Economic information
Information that serves the processes of production, distribution, exchange and consumption of material goods and provides solutions to the problems of managing the national economy and its links is called managerial.
Economic information(EI) is a collection of various economic information used for planning, accounting, control, analysis and management of the national economy and its units.
Types of economic information
· by management functions – accounting, planning, statistical, operational management, etc.;
· by place of origin – internal and external;
· by stage of education – primary and secondary;
· by presentation method – digital, alphanumeric, graphic;
· in terms of stability – variable, conditionally constant, constant;
· in completeness – insufficient, sufficient, excessive;
· in truth – reliable, unreliable;
· according to the time period of occurrence – periodic and non-periodic.
Structural units of EI – details, indicators, documents, arrays.
Requisites express certain properties of an object and are divided into attribute attributes and basis attributes.
Props-sign characterizes quality properties of the object (eg, full name of the performer, name of the work).
Props-base gives quantitative characteristic of an object, expressed in certain units of measurement (for example, the number of products in pieces, product price in rubles).
Details have names And values. The range of values is described by the format.
Format defines type and maximum length values. The type can be numeric, character, boolean, and date/time. Certain characters are used to write the format.
For example, in digital format 9 means the position of the decimal digit, A- letters, X– any character, B – binary digit (0 or 1).
Examples of recording formats
The combination of the basis requisites and logically related requisites-features that have economic meaning forms index.
Example indicator
Documents are constructed based on the indicators.
Document– a material object containing information compiled in the prescribed manner and having legal significance in accordance with current legislation.
Economic entities widely use various documents (payment orders, acts, summaries, statements, etc.) to reflect their activities.
A set of documents of the same type, combined according to a certain characteristic, forms array.
Example array - a set of financial reports of enterprises in a certain industry.
Automated Information System (AIS) is a set of information, economic and mathematical methods and models, technical, software, technological tools, as well as specialists, intended for processing information and making management decisions.
The most important element of AIS is Information Support(AND ABOUT). This is information that characterizes the state of the managed object and is the basis for making management decisions. One of the components of the information system is the information base.
Information base includes internal and external information, stored on various media.
Internal – financial and economic state of an economic entity at various time intervals.
External– state of the market and competitors, interest rates and prices, tax policy, etc.
Off-machine organization of economic information
The AIS information base consists of two interconnected parts: out-of-machine and in-machine.
Extramachine – that part of the EI that serves the control system in a form perceived by a person without any technical means.
The off-machine part is represented by various documents. Documents are classified by:
· field of activity– planning, accounting, statistical, banking, financial, accounting, etc.
· in relation to the control object– incoming, outgoing, intermediate, archive;
· purpose– administrative, executive, combined;
· method of use– one-time and cumulative;
· filling method– filled out manually or using technical means.
The document highlights:
· header part, which includes: name of the object, characteristics of the document (index), name of the document, area for affixing codes, permanent attributes;
· design part, which contains signatures persons responsible for the correctness of its preparation, as well as date compilation.
Classification– this is the distribution of a set of objects into subsets in accordance with established signs of similarity or difference.
The sign of similarity or difference that forms the basis of classification is called its basis .
The set of classification rules and the classification result is called classification system .
There are two classification systems - hierarchical and facet.
IN faceted In the system, a given set of objects is divided into groups according to several independent characteristics (facets). Example– classification of industrial products “Footwear”: by material, by quality, by gender and age.
Hierarchical system – when any set of objects is divided into classes, subclasses, groups, etc. sequentially, on mutually subordinate grounds. Example:
Encoding information– this is the formation and assignment of a code designation to an object of classification, a classification sign and (or) a classification grouping.
Codes allow you to: reduce the amount of information entered into the computer; facilitate recording on machine media; search and sort; ensure clarity of output documents.
Codes are classified by:
· presentation form– digital and alphanumeric;
· length– single-valued and multi-valued;
· method of education– ordinal, serial-ordinal, bit, combined.
Ordinal – objects are assigned serial numbers, starting from one.
Serial-ordinal – series of numbers are allocated, and within the series, serial numbers are assigned.
Discharge method– for coding objects defined by several subordinate characteristics. Each classification feature has a certain number of digits, within which coding begins with one.
Example. Create a code for a student who is studying at an institute where: 2 departments (full-time and part-time); 5 faculties; on daytime – 4 courses, part-time – 5; on each course – no more than 6 groups; in groups - no more than 35 students. Then the structure of the student's code is:
The length of the student code is 6 digits.
Codes are assigned according to classifiers. Classifier– a systematized set of names of objects and their code designations. They are divided into national (for example, a classifier of sectors of the national economy), sectoral (for example, a classifier of types of payments in light industry) and local (for example, a classifier of structural divisions of an enterprise).
3. In-machine organization of economic information
In-machine part of the AIS information base is stored on computer media in separate unrelated data files or in a single place called database (BD).
File organization of data for processing large amounts of information, often used by many, has a number of shortcomings:
1) high degree redundancy of data in files;
2) tight data coupling and application programs ;
3) there is no possibility of establishing a connection between data different files ;
4) limited data control;
5) insufficient data management capabilities.
Causes, which determined the emergence and rapid development of the database:
· disadvantages of file organization;
· the need to centralize data for the purpose of collective access to it;
· increased requirements for processing speed and data reliability;
· technical progress in hardware.
A database can be generally defined as a set of data organized in a certain way.
Database is a named collection of data that reflects the state of objects, their properties and relationships in some subject area.
Object there may be an object, a substance, an event, a person, a phenomenon, an abstract concept, that is, everything that can be characterized by a set of values of a certain set of attributes.
Attribute– this is an information display of an object’s property. For example, the object “book” is characterized by attributes – “title”, “authors”, “number of pages”, “circulation”, “price”, etc.
Subject area – this is a part of the real world that is described and modeled using a database.
Advantages of the database
1. The database can be considered as object information model, the validity, accuracy and reliability of which largely determine the effectiveness of facility management.
2. In the database information is stored centrally. Many people can be able to access, view and change data at the same time, while enjoying the most latest version information. Easier to change and reconcile data. Disk space is saved.
3. Organizing data in databases gives opportunity quick search, display and analysis of data.
The database is new approach to data organization. Maybe accessing data without knowing its physical location in computer memory, making data access and processing easier. The development of application programs using databases is becoming easier, faster, and cheaper.
Automated Information System (AIS)– is a set of information, economic and mathematical methods and models, technical, software, technological tools and specialists, intended for processing information and making management decisions.
Authentication. It is necessary to uniquely identify the sender; with unambiguous identification, the sender cannot refuse the message. Provided with an electronic digital signature and certificate.
Information security– a state of information resistance to accidental or intentional impacts, excluding unacceptable risks of its destruction, distortion and disclosure, which lead to material damage to the owner or user of the information.
Benchmarking- a systematic activity aimed at finding and identifying the best firms, regardless of their size, business sector and geographical location, as well as learning from the examples of these firms, the art of discovering what others do better, then studying and applying their methods of work in own activities.
Business transaction- elementary transformation of the material and/or information properties of an object.
Business function- a set of business transactions identified according to a certain characteristic.
Buisness process- a connected set of subprocesses and/or business operations and/or business functions, during the execution of which certain resources are consumed and a product is created (material or intangible result of human labor: object, service, scientific discovery, idea) that is valuable to the consumer .
Business Engineering- carrying out a set of design work to develop methods and procedures for business management, when without changing the adopted management structure in an organization (enterprise, firm), an improvement in its financial position is achieved.
Business reengineering- creation of new and more efficient business processes without taking into account previous developments.
Internet– interconnection of networks based on a single communication protocol TCP/IP.
Internet banking– provision banking services through the Internet.
Internet insurance– provision of insurance services via the Internet.
Internet trading– services for operating on the foreign exchange and stock markets via the Internet.
Information infrastructure– a set of methods and means of information support for the state and sectors of the economy.
Information Modeling - description information structure objects (entities, attributes, keys) with identification of relationships between them
Information system(IS)– an interconnected set of means, methods and personnel used for storing, processing and issuing information in the interests of achieving a set goal.
Information technology– a systemically organized set of methods and means for implementing operations of collection, registration, transfer, accumulation, search, processing and protection of information based on the use of developed technologies for solving management problems software, the computer and communication tools used, as well as the ways in which information is offered to the user-economist.
Information Services is a sector information market, focused on providing consumers with information, informational services and entertainment.
IT strategy– a system of approaches, principles and methods on the basis of which all components of the CIUS will be developed
Confidentiality. Information must be protected from unauthorized access both during storage and transmission. Information can only be accessed by those for whom it is intended. Provided with encryption.
Business model– a structured description (graphical, tabular and/or text) of a set of processes and/or business functions/business operations associated with elements of the organizational structure, reflecting the existing or proposed activities of the enterprise
Payment system in Internet is a system for conducting payments between financial, commercial organizations and Internet users in the process of buying and selling goods and services via the Internet.
Project t – a unique set of interrelated activities to achieve pre-set goals with certain requirements for timing, budget and characteristics of the expected results. Purposeful activity of a temporary nature intended to create a unique product or service.
Process approach- an approach that declares a shift in emphasis from the management of individual structural elements to the management of end-to-end business processes that link together the activities of these structural elements
Structural analysis- a method of studying a system, which begins with its general overview and then goes into detail, acquiring a hierarchical structure with an increasing number of levels
Economic Information System (EIS) is a set of internal and external flows of direct and feedback information communication of an economic object, methods, means, specialists involved in the process of information processing and the development of management decisions.
Electronic business– any business activity that uses the capabilities of global information networks to transform internal and external relations in order to create profit.
E-commerce is the most important component of e-business. E-commerce refers to any form of business transactions in which the parties interact electronically and as a result of which ownership or right to use a good or service is transferred from one person to another.
Lecture notes on the discipline
ECONOMIC INFORMATION PROCESSING SYSTEMS
Information systems and technologies (4th year OE, OM)
Economic information
The concept of information need is closely related to the concept of goals and management functions. We can say that the need for information is the conditions under which certain data contribute to the achievement of management goals.
Information that serves the processes of production, distribution, exchange and consumption of material goods and provides solutions to problems of organizational and economic management is called managerial.
It represents a variety of information of economic, technological, social, legal, demographic and other content. Thus, information is one of the most important resources along with energy, material, labor and financial resources.
Economic information(EI) and the need for it arises in the process of people’s economic activity. EI is information that characterizes the processes and phenomena of production and economic activity of management objects and their structural units.
EI is a subject automated processing And:
Tends to constantly increase data volumes;
Displays all aspects of the activities of enterprises and organizations through a system of natural, cost and other indicators;
Can be digital, symbolic, or linear;
For the most part it is discrete and recorded on material media;
It is characterized by mass production, large volumes, long-term preservation and the need for accumulation, repetition of cycles of occurrence and processing within established time limits;
Characterized by a variety of sources and consumers;
Characterized by significant specific gravity logical operations when processing it;
It has a complex structure.
EI must also have the following properties:
1. reliability and completeness;
2. value and relevance;
3. clarity and understandability.
Information is reliable if it does not distort the true state of affairs. Information is complete if it is sufficient for understanding and making decisions. The value of information depends on what problems are solved with its help. Clarity and understandability - consist in the fact that the information is described in the user’s language
EI in the process of processing is converted into new knowledge that can be used for making management decisions and replenishing the knowledge of management personnel.
Control objects and functions
The objects of management at the state level in a market economy are as follows:
Industries;
Associations, territorial and other complexes;
Industrial and scientific-production associations;
State, joint-stock, rental, joint, small and other enterprises;
Exchanges, banks, tax authorities and other organizations and institutions.
In turn, the target objects of management at enterprises, associations and all of the above objects are resources:
Material; labor; financial; main production methods and finished products.
The entire process of managing a particular resource looks like a single whole, within the framework of which (this process) there are interconnected information flows that pass through all control functions:
1. accounting– one-time collection and systematic processing of all factual, reliable information about the availability and movement of resources, as well as about processes and phenomena that occur during the production or other activities of the enterprise;
2. control– monitoring the state of affairs at the management facility in all respects, as well as the timely and complete execution of management (management) commands;
3. analysis– comparison of normative, planned and actual indicators that characterize the processes occurring at the control object, identification of deviations (from the norm) and identification of causes;
4. coordination and regulation;
5. planning and forecasting(various indicators - profit, profitability, risk, etc.);
6. Organization of production(production process) – modeling of organizational management structures and simulation of production processes using different criteria and parameters;
7. drawing up reports– formation of summary indicators, which are reflected in standard forms of established accounting, statistical and other forms of documentation.
All these functions must be supported by information that constitutes information base management object (enterprise).
Structure of economic information
Information array– practically interprets the nomenclature (combines the real values of the details that form Announcement).
Arrays are understood as a structural unit that represents a data set of one form with all their values, or a combination of such data sets related to one subsystem task. In the latter case, the array is called enlarged.
An example of an array is a set of data on the accounting of material assets in the warehouses of an enterprise, and an example of an enlarged one is the movement of these material assets. The array, in turn, consists of smaller information units, usually indicators, in some cases only details of one type.
Information flow– set of information arrays that relate to one area of management work.
Information subsystem– set information flows, which generally characterize one management function.
Information system- a set of information subsystems that characterize the management object as a whole.
IN State Standard Ukraine DSTU 2874-94 gives the following definition of IP:
Iinformationiyna system - system, like an organicall memoryimanibulletiinformationiit's so problematicispheri. The purpose of an IS is to describe an economic object, its condition, the interaction of all levels of management, which is expressed in economic indicators (natural, cost, etc.) the most important property of an IS is unity management information, which means unified information support for the management system.
Main functions of the IS:
§Computational - timely and high-quality processing of information in all aspects that are of interest to the management system;
§Tracking - tracks and generates all internal and external information necessary for management;
§Cumulative - provides non-stop accumulation, systematization, preservation and updating of all necessary information;
§Communication – ensures the transfer of necessary information to specified points;
§Informational – implements fast access, searching and issuing the necessary information;
§Regulating – exercises information and control influence on the control object and its parts in case of deviation from the specified indicators;
§Optimizing – provides optimal calculations as the goals, criteria and operating conditions of the control object change;
§Forecasting – identifies the main trends, patterns and indicators of development of the management object;
§Analyzing – determines the main indicators of the technical and economic development of the management object;
§Documentary – ensures the formation of all accounting and reporting documents. Planning and administrative. Design, technological and other forms of documents.
A document is the main means of recording individual facts of economic activity. A document is an information message on natural language, recorded manually or printed on a standard form and having legal force.
Documents can be classified according to a number of criteria, for example:
By field of activity - planning, accounting, statistical, banking, financial, accounting and others;
In relation to the control object - incoming (primary), outgoing (summary),
intermediate, archival;
By purpose – administrative, executive, combined;
For the exchange of reflected transactions - single, consolidated;
By method of use - one-time and cumulative;
According to the number of positions taken into account – single-line and multi-line;
By the method of filling out - manually or using accounting automation tools.
All documented information ensures that many economic indicators are brought into a specific system in order to establish terminological unity, unambiguous description, and the relationship between indicators.
Economic information (EI) is classified according to the stages of reproduction and elements of the production process, considered as an object of management. Therefore, the EI of supply and distribution of material and labor resources, etc. is highlighted.
Varieties of eco. information on management stages:
Forecast,
Planned,
Accounting,
Forecasted information is associated with forecasts, accounting information is associated with accounting, statistical, and operational accounting.
EI is divided according to the criterion of compliance with the reflected phenomena into reliable and unreliable. From the standpoint of the stages of occurrence - primary and secondary.
Primary arises as a result of the action of EI sources. Divided into:
Production and economic
Individual.
Secondary arises as a result of processing a primary and another secondary, Either only the first, or only the second. Direct communication with the source of information is not required here. Among the secondary it differs:
Intermediate,
Final.
By completeness, EI is divided:
To excess,
Sufficient
Insufficient.
In terms of stability, EI is:
Constant,
Conditionally constant,
Variable.
From the standpoint of solution technology. tasks differ in information:
Entrance,
Intermediate (transitional),
Day off.
The information to be processed is called input, it is also the source data. Day off information is the result of processing initial data, but it includes, in addition to the processing results, some primary data. The transition of information can be used to solve these problems in subsequent periods.
Ek. tasks have a number of features:
Systematic,
Massiveness,
repeatability,
Formalizability, etc.
According to the complexity of algorithmic solutions:
Direct counting tasks
Optimization,
Information retrieval,
Aggregations and disaggregations,
Factorial and multifactorial, etc.
In direct counting tasks – implementation arithmetic operations to find the result. Optimization problems are a solution by searching through a large number of options and searching for a more favorable answer. Info-search – associated with the search for a given information. Aggregation tasks achieve consolidation of information. For factorial and multifactorial problems, the determination of the influence of one factor on all others is inherent. Direct counting tasks dominate accounting, optimization, and planning.
Measuring the volume of economic information and its types
Ek. information is assessed quantitatively when its volume changes and qualitatively when it is necessary to determine its value. This is necessary for competently calculating the needs of automated control systems resources, calculating the need for staffing and making management decisions. The methodology for calculating the amount of information and establishing its value depends primarily on the approach to the concept of EI.
There are several different methodological provisions for the quantitative and qualitative assessment of information, the fundamental difference between which is the interpretation of the essence of eq. information.
From a cybernetic position, EI is a measure, a relationship between data and its recipient. This measure is the acquisition of new knowledge, data, that is, the degree of novelty and usefulness. Only useful data is information. In cybernetics, this is associated with the elimination of uncertainty, since information brings clarity. Therefore, information is considered a measure of the certainty of organization. And since it is a measure, it can be measured quantitatively. This is what probability theory does.
In the cybernetic approach, quantitative information is considered in the following form: a unit of quantity of information. the volume contained in the ratio of the arrival of two equally probable events. Such information is specified depending on the chosen base of logarithms, since its definition is derived by summing up probabilities and events.
For example, suppose that the receipt of funds to the account at the specified time or their non-receipt are equally probable. The relationship between the occurrence of one of the events carries one unit of information, either yes or no.
If the logarithm of probabilities is carried out in binary base, then such a unit is called bit . Here the bit is directly related to the formula:
The sign (-) occurs because we are calculating entropy, and information = is entropy. Thus, quantitative measurement volumes of information from a cybernetic perspective requires a preliminary determination of the probability of each event and subsequent logarithm.
With this approach, there is no information about the occurrence of an inevitable event, and vice versa. The more significantly the value changes with the onset of an event compared to its expected value, the more information the message contains. For example, the probability of timely receipt of funds from buyers is different: for the first - 1/8, for the second - 15/16. The payment message contains the following amount of information:
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II – 
Determining the value of EI in the cybernetic approach is constructed similarly on the basis of mathematical probability. A problem is being considered. Let's assume a set of some initial data:
P1=S and the probability is:
By comparing the change in the logarithm of the probability of these options, the relative value of the information set can be calculated.
Here, the value of the data is 1 bit, reflecting the increment in probability reaching the goal when using this data set. To solve the problem, the value of other data can be determined in bits. To do this, it is necessary to compare their probabilities with the probability of the first information set. This establishes the value of the options.
Measuring volumes of economic information and measuring its value during identification
information.
The volume of EI in this case is calculated using three meters - signs, details, indicators. The most universal phenomenon. measurement of volume in signs. In this case, numeric or alphabetic information is measured either separately or in aggregate as it is replaced by codes. This allows the use of binary signs when using a computer as a universal unit of measurement for the volume of any information.
Quantitative assessment of information is carried out in bits and their derivatives. The volume of information is calculated by the number of indicators. For this purpose, details or indicators of the derived form, or reference ones, are used. The amount of information is also determined by quantity:
Documents,
By the number of structural elements of positions.
It is also possible to use any standard media and special media. conversion factors. It is more accurate to calculate the amount of information based on specific forms of details, indicators, documents, and so on. It is associated with homogeneous information of a certain content. The value of EI is determined in 2 main areas – semantic And pragmatic .
The semantic approach aims at a meaningful assessment of information and establishes its semantic content in the most general sense. The pragmatic approach consists in the same assessment of information from a more specific position of the recipient of the information. Pragmatic assessment has the goal of establishing the usefulness and value of certain units of information, therefore it is subjective. This leads to the fact that the same high-content data can have different value for different users. Semantic definition consists primarily of a qualitative assessment of its structural units. This assessment allows us to identify the degree of content of documents. It is calculated as the number of characters and the number of indicators.
The pragmatic direction is associated with determining the degree of completeness, timeliness, and accuracy. For this purpose, a list of factors with weight values is established.
Classifiers and codes of economic information
Account cash warrant
Invoice
Bar coding – This is one of the types of automatic identification that uses the method of optical reading of information. There are codes:
Upc – Universal Product Code (USA and Americas)
Ean– European product code
Ucc| ean- single standardized code.
The purpose of the line coding is a reflection of such information properties of a product that provide a real opportunity to track their movement to the consumer, which is associated with increasing the efficiency of production management. The need for barcoding is dictated mainly by the following considerations:
· A huge number of product names
· Lack of reliable and timely information from suppliers about the receipt of goods to the consumer
· Possibility of activity various manufacturers on a single commodity market
· Management of information flows upon request based on the identification of any product
· Exchange of information both within and between organizations using methods and means of electronic data interchange.
Information management process
Information management process – a set of management operations, the main subject of which is information.
Information procedure- a set of homogeneous operations associated with influencing information.
With eq. With information, many operations are carried out, which, based on homogeneity and target functions, are combined into information. procedures.
Collection stage . Includes the initial perception and reception of information resulting from the action of information sources. An example of such sources is the divisions of production and economic activities, as well as the activities of policy-making management bodies. During the initial collection, the task is to capture information objectively, and accordingly. way to present it. Therefore, the initial collection is accompanied by a performance. Ek. inf. When initially collected, it is first registered.
Acceptance of registration data . He is type of information collection. This procedure is usually accompanied by registration of the received information and determination of its further use. When collecting data, ch. The goal is to obtain an accurate, timely, reliable and complete display of environmental phenomena. life, directive and other tasks. The information collected or received is included in the transformation stage.
Information changes in space, time, and from the formal content side. In accordance with this, three information are distinguished. procedures:
Broadcast,
Storage,
Calc. treatment.
The transmitted information changes in space. There are several options for the procedure in the head. depending on the type of transmission - physical movement of media and remote transmission of data via telegraph channels.
During remote transmission, initial data of tasks subject to automated solution and the results of decisions can be transmitted through channels. This type of information. transmission is called two-way. If only the original data is transmitted, then the communication is one-way.
The procedure for storing information is implemented in several versions, in the head. on the form of information presentation. For example, storage in a computer storage device, long-term archival storage. The procedure for storing information usually ends with searching for its corresponding units for further use.
Search is organically linked to storage. During storage, information may lose its value under the influence of time or due to circumstances that arise. Sometimes this entails the confiscation of pieces of information and their destruction, but it is significant. More often, units are assigned a new value - data updating. Through it, the values of certain units are maintained at a given level.
Information processing is necessary to change its units in form and meaning and conclusion. in obtaining effective information. This is achieved through the use of a significant number of arithmetic and logical operations. Not only information is subject to processing, but also its structural transformation and information. relationship. Calc. processing occupies a leading place both in volume and in importance in ASOD and ACS.
Consumption stage information includes obtaining a finished product (output information) and its use. It goes beyond the competence of ASOD. The output information is intended for making management decisions, their formation, as well as for directives of higher management bodies. Since the consumption of information also consists in the new inclusion of information in the collection and transformation procedure, it is appropriate to talk about the circuit of economics. information. These are the following procedures:
Performance,
Coding,
Reproduction,
Identification.
Consideration of the stages of inf. procedures can be specified in the process of implementing various management works at the enterprise. For example, in accounting work, primary accounting and the direct accounting process are distinguished, including the stages of data processing and information consumption. In ACD, we can highlight the formation of information for the eq. analysis and analytical calculations and further development of management decisions.
Automated information systems(AIS) and their classification
Any management system for economic objects has its own information system, called an economic information system (EIS).
EIS is a set of internal and external flows of direct and feedback information communication of an economic object, methods, tools, specialists involved in the process of information processing and the development of management decisions.
EIS is a system information services employees of management services at various levels and performs various functions on filling, storing, transmitting and processing information.
Automated Information System (AIS)– is a set of information, economic and mathematical methods and models, technical, software, technological tools, and specialists, intended for processing information and making management decisions.
AIS technical means: computers, communications (telecommunications), office equipment (telephone, fax, etc.).
What caused the need to create an AIS in the economy? Because in order to make management decisions it is necessary to process a huge amount of documents (information).
Automation in general is a set of actions and measures of a technological, organizational and economic nature, which makes it possible to reduce the degree of participation or completely eliminate the direct participation of a person in the implementation of a particular function of the production process or management process.
Thus, AIS can be considered as a human-machine system with automated technology for obtaining the resultant information necessary for information services to specialists and optimization of the management process in various spheres of human activity.
With the help of AIS, multivariate calculations are ensured, rational decisions are made, including in real time, comprehensive accounting and economic analysis are organized, efficiency and reliability of the information received and used are achieved. Consequently, the quality of management of an economic entity increases.
With the help of AIS, unfortunately, not all information used to manage an object can be processed, since at any enterprise huge information flows circulate, which play an important role in decision making, but the processing of which is impossible with the help of computers (Fig. 1.2.). The reason for this is the complexity of structuring information and formalizing the process of its processing.
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Only that part of the information (see Fig. 2) - O2 - that can be systematized and processed using a computer is sent to the AIS from the control object. Similarly, only part of the directive information - P2 - is transmitted from the management apparatus to the AIS, which can be appropriately processed and transferred to the control object. The share of information processed in AIS for different levels of management varies in relation to the total volume from 10 to 20%. In the management process, decisions of three categories are made: strategic, tactical and operational . In accordance with this classification, the management apparatus usually has a three-level hierarchy: top, middle and operational levels .
Highest level(top management) determines management goals, foreign policy, material, financial and human resources, develops long-term plans and a strategy for their implementation.
His competence includes analysis of the market, competition, conditions and the search for alternative strategies for the development of the enterprise in case of identifying threatening trends in his area of interest.
On average level the main focus is on drawing up tactical plans, monitoring their implementation, tracking resources and developing control directives to bring the enterprise to the level required by the plan
On operational level plans are implemented and reports are compiled on the progress of their implementation. The management here consists, as a rule, of workers who provide management of workshops, sections, shifts, departments, and services. The main task of operational management is to coordinate all elements of the production process in time and space with the required degree of detail.
At each level, work is performed that collectively provides management. These works are usually called functions . Depending on the goals, functions of varying degrees of generality can be distinguished. Typical are following Functions: planning, accounting, analysis and regulation. Let's consider their content, because subsequently all of them must be transformed into computer programs.
Planning - a function through which the management goal is realized in an ideal form. Planning occupies a significant place in the activities of top management, less at the middle level and minimal at the operational level. Planning for top level management concerns future problems and is focused on the long term. At the middle level, planning is carried out for a shorter period, while the plan of the highest level of management is detailed. Indicators at this level are more accurate. Operational management involves the most detailed elaboration of the plan.
Accounting – A function aimed at obtaining information about the progress of the enterprise. Accounting is mainly carried out at the operational and middle management levels. There is no accounting at the highest level of management, but on its basis the analysis of production results and regulation of its progress are fully carried out.
Analysis and regulation - comparison of actual indicators with normative (directive, planned), determination of deviations that go beyond acceptable parameters, identification of the cause of deviations, identification of reserves, finding ways to correct the current situation and making a decision to bring the control object onto the planned trajectory. An effective tool for identifying the causes of deviations is factor analysis , and to find ways out of this situation - expert systems . The relationship between management levels and the functions they perform in terms of the volume of work performed is presented in the table.
Relationship between functions and management levels
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Management level |
Planning |
Analysis and regulation |
|
|
Top management |
Significant |
Absent |
Significant |
|
Average level |
Moderate |
Significant |
Moderate |
|
Operational management |
Minor |
Significant |
Absent |
Initially, most AIS provided an operational level of management: invoice processing, accounting of goods and materials, calculation wages, order processing, etc. Subsequently, systems began to be developed that ensure the implementation of calculations at the average level: calculations of quarterly, monthly and annual production plans, drawing up product sales plans, etc.
A management information system is “a set of information, economic and mathematical methods and models, technical, software, and other technological tools and specialists, designed for processing information and making management decisions.” 2
4 The basic classification characteristics of management information systems are: level in the management system (for example, federal, regional, municipal); area of operation of the management object (economic, social and other areas of operation); types of management processes (technological, economic, personnel, sales processes at the enterprise); degree of automation of information processes (from a manual information system to complete automation of the management process)
7 System-structural classification. The structure of an information system is a collection of its individual parts, called subsystems. A subsystem is a part, a component of a system, distinguished by some characteristic. All subsystems are usually divided into two large groups: functional subsystems; providing.
Modern system management of an information object is a human-machine complex with the following seven main support subsystems: 1. information; 2. organizational; 3. technical; 4. mathematical; 5. linguistic; 6. software; 7. legal.. 9
Information Support This is the totality unified system classification and coding of information, unified documentation systems; general principles building databases, information and logical database models. Information support is a diagram of information flows circulating both in the organization as a whole and in a specific subject area (sales, personnel, financial, etc.). Information support is implemented in the form file system or in the form of a database. 10
The means of mathematical support include: methods of mathematical statistics; management process modeling tools; typical management tasks (in the areas of finance, accounting, work time balance, etc.); methods mathematical programming, queuing theory, cluster analysis, etc. 14
Structure life cycle IP in accordance with the international standard ISO/IEC is based on three groups of processes: 1. Basic processes: acquisition, supply, development, operation, maintenance; 2. Supporting processes: documentation, verification, control and quality assurance, etc.; 3. Organizational processes: project management, training, etc. 17
English economic information) - information that reduces uncertainty, lack of knowledge, complements the understanding of socio-economic processes both in the production and non-production spheres at all levels and in all bodies. E.i. displays production and household facts. activities using a system of natural and cost indicators. E.I., as a rule, is transmitted and processed in the form of signs recorded on various substances. media. A set of signs used to exchange E.I. in defined economical system, forms the language of E.i. E.i. should be distinguished from the concept of “economic data”, which is a reflection of economic data. phenomena recorded on the definition. language on specific material media (indicators recorded in documents, texts or tables), but not related to the definition. task or consumer. Economical data only becomes E.I. when the conclusion. in them the information is used to solve the problem. problem and reduce the uncertainty of the conditions of this problem. Like any information, E.i. studied in three aspects: syntactic; semantic; pragmatic. Syntactic analysis examines the relationships between signs representing E.I., abstracting from their content and value for the recipient. It sets the most important information parameters. flows, including quantities. characteristics necessary for the selection of technical means that collect, register, transfer, store and process E.I. Semantic analysis examines the content of E.I. and methods of its linguistic representation (human language, computer languages), but also does not take into account its value (i.e., it actually considers economic data). Pragmatic analysis is carried out to determine the usefulness of E.I. in the process of its use by the recipient for various purposes. goals and decision making, i.e. It is pragmatic analysis that is used in those conditions when economic data are transformed into E.I. Each type of analysis has its own quantities. assessments and criteria. The most significant for practical purposes. applications are assessments of the usefulness of E.I., since they allow one to determine the consumer value of the received information from the point of view. the possibilities of its use in the processes of forecasting and economic management. The value of E.i. is determined by such a set of its properties as timeliness, reliability, content, ease of perception, etc. E.i. has a number of features that facilitate the use of computer analysis methods: most economic. indicators are measured in quantities. expression (cost, production volume, profit, etc.); cyclical nature of most industries. and farms. processes allows you to reuse the created program; volume of information flows (detailed information about economic processes allows the use of mathematical models for forecasting and managing them); the ability to control the reliability of information (transfer and processing of electronic information is carried out only on a legally issued medium - a document with a signature, an electronic message with a code, etc.). During computer processing, information about each object for an organization in the form of a database is recorded in economic form. indicator (the minimum possible semantic unit is called “requisite”). The props characterize both quality and quantity. properties of the objects being studied. Depending on economic goals. analysis adopted next. classification of E.I.: according to the characteristics of the displayed objects; by phases of reproduction (information about production, distribution, exchange, consumption); by elements (factors) of reproduction (information about means of production, labor resources, natural resources, products and services); by sector of the economy (information about industry, agricultural production, trade, construction, etc.); by appointment in the management process: manager (communicating decisions to be implemented to executors); informative (implementation feedback in the control system). Within these classes, information is divided: according to the management function, the result it is (accounting, reporting, planning, forecasting, regulatory, financial, etc.); by place of origin (incoming; summary; outgoing); by degree of correspondence (reliable, unreliable, timely, untimely, useful, false, redundant); in relation to the processing and storage processes (initial (unprocessed), intermediate, result); by the degree of stability (constant (conditionally constant), variable), by the degree of coverage of data completeness (continuous (complete), selective). Basic directions of research in the field of E.I. – the most adequate display of economics. objects and processes; development of economics and mathematics. methods and models for processing E.I.; creation of an E.I. system that meets the needs of modern management. economics.
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