In order to store information for a long time and transfer it from one storage medium to another, devices on hard drives, DVD, CD drives, flash drives, floppy drives.

A hard drive is a means of permanently storing information and programs on a computer.

Floppy disk is the principle of recording data on magnetic tapes. Such a device can hold information up to 600 pages of a text document.

The CD is an optical recording principle. You can even write down an encyclopedia, which contains many volumes. Flash memory is a device that does not require electrical power.

Many people wonder: what is used for long-term storage of information? So, the structure of my story is as follows:

1. what serves for long-term storage of information;
2. types of information.

What is used for long-term storage of information

The main information process is the process of storing information, that is, a method through which it is possible to transmit data across space and time. In order to save information for a long time, devices or devices are used that depend on the type of information being stored. To ensure orderliness this process, is the presence of information systems equipped with a procedure for searching, posting, and editing information. The main distinguishing feature of information systems is these key procedures.

Programmers determine: in order to save information for a long time, external storage devices should be used. This can be a storage device or media of every type imaginable.

Types of information

In addition to the above, it should be said about what types of information there are. So, the information could be as follows:

• text;
• pictorial;
• numerical;
• sound recording;
• video recording.

The most common way to save information today is the text type. Is it true, this method storage is not reliable and durable. Graphic, or pictorial type is the most ancient method of storing information; these are all kinds of diagrams, graphs and drawings.

electronic number processing device;
a device for storing information of any kind;
multifunctional electronic device for working with information;
device for processing analog signals.
2. Computer performance (speed of operations) depends on:
monitor screen size;
processor clock speed;
supply voltage;
speed of pressing the keys;
volume of information processed.
3. Processor clock speed is:
the number of binary operations performed by the processor per unit of time;
the number of cycles performed by the processor per unit of time;
number of possible processor calls to random access memory per unit of time;
speed of information exchange between the processor and I/O device;
speed of information exchange between the processor and ROM.
4. A mouse is a device:
entering information;
modulation and demodulation;
reading information;
to connect the printer to your computer.
5. The permanent storage device is used for:
storing the user program during operation;
records of particularly valuable application programs;
storing constantly used programs;
storing computer boot programs and testing its nodes;
permanent storage of particularly valuable documents.
6. For long-term storage of information the following is used:
RAM;
CPU;
magnetic disk;
drive.
7. Storing information on external media differs from storing information in RAM:
the fact that information can be stored on external media after the computer is turned off;
volume of information storage;
the ability to protect information;
ways to access stored information.
8. During performance application programs stored:
in video memory;
in the processor;
in RAM;
in ROM.
9. When the computer is turned off, the information is erased:
from RAM;
from ROM;
on a magnetic disk;
on CD.
10. A floppy drive is a device for:
command processing executable program;
reading/writing data from external media;
storing commands of the executable program;
long-term storage of information.
11. To connect a computer to telephone network used:
modem;
plotter;
scanner;
Printer;
monitor.
12. Software control computer operation involves:
need to use operating system for synchronous operation of hardware;
execution by a computer of a series of commands without user intervention;
binary coding data on the computer;
using special formulas to implement commands in a computer.
13. The file is:
an elementary information unit containing a sequence of bytes and having a unique name;
an object characterized by name, value and type;
a set of indexed variables;
a set of facts and rules.
14. The file extension, as a rule, characterizes:
file creation time;
file size;
the space occupied by the file on the disk;
the type of information contained in the file;
file creation location.
15. Full path to the file: c:\books\raskaz.txt. What is the file name?
books\raskaz;.
raskaz.txt;
books\raskaz.txt;
txt.
16. The operating system is -
a set of basic computer devices;
language programming system low level;
software environment, defining the user interface;
a set of programs used for operations with documents;
programs for destruction computer viruses.
17. Programs for pairing computer devices are called:
loaders;
drivers;
translators;
interpreters;
compilers.
18. A system floppy disk is required for:
for emergency loading of the operating system;
file systematization;
storing important files;
treating your computer for viruses.
19. Which device has the highest speed of information exchange:
CD-ROM drive;
HDD;
floppy disk drive;
RAM;
processor registers?

1. Which of the following characteristics relate to RAM and which to external memory? a) Is

volatile.

e) More fast access.

g) Slower access.

2. Which one Memory V bytes will occupy the next binary

3. Volume text 1024 bits located in random access memory, starting from the byte with the number 10 . What will be the address last byte

4. List at least five devices you know external memory.

5. What difference disks CD- ROM, CD- RW And CD- R?

Urgently needed. Very. 1. Which of the following characteristics relate to RAM and which to external memory? A)

It is volatile.

b) Its volume is measured in tens and hundreds of gigabytes.

c) Used for long-term storage of information.

d) Its volume is measured in hundreds of megabytes or several gigabytes.

e) Faster access.

e) Used for temporary storage of information.

g) Slower access.

2. How much memory in bytes will the following binary code occupy: ? Explain your answer.

3. Text with a volume of 1024 bits is located in RAM, starting with byte number 10. What will be the address of the last byte that is occupied by this text?

4. List at least five external memory devices known to you.

5. What's the difference? CD-ROM drives, CD-RW and CD-R?

Homework No. 5 Topic: Computer memory 1. Which of the following characteristics relate to

operational, and which ones - to external memory?

a) It is volatile.

b) Its volume is measured in tens and hundreds of gigabytes.

c) Used for long-term storage of information.

d) Its volume is measured in hundreds of megabytes or several gigabytes.

e) Faster access.

e) Used for temporary storage of information.

g) Slower access.

2. Which one Memory V bytes will occupy the next binary code: ? Explain your answer.

3. Volume text 1024 bits located in random access memory, starting from the byte with the number 10 . What will be the address last byte, which is occupied by this text?

4. List at least five devices you know external memory.

And information. It’s clear that you want to save things like wedding photos or videos. long memory. However, how to do this?

Concept

Computer science determines that for long-term storage of information, that is, all possible storage devices and media that one can imagine. As you understand, there are different ways to ensure the safety and security of data. Let's determine what forms of information storage exist.

• Graphic/pictorial. The most ancient method, adapted for It appeared in prehistoric times in the form of cave paintings, went through the stage of painting and turned into the art of photography. In addition, information is presented graphically in the form of drawings and diagrams.
• Text. The most common method of storing data today. The most various books and records, libraries. If we talk about reliability, then this storage method is not only not protected from theft, but is also short-lived. The best preserved cookbooks are those that were originally printed on materials adapted to an aggressive environment.
• Next step after the invention of writing - mathematics , a numerical form of storing information. A fairly highly specialized area, it is used to determine the quantitative characteristics of any object in the surrounding space.
• Sound recording. The ability to store sounds only appeared in 1877 with the invention of sound recording devices.
• Video information. The next step in storage graphic information, which appeared with the creation of cinema.

Information processes

Under information processes imply search, storage, transmission, use and The main and primary matter is the preservation of data. What difference does it make whether we can receive or transmit information if we cannot store it?

The main one is the process of storing information. It is a way of transmitting data in space and time. For long-term storage of information, a device or device is used, depending on the type of data stored. To ensure orderliness of this process, use Information Systems. Any such system is equipped with procedures for searching, placing and input/output of data. Home distinctive feature information system is the presence of all these key procedures. For example, let's compare two libraries. The private library in your closet at home is not an information system, since only you can navigate it. On the other hand, a public city library, in which everything is organized according to card index and there are standardized procedures for issuing and receiving books, is undoubtedly a system.

Computer age

With the development of not even the computer, but the Internet, information systems are being modernized. The storage process has been simplified due to the possibility of converting it into digital form. And despite some people's beliefs that e-books or paintings do not carry a soul, this method of storing data is much more effective than others for long-term storage of information, and it includes all possible information, if only you can convert it into digital form.

Modernity

For long-term storage of information it is used Personal Computer and its external devices. They are divided into several types depending on the recording method.

• optical disks;
• hard disks;
• flash memory.

They have a wide variety of volumes and are best suited for transmitting and storing information. Hard disks designed for storing large amounts of data, but their reliability leaves much to be desired. And, of course, flash drives. They are a middle link between hard and optical drives; they provide storage of information in sufficient volumes and for a sufficiently long period of time, just do not get them wet. In any case, the storage method is up to you.

INTRODUCTION

Storage devices ( external memory) - computer components that allow you to store large amounts of information for an almost unlimited time without consuming electricity (non-volatile).

The first such devices for PCs were Floppy disk drives (FDD) and removable floppy disks - first five-inch (5.25") with a capacity of 360 KB and 1.2 MB, then three-inch (3.5") with a capacity of 1.44 MB. Currently rarely used due to the widespread use of flash memory devices with a capacity of several gigabytes.

A characteristic feature of external memory is that its devices operate with blocks of information, but not with bytes or words, as RAM allows. These blocks usually have a fixed size, a multiple of a power of 2. The block can be rewritten from internal memory to external memory or back only in its entirety, and to perform any exchange operation with external memory you need special procedure(subroutine). Exchange procedures with external memory devices are tied to the type of device, its controller and the method of connecting the device to the system (interface).

External memory is used for long-term storage of large amounts of information. In modern computer systems The most commonly used external memory devices are:

* hard drives magnetic disks(HDD)

* floppy magnetic disk drives (FMD)

* drives on optical disks

* magneto-optical storage media.

BASIC CONCEPTS

External memory is memory implemented in the form of devices external, relative to the motherboard, with different principles of information storage and types of media intended for long-term storage of information. In particular, everything is stored in external memory software computer. External memory devices can be located both in the computer system unit and in separate cases. Physically, external memory is implemented in the form of drives.

Drives are storage devices designed for long-term (which does not depend on power supply) storage of large volumes of information. The capacity of drives is hundreds of times greater than the capacity of RAM or even unlimited when it comes to drives with removable media.

A medium is a physical medium for storing information. appearance can be disk or tape. Based on the principle of storage, magnetic, optical and magneto-optical media are distinguished. Tape media can only be magnetic; disk media uses magnetic, magneto-optical and optical methods for recording and reading information.

CLASSIFICATION OF LONG-TERM INFORMATION STORAGE DEVICES

External storage devices are used as information storage devices, which are implemented in the form of appropriate technical means for storing information. All drives used in PCs are unified in design. Their standard sizes are standardized: the width and height of the devices are most strictly specified, the depth is limited only by the maximum permissible value. Such standardization is necessary to unify the structural compartments of PC cases.

External memory can be random access or sequential access. Random access memory devices allow access to an arbitrary block of data in approximately the same access time. Sequential memory devices allow data to be accessed sequentially, i.e. in order to count required block memory, it is necessary to read all previous blocks.

The following main types of memory devices are distinguished:

1. Hard magnetic disk drives (hard drives, HDDs) - non-removable hard magnetic disks. They refer to external storage devices with direct access to data and are divided into internal ones installed in system unit computer and external (portable) in relation to the system unit.

2. Floppy disk drives (floppy disk drives, floppy disk drives) - devices for writing and reading information from small removable magnetic disks (floppy disks), packaged in a plastic envelope (flexible for 5.25-inch floppy disks and hard for 3.5-inch floppy disks ). They refer to external storage devices with direct (random) access to data stored on a magnetic disk and are intended for long-term storage of relatively small amounts of information.

3. Optical disk storage devices are external storage devices with direct (random) access to data and are designed for long-term storage of relatively large volumes of information (hundreds of megabytes and tens of gigabytes).

4. Information storage devices based on flash memory are external storage devices with direct (random) access to data and are designed for long-term storage of relatively small amounts of information (several gigabytes).

5. Magnetic tape drives (MTL) - devices for reading data from magnetic tape, which belong to external storage devices with sequential access. Such drives are quite slow, although they have a large capacity. Modern devices for working with magnetic tapes - streamers - have an increased recording speed of 4-5 MB per second. There are also devices that allow you to record digital information on video cassettes, which allows you to store 2 GB of information on 1 cassette. Magnetic tapes are commonly used to create data archives for long-term storage of information.

6. Punched cards - cards made of thick paper and punched tape - reels of paper tape on which information is encoded by punching (punching) holes. Serial access devices are used to read data.

Currently, devices with sequential access to GPS data are obsolete and are not used, so we will not consider them in detail.

Topic No. 2. Technical means information storage

Target: Give basic concepts of the physical and logical organization of data storage on a personal computer.

Learning Objectives: Familiarization with internal and external devices computers, the main means of storing documents.

Main questions of the topic:

1. The main devices used for long-term data storage on a PC.

2. Logical organization of data storage on magnetic disks.

3. Physical organization of data storage on magnetic disks.

Teaching and learning methods: seminar

Theoretical block

The main devices used for long-term data storage on a PC

Devices used to store information on a PC are external and are very diverse in design. If we use the type of medium (a medium is a material object capable of storing information) used to store information as a classification feature, then they can be divided into the following conditional categories.

Tape-type devices are called streamers.

Disk devices include – magnetic: hard magnetic disks (hard drives), floppy magnetic disks; optical: CD players CD-ROM, etc.

Let's take a closer look at disk devices.

Magnetic disks refer to magnetic computer storage media. As a storage medium, they use magnetic materials with special properties that allow them to record two magnetic states - two directions of magnetization. Each of these states is assigned binary digits: 0 and 1. Magnetic states are read from the disk by a special head. Magnetic disks are the most widely used storage devices on PCs. A device for reading and writing information on a magnetic disk is called a disk drive.

Let's look at floppy disk drives.

In a flexible magnetic disk, a magnetic layer is applied to a flexible substrate. In terms of size, flexible magnetic disks (floppy disks) come in two types: 3.5" and 5.25". Depending on the number of sides of the floppy disk used for recording and the recording density per side, they have the following markings and capacity:

DS/DD - Double Sides, Single Density, 360 KB.

DS/DD-Double Sides, Double Density, 720 KB.

DS/HD-Double Sides, High Density, 1440 KB.

In order for a floppy disk to be used for storing information, it must be formatted. Formatting a floppy disk is the process of writing special marks onto its surface that determine the location of information records on the disk and areas not suitable for recording, as well as other control information.

Hard disk drives or hard drives.

They are the main devices in a PC for long-term storage of information.
The name “Winchester” arose by chance in that the markings of the first drives coincided with the markings of the 30/30 caliber Winchester system carbine, which was very popular in America. Structurally, the “hard drive” is a sealed metal case in which there is a block that controls the electronics drive and a set of several disks made of aluminum or ceramics and coated with a layer of magnetic material, located on one rotating axis, which is driven by an electric motor, as well as Reading head block.

SCSI interface(Small Computer Systems Interface). Basic interface of small computer systems. Allows you to connect up to 7 devices various types: "hard drives"; scanners, etc. The data transfer speed ranges from 1.5-5 Mb/s. It is implemented in hardware for use in a PC in the form of an additional adapter inserted into the expansion slot of the motherboard. There is an upgraded version of SCSI - SCSI-2, depending on the modification, the data transfer rate is increased to 20-40 Mb/s.

IDE-ATA (Integrated Drive Electronics – AT Attachment) interface

Created in 1984 on the basis of SCSI in order to simplify and reduce the cost of the latter. It differs in that the electronics that control the interface are not on a separate adapter, but are located in the housing hard drive and on motherboard PC. The maximum number of connected devices is up to 4. It has several upgraded options that differ from each other in the maximum capacity of the drives used and the data transfer speed:

EIDE or ATA-2 drives with a capacity greater than 540 MB are supported. The maximum theoretical transfer speed is 11.1-16.6 Mb/s.

ATA-3 or UDMA-33 increased reliability of drives (SMART technology - Self Monitoring Analyzes And Report Technology - self-monitoring, analysis and reporting technology that allows drives to report their faults to the system and eliminate them). The theoretical data transfer speed has been increased to 33 Mb/s. The EIDE interface has become standard for PCs.

Storage media

Flash - memory– small-sized external memory, with a capacity of 128 MB to 4 GB, connected to the computer via a USB port.