISO13406-2 implies the presence of dead pixels.

According to standard ISO13406-2, the following number of non-functioning or malfunctioning pixels in monitors of various classes per one million pixels in the panel is allowed:

  • 1st quality class. There should be no defective pixels at all;
  • Quality class 2. No more than 2 permanently lit white pixels, 2 permanently off black pixels, 5 pixels with other defects are allowed;
  • Quality class 3. No more than 5 permanently lit white pixels, 15 permanently non-lit black pixels, 50 pixels with other defects are allowed;
  • Quality class 4. No more than 50 permanently lit white pixels, 150 permanently non-lit black pixels, and 500 pixels with other defects are allowed.

It is worth noting that the acceptable value of defective pixels does not mean that they are necessarily present on a monitor of one class or another. The quality class of a monitor according to accepted standards is determined by the device manufacturer itself. Depending on what class it determines, additional warranty obligations are imposed on it.

How to check your monitor for dead pixels

When purchasing equipment in a store, you always have the opportunity to check it right on the spot, and in a situation with a monitor, this definitely needs to be done. There are special applications that allow you to check your monitor for defective pixels. Programs are available, both standalone and presented on various sites.

The principle of operation of all programs for checking the screen for dead pixels is identical. The entire working area of ​​the display is filled with a single color, a group of colors or a gradient, which allows you to see dead pixels if they are present on the monitor. Let's look at the main programs and sites that can be used for such a check.

Programs for checking your monitor for dead pixels

If you buy a monitor in a store, it is better to first record one of the programs described above on a flash drive in order to perform an on-site test.

Dead Pixel Tester

One of the most famous free applications to check your monitor for dead pixels. To use Dead Pixel Tester you need to:


Among the program’s capabilities, it should be noted that the function of changing modes can be set to a timer; to do this, you need to check the “Auto Color Cycle” box and set the time in milliseconds. After this, the modes will change automatically.

Another feature of the program is the creation of a limited area on the screen with constantly changing colors. To create it, you need to click on the “Exerciser” button, after which the corresponding square area will be created. It can be dragged with the left mouse button. If there is any doubt that there is a dead pixel in some part of the monitor, this tool helps to verify this.

IsMyLcdOk

IsMyLcdOk is another application that does a good job of diagnosing dead monitor pixels. The program also does not require installation and can be easily downloaded for free on the Internet. The application weighs very little and works extremely simply.

When you first launch the IsMyLcdOk program, information will appear that describes what you should click to perform the test. To return to the instructions after starting the diagnostics, you will need to press F1.

To test, select the mode using the buttonsF2-F5. Among the monitor test modes available in the IsMyLcdOk program:

  • Check BitBlt MB/sec;
  • Painted rectangles;
  • Painted stripes;
  • Durability testing;
  • Vertical lines;
  • Horizontal lines.

In addition to special modes, it is also possible to simply switch colors or gradients.

Sites for checking your monitor for dead pixels

If you don’t want to download a program to your computer to check your monitor, you can use sites with similar functionality. Let's consider a couple of options.

Please note: Sites for checking the screen for dead pixels are convenient to use, for example, when testing tablets or smartphones.

Monteon

A simple and functional service for testing your monitor for dead pixels.

To use the service you must:


To finish testing the monitor with the service, click on the house icon in the lower left corner of the screen.

Please note: ServiceMonteon, unlike the programs discussed above, has a mode in which looped video is shown. IN this mode You can check the pixel color refresh rate.

Vanity Monitor Test

Quite an old, but well-proven service that allows you to test your monitor. For this service to work, you will need to have it on your computer. Adobe Flash Player, which can be considered its disadvantage. To start testing, you need to click “HTML Windows”.

The choice of operating mode in the Vanity Monitor Test program is carried out through the drop-down menu at the top.

Treatment of dead monitor pixels

Dead pixels on the screen are not always a death sentence. In some cases it is possible to get rid of them and make them function again standard mode. There are several ways to do this:


If none of the above methods helped restore the dead pixel, you will have to put up with it or replace the monitor.

LG's program for replacing monitors with defective pixels is called Zero Bright Dot. Its essence is that if at least one bright dot appears on a monitor of the premium series Lx40, Lx60, Lx70, Lx80 or Mx80, then such a monitor is subject to warranty repair - replacing the matrix or replacing the monitor (the decision is made by the service center). Moreover this rule valid throughout the entire warranty period for LG monitors, i.e. three years.

For all other models there are tolerances for defective points (see slide). Here they are stricter than the generally accepted ISO 13406-2 standard, and guarantee LG monitor users a higher quality product than competitors. Information on tolerances is available in printed and in electronic format at all sellers and retail stores, which sell displays manufactured by LG Electronics.

The program is valid for three years from the date of purchase of the monitor, i.e. during the entire warranty period. This applies to premium series monitors, in which not a single bright point is allowed, and to all other monitors according to LG rules.

If found defective pixels the buyer can contact any of more than 100 authorized LG service centers in our country. Deadlines warranty repair for LG products correspond to those specified in the Law of Ukraine “on the protection of consumer rights” - i.e., a maximum of 14 days from the date of the buyer’s request. As a rule, LG Electronics service centers carry out repairs in a shorter time - within a few days.

"Ingress"

Alexey Kichaty, product manager of Ingress LLC

As such, neither NEC Display Solutions nor BenQ have a marketing program regarding defective pixels. But since the problem of dead pixels is very important when selling monitors, our company has a flexible approach to solving it in each specific case. This could be either a monitor replacement or an additional discount. Fortunately, due to the high quality of LCD panels, such cases are very rare.

All NEC and BenQ monitors comply with the ISO 13406-2 standard for LCD panels, which describes the acceptable number and location of defective pixels and sub-pixels on a panel. Briefly about pixels and subpixels, which are very often confused - how to distinguish them? All LCD panels are made up of pixels, each with three sub-pixels (red, green, blue). There are three types of problems:

  • constantly glowing pixels (white) are white dots on all colors;
  • “dead” pixels (black) – black dots on all colors;
  • defective red, blue and green subpixels - when one of the pixel elements does not work, the dot can change color depending on the background, the formation of the required color is disrupted.

According to this classification, all monitors are divided into four classes. In the first, not a single problematic pixel or subpixel is allowed, and if the manufacturer rates its product 1st class, then the presence of even one point is the basis for a service replacement of the monitor. But class 1 panels are very rare.

All NEC and BenQ monitors are Class 2 rated. According to the standard, the presence of either 2 problematic pixels of types 1 and 2, or up to 5 problematic subpixels per 1 million pixels is allowed. Classes 3 and 4 of panels allow for an even greater number of problematic pixels and subpixels.

Since a “flexible” approach to resolving such issues has already been mentioned, our only condition is that the buyer contacts us within a week; after this period, all “pixel” problems are resolved only through service centers. One of the features of LCD matrices is that if problem pixels are absent when the monitor is first turned on and do not appear within an hour (when the panel warms up), then the likelihood of them appearing in the future without physical impact on the matrix is ​​very small.

It is worth noting that we try to resolve similar issues regarding all models of NEC and BenQ monitors. The buyer can contact the seller within a week or upon completion of the examination period for the admissibility of the number and location of points, which is carried out service center. Technical examination does not take much time either with us or at the service center: there are special tables of acceptable defects, and a conclusion can be issued within one hour. If the inspection was carried out by a service center, then if the acceptable number of points is exceeded, it issues a certificate indicating the need to replace the product, upon presentation of which the buyer can receive a new monitor on the same day.

ViewSonic

Andrey Lunev, regional service manager for the CIS, ViewSonic Europe Limited

A new program aimed at familiarizing consumers with the terms of warranty exchange of LCD monitors in case of detection of defective pixels is called Zero Bright Dot for professional VP series monitors.

Given that the percentage of our monitors with defective pixels is close to zero, ViewSonic provides an additional quality guarantee for our VP Series models.

Our displays meet the requirements international standard ISO13406-2 (class 2). Striving to better meet customer needs, ViewSonic delivers the highest quality products in the industry. Therefore, our LCD displays usually have very few dead pixels. For example, an 18-inch SXGA (1280x1024) display contains almost 4 million subpixels, and if any particular example has seven defective pixels, then this is an extremely small fraction (only 0.00018%) of the total number of subpixels:

(1280 pixels horizontal)×(1024 pixels vertical)×(3 subpixels per pixel) = 3,932,160 subpixels

7 defective subpixels / 3,932,160 subpixels×100% = 0.00018%

In order to guarantee highest quality of its displays, ViewSonic sets a maximum acceptable number of defective pixels. The company accepted following criteria Determination of the number of defective pixels in relation to its three-year warranty (this policy applies to all ViewSonic LCD displays for the entire warranty period):

For 14- and 15-inch LCDs, ViewSonic sets the limit at 4 non-bombing subpixels, 4 non-bombing subpixels, or a combination of 4 subpixels of both.

For 17- to 19-inch LCDs, ViewSonic sets the limit at 7 non-bombing subpixels, 7 non-bombing subpixels, or a combination of 7 subpixels of both.

For 20-inch and larger LCDs, ViewSonic sets the limit at 10 non-bombing subpixels, 10 non-bombing subpixels, or a combination of 10 subpixels of both. No defective pixels are allowed.

Within 15 days from the date of purchase, the buyer can exchange the monitor even if dark background Only one subpixel is constantly lit. The limited return period is established because 99% of image defects appear after one normal thermal cycle (that is, after the display has been in use, then turned off and on again - heating, cooling, heating).

The introduction of the Zero Bright Dot guarantee creates an additional advantage for the VP series. If defective pixels are detected, the buyer must contact the service center. Technical examination and warranty exchange usually take one day.

Samsung

Andrey Leiko, customer support manager

The terms of the Zero Bright Dot promotion provide the following: Samsung Electronics undertakes to replace the monitor to the user if at least one bright defective subpixel (red, green, blue or white) is detected within two weeks from the date of purchase of the Samsung TFT monitor (models SyncMaster 172X, 173P, 173P+, 193P, 193P+).

There are two types of defective subpixels: bright and dark. If you display a white field on the screen and subpixels are visible on it, then these are dark. If subpixels are visible on a black field (white, red, green or blue), then they are light. When a subpixel turns out to be partially dark or luminous, it is also considered defective and is taken into account in the specification. For example, for 17" Samsung monitors(except for Zero Bright Dot Warranty models) it is acceptable to have 3 bright and 5 dark subpixels, but not more than 5 in total. However, even the presence of only 3 bright subpixels on the monitor screen may be considered unacceptable by Samsung if they are located at a distance of less than 15 mm from each other. An opinion on the acceptability of defective subpixels is given by any authorized Samsung service center from our most extensive network (there are more than two dozen of them in Kyiv alone).

The Zero Bright Dot guarantee provides the ability to replace the monitor (SyncMaster 172X, 173P, 173P+, 193P, 193P+ models) within 14 days from the date of purchase if at least one bright subpixel is detected. Samsung's usual three-year warranty continues.

In case of detection of defective pixels falling under the terms of the Zero Bright Dot Warranty, the buyer can contact either the seller or an authorized Samsung service center. A technical report can be issued immediately or within any period of up to 14 days from the moment the device arrives at the service center, it depends on the complexity of the procedure for determining the defect.

Defective pixels

In matrix devices consisting of a large number of identical cells, such as computer displays, it is not uncommon to encounter image defects that appear on only one cell or a small group of cells. The most common defects:

Damaged LCD monitor pixel Nikon camera Coolpix 3100, magnification about 20x

"Defective pixels"(also “dead” or “bad” pixels, the official name is defective pixels, English defective pixels) - a defect in an electronic device that perceives or reproduces an image and has a pixel structure. It manifests itself in the immutability of the output signal (luminance brightness in the case of a monitor, data in a digital file in the case of) several pixels.

"Hot pixels"(English) hot pixels) - a defect in which the value of the output signal has an incorrect dependence on the input, or the output signal is most dependent on other factors (temperature, the value of neighboring pixels).

"Dependent pixels"- a slang term meaning the dependence of a particular pixel on the value of its surroundings. Typically not noticeable in realistic images. Can only be detected on the monitor by a “checkerboard” fill or “grid”.

The reason for the appearance of such a defect is a malfunction of the matrix element, in the case of a “dead pixel” - a constant malfunction. Since manufacturing a matrix is ​​an expensive and time-consuming process, and it can be checked for malfunctions only after complete production, manufacturers try to reject products as rarely as possible, classifying them according to test results into one of the quality classes.

For electronic storage devices ( random access memory, flash memory) the term “bad cell”, “bad cell”, “bad block” is traditionally used, since, unlike photographic and display devices, there is no obvious connection with the location of the defect in the image.

“Dead pixels” on photographic matrices

In the case of a matrix of a digital camera, video camera, scanner, document camera or other image-perceiving device, the output signal value is the numerical value of the corresponding pixel in the digital camera file. Overwhelmingly digital cameras masking of “dead pixels” is provided by interpolating their values ​​from neighboring ones (thereby turning them into “dependent”).

By most manufacturers, the presence of no more than 3 (some - 5) dead pixels is not considered a matrix defect.

The presence of a “line” of hot pixels, as well as groups of closely spaced hot pixels, is considered a matrix defect.

“Dead pixels” on monitors

The ISO 13406-2 standard establishes 4 quality classes for monitors according to permissible number dead pixels. Monitor sellers also set a certain threshold for their product, usually corresponding to one of the classes. Monitors with a higher number of dead pixels are considered defective and must be replaced. On modern monitors with a TN film matrix, which is most susceptible to this disease, “hot” pixels are removed by the “remap” procedure (turning off individual pixels).

You can check your monitor for dead pixels by carefully inspecting the image, changing its solid fill to black, white, red, green, blue (in the Nokia Test program - the Color icon). The absence of “dots” of a different color in such a sequence certainly indicates the absence of dead pixels.

To make sure there are no “hot” and “dependent” pixels, it is additionally recommended to fill the monitor with “checkerboard”, as well as a mesh (in the Nokia Test program - the Moire icon, that is, moire).

“Dead pixels” in the video card

In some cases, defective video memory cells on the video card of a computer or other electronic device with a similar method for creating video images create a “dead pixel” effect on any type of monitor. Since usually only one bit is faulty, characteristic feature Such a defect is its dependence on the applied video resolution, the color depth of a given video mode and the pixel color.

Links


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