The elements that ensure the operation of an IS for any purpose are listed in the definition. Some of them - means, methods and personnel - ensure the operation of the information system, while others - storage, processing and output of information - indicate functional characteristics, i.e. determine what information processes make up the functioning of the IS. Therefore, the structure of the IS is considered in two different plans: the functional structure and the structure of the IS as a set of supporting subsystems.

In accordance with the definition, the functional elements of the IS are the following groups (blocks) of processes:

entering information from external or internal sources;

processing input information and presenting it in a convenient form;

output of information for presentation to consumers or transfer to another IS;

Feedback is information processed by people of a given organization to correct input information.

Functional structure information system presented in the form of a block diagram (Fig. 1), in which each element of the system is represented as a block (a rectangle in the figure), and connections and their directions are indicated by arrows.

Individual parts (system blocks) are called subsystems.

In each specific case, the set and relationships of functional subsystems depend on the subject area and the specifics of the enterprise, whose activities are supported by the information system.

The structure of the IS can also be presented as a complex of supporting subsystems (Fig. 2).

Fig.1. Generalized functional block diagram of an IC.

However, for AISs that differ in the nature and types of information processing, the functional diagram differs in the set of processing subsystems. For example, AIPS (library, museum, legal reference, etc.) enter, systematize, store, search and issue information at the user’s request without complex data transformations. Information decision systems: ASOD, ACS, DSS – process database information according to a specific algorithm, however, they also differ in the composition of information processing subsystems. CAD specialized in design automation has special subsystems in its structure: technical documentation, task generation, simulation modeling, calculation, and in some there may be an expert system (see block diagram in Fig. 2).

Fig.2. CAD block diagram

Let's consider another type of IS structure: as a complex of supporting subsystems (Fig. 3).

The structure of an information system can be considered as a set of subsystems, regardless of the scope of application. A subsystem is a part of the system, distinguished by some characteristic. In this case, they talk about a structural feature of classification, and the subsystems are called supporting ones.

Thus, the structure of any information system can be represented by a set of supporting subsystems.

Fig.3. IS structure by type of supporting subsystems.

Among the supporting subsystems, information, technical, mathematical, software, organizational and legal support are usually distinguished.

Information Support– a set of information data sets, unified system classification and coding of information, unified documentation systems, patterns of information flows circulating in the organization, as well as methodology for constructing databases. The purpose of the information support subsystem is the timely generation and delivery of reliable information for making management decisions.

Unified documentation systems are created at the state, republican, sectoral and regional levels. The main goal is to ensure comparability of indicators in various spheres of social production. Standards have been developed that establish the following requirements:

to unified documentation systems;

to unified forms of documents at various levels of management;

to the composition and structure of details and indicators;

to the procedure for implementation, maintenance and registration of unified forms of documents.

Despite the existence of a unified documentation system, a survey of most organizations reveals a whole range of typical shortcomings:

extremely large volume of documents for manual processing;

the same indicators are often duplicated in different documents;

working with a large number of documents distracts specialists from solving immediate problems;

there are indicators that are created but not used, etc.

Eliminating these shortcomings is one of the tasks facing the creation of information support.

Scheme information flows reflect the routes of information movement, its volumes, places of origin of primary information and the use of resulting information. By analyzing the structure of such schemes, it is possible to develop measures to improve the entire management system.

Construction and detailed analysis of information flow diagrams, allowing to identify routes and volumes of information, duplication of indicators and their processing processes, ensures:

exclusion of duplicate and unused information;

classification and rational presentation of information.

Database construction methodology is based on the theoretical foundations of their design.

Basic concepts of the methodology:

a clear understanding of the goals, objectives, functions of the entire management system of the organization;

identifying the movement of information from the moment of its occurrence to its use in various management levels, presented for analysis in the form of information flow diagrams;

improvement of the document flow system;

availability and use of a classification and coding system;

knowledge of the methodology for creating conceptual information and logical models that reflect the interconnection of information;

creation of information arrays on computer media, which requires modern technical support.

This concept is practically implemented in two stages.

Stage 1 – examination of all functional divisions of the company in order to:

understand the specifics and structure of its activities;

build a diagram of information flows;

analyze the existing document flow system;

determine information objects and the corresponding composition of details (parameters, characteristics) describing their properties and purpose.

Stage 2 – construction of a conceptual information and logical data model based on the results of the survey of the 1st stage. In this model, all connections between objects and their details must be established and optimized. The information logical model is the foundation on which the database will be created.

Technical support– complex technical means, intended for the operation of the information system, as well as relevant documentation for these tools and technological processes

The complex of technical means consists of:

computers of any models;

devices for collecting, accumulating, processing, transmitting and outputting information;

data transmission devices and communication lines;

office equipment and automatic information retrieval devices;

operating materials, etc.

The documentation covers the preliminary selection of technical means, the organization of their operation, the technological process of data processing, and technological equipment. Documentation can be divided into three groups:

system-wide, including state and industry standards for technical support;

specialized, containing a set of techniques for all stages of hardware development;

normative and reference used when performing calculations for technical support.

To date, two main forms of organizing technical support (forms of using technical means) have emerged: centralized and partially or completely decentralized.

Centralized technical support is based on the use of large computers and computer centers in the information system. This form of organization makes it easier to manage and implement standardization, but reduces the responsibility and initiative of staff.

Decentralization of technical means involves the implementation of functional subsystems on personal computers directly at workplaces. In this case, more personal responsibility is required from the staff, and it is more difficult for management to implement standardization.

Currently, a partially decentralized approach is more common - organizing technical support based on distributed networks consisting of personal computers and a mainframe computer for storing databases common to any functional subsystems.

Mathematical and software – a set of mathematical methods, models, algorithms and programs for implementing the goals and objectives of the information system, as well as the normal functioning of a complex of technical means.

To the means software relate:

management process modeling tools;

typical management tasks;

methods mathematical programming, mathematical statistics, queuing theory, etc.

Part software includes system-wide and special software products, as well as technical documentation.

TO system-wide software These include software packages that are user-oriented and designed to solve typical information processing problems. They serve to expand the functionality of computers, control and manage the data processing process.

Special software is a set of programs developed during the creation of a specific information system. It includes application software packages (APP) that implement the developed models of varying degrees of adequacy, reflecting the functioning of a real object.

Technical documentation for the development of software must contain a description of the tasks, a task for algorithmization, an economic and mathematical model of the problem, and test examples.

Organizational support is a set of methods and means that regulate the interaction of workers with technical means and with each other in the process of developing and operating IS.

Organizational support implements the following functions:

analysis existing system managing the organization where the IS will be used and identifying tasks to be automated;

preparing problems for solution on a computer, including technical specifications for the design of an IS and a feasibility study of its effectiveness;

development of management decisions on the composition and structure of the organization, methodology for solving problems aimed at increasing the efficiency of the management system.

Organizational support is created based on the results of a pre-project survey at the 1st stage of database construction.

Legal support– set legal norms, defining the creation, legal status and functioning of information systems that regulate the procedure for obtaining, transforming and using information.

The main purpose of legal support is to strengthen the rule of law. Legal support includes laws, decrees, resolutions of state authorities, orders, instructions and other regulatory documents of ministries, departments, organizations, and local authorities. Legal support can be divided into a general part that regulates the functioning of any information system, and a local part that regulates the functioning of a specific system.

Legal support for the stages of development of an information system includes regulations related to contractual relations between the developer and the customer and the legal regulation of deviations from the contract.

Legal support for the stages of operation of the information system includes:

information system status;

rights, duties and responsibilities of personnel;

procedure for creating and using information, etc.

This set of subsystems is common to almost all types of AIS. However, the structure and complexity of the supporting subsystems depends on the type of AIS, area of ​​application and other factors. Thus, the software subsystem takes place in the AIS of original software development - in the AIS with standard software, it is absent. The legal support subsystem may not be present in the intra-company AIS - in this case, you can limit yourself to the organizational support subsystem, which, among other things, resolves legal support issues; AIS for independent purposes, for example, information service systems, may have a legal support subsystem. AISs that have factual databases have only an information support subsystem, in which there may be a need to resolve individual linguistic issues. Documentary AIPS have a developed linguistic support subsystem, since these systems solve complex problems of ensuring the semantic relevance of user requests to the content of issued documents. And this, as a rule, is not only software modules for morphological analysis, but also a set of dictionaries and rules for their maintenance.

Goals of creation and implementation of IP.

What can you expect from the implementation of information systems?

The introduction of information systems can contribute to:

1. freeing workers from routine work and speeding it up through automation;

2. replacing paper data carriers with magnetic disks or tapes, which leads to a reduction in the volume of documents on paper, and therefore the possibility of a more rational organization of information processing on a computer;

3. improving the structure of information flows and the document flow system in the company due to the systematic effect: one-time data entry - repeated and multi-purpose use”;

4. obtaining more rational options for solving management problems (through the introduction of mathematical methods and intelligent systems, etc.):

finding new market niches;

optimization of costs for the production of products and/or services;

optimization of relationships with customers and suppliers.

Stages of information systems development

The history of the development of IP is divided into stages (Table 2), corresponding to approximately the accepted numbering of goals - the approach to the use of IP is changing.

Table 2. Stages of IP development.

Period of time	Information Use Concept	Type of information systems	Purpose of use
1950 – 1960	Paper flow of settlement documents	Information systems for processing settlement documents on electromechanical accounting machines	Increasing the speed of document processing Simplifying invoice processing and payroll processing
1960 – 1970	Basic assistance in preparing reports	Management information systems for production information	Speeding up the reporting process
1970 – 1980	Management control of sales (sales)	Decision support systems Systems for senior management	Sampling the most rational solution
1980 – 2000	Information is a strategic resource that provides a competitive advantage	Strategic Information Systems Automated offices	Survival and prosperity of the company

The first information systems appeared in the middle of the last century. In the 50s, they were intended for processing invoices and payroll calculations, and were implemented on electromechanical accounting machines. This led to some reduction in costs and time for preparing paper documents.

60s are marked by a change in attitude towards information systems. The information obtained from them began to be used for periodic reporting on many parameters. Today, organizations needed general-purpose computer equipment capable of serving many functions, and not just processing invoices and calculating salaries, as was previously the case.

In the 70s - early 80s. Information systems are beginning to be widely used as a means of management control, supporting and accelerating the decision-making process.

By the end of the 80s. The concept of using information systems is changing again. They become a strategic source of information and are used at all levels of any organization. Information systems of this period, providing on time necessary information, help an organization achieve success in its activities, create new products and services, find new markets, secure worthy partners, organize production of products at a low price, and much more.

The modern understanding of an information system assumes the use of a personal computer as the main technical means of information processing. In large organizations, along with a personal computer, the technical base of the information system may include a mainframe or supercomputer. In addition, the technical implementation of an information system in itself will not mean anything if the role of the person for whom the information produced is intended and without whom its receipt and presentation is impossible is not taken into account.

Telecommunications guidance documents. Basic concepts and definitions. Purpose and classification of aviation telecommunications. The role of aviation telecommunications in ensuring the safety, regularity and efficiency of flights. The place of aviation telecommunications in the structure of the air transport system.

Prospects for the development of aviation telecommunications in accordance with the CNS/ATM system.

The role of aviation telecommunications for the organization of airport activities (interaction between the production and dispatch services of the airline among themselves, with other services of the airline, with aircraft crews and with enterprises of other departments in the process of production, technological and commercial activities).

Sources and consumers of information, forms of information presentation, performance of the message source.

Aviation telecommunication channel, its composition and purpose of elements. Communication channel capacity.

Aviation telecommunication lines and their classification. Information direction.

Principles of multichannel messaging. Multiple access.

Features and main characteristics of signal propagation media of various communication lines.

Radio frequency range and its use for communication purposes. Interference with radio reception.

Signals: discrete and continuous primary electrical signals, modulated signals, digital signals.

Assessment of the quality of reception of discrete and continuous signals.

Coding: classification of codes, the role and place of coding in the signal generation process, codes used in aviation telecommunications and data transmission systems.

Section 2. Aeronautical telecommunication networks

Communication networks: basic concepts and definitions, elements, topology. Concept unified network telecommunications (ESES). International and state telecommunication organizations.

Reference model for open systems interaction. Primary and secondary telecommunication networks.

General principles for organizing aviation air and ground telecommunication networks.

Structures of aviation aeronautical radio communication networks for industrial and commercial activities of airlines.

Switching methods: circuit, message and packet switching. Operational and technical characteristics of message and packet switching centers used in civil aviation.

Telecommunication networks: telephone, telegraph, fax – basics of organization, network structure, direction of development.

Data transmission networks: principles of construction, local and global networks, telephone communications over computer networks. Videotex. Voice mail.

Telegraph communication networks: AT, TELEX, GENTEX, message switching network - main characteristics and principles of construction.

ICAO communication networks: “AFTN” and “SIDIN”. IATA network with packet switching. SITA network. Public data networks.

Organization of networks and systems of aviation digital telecommunications.

Integration of telecommunication networks and services: ways of transition to a digital network of integrated services.

Section 3. Aeronautical telecommunication systems and facilities

Telegraph communication systems and means: main characteristics and principles of construction. Telegraph devices. Classification of telegraph devices. Automatic telegraph communication. The concept of telegraph load.

Telephone communication systems and means: main characteristics and principles of construction. Classification of telephone exchanges. Automatic telephone exchange. Electronic (digital) automatic telephone exchanges. The concept of telephone load.

Systems and means of public address communication: main characteristics and principles of construction. SCRS "Megafon", PGS-16.

Radio communication systems and means.

Radio transmitters, radio receivers, radio stations, antennas: purpose, main technical characteristics, principles of construction.

VHF command radio communications equipment: main characteristics (for example, Polet, Fazan, Baklan and Orlan-85ST radio stations).

HF radio communications: basic characteristics (for example, radio stations “Pierce”, “Mikron” and “Kernel”).

Radiotelephones. Long-range radiotelephone systems.

Mobile radio communications: classification, organization, service areas, mobile radio communications.

Systems and means of satellite communication.

Systems and means of intra-airport communication.

General principles for constructing communication nodes. The structure of the airport communication center, the composition and purpose of its elements.

introduction

Among the variety of searches for ways to develop the market, means of production, new areas of activity of commercial intermediary organizations and enterprises, scientific research and practical innovations, united by the concept of logistics, are of significant interest.

In recent years, new logistics technologies based on computer science have been rapidly developing. Information systems occupy a central position in these technologies. The enterprise is open system, which is connected with suppliers, consumers, forwarders and transport organizations by material and information flows. At the same time, difficulties arise in overcoming the junctions between the information systems of the enterprise and other organizations. At the junction, the material or information flow crosses the boundaries of authority and responsibility of individual divisions of the enterprise or across the boundaries of independent organizations. Ensuring smooth passage of junctions is one of the important tasks of logistics.

Information technology can greatly contribute to meeting market demands. A certain increase in efficiency can be achieved with the help of local and computing systems, as well as as a result of the use of integrated information and management systems, which “step over” the boundaries between divisions of enterprises.

The purpose of the abstract is to study the concept of an information system and its connection with the main elements of logical structures. This entails the following tasks: consideration of the concept of IS, the main tasks solved by IS, processes in IS, the place of information systems in professional activity, logistics information systems.

Concept and purpose of an information system.

Under system understand any object that is simultaneously considered both as a single whole and as a collection of heterogeneous, interconnected and interacting elements united in the interests of achieving set goals. The systems differ significantly from each other both in composition and in their main goals.

System element- part of the system that has a specific functional purpose. Complex elements of systems, in turn consisting of simpler interconnected elements, are often called subsystems.

2. System organization- internal orderliness, consistency in the interaction of system elements, manifested, in particular, in limiting the variety of states of elements within the system.

3. System structure- composition, order and principles of interaction of system elements, determining the basic properties of the system. If individual elements systems are distributed at different levels and internal communications between elements are organized only from higher to lower levels and vice versa, then we talk about hierarchical structure systems. Purely hierarchical structures are practically rare, therefore, expanding this concept somewhat, a hierarchical structure is usually understood as those structures where, among other connections, hierarchical connections are of primary importance.

4. System architecture- a set of system properties that are significant for the user.

5. System integrity- the fundamental irreducibility of the properties of a system to the sum of the properties of its individual elements (emergence of properties) and, at the same time, the dependence of the properties of each element on its place and function within the system.

IP– an interconnected set of means, methods and personnel used for storing, processing and issuing information. in the interests of achieving the set goal.

Information system- an organizationally ordered set of documents (arrays of documents) and information technologies, including the use of computer technology and communications that implement information processes

History of the development of information systems. Basic processes of information systems.

The first information systems appeared in the 50s. During these years, they were intended for processing bills and payroll, and were implemented on electromechanical accounting machines. This led to some reduction in costs and time for preparing paper documents. Such systems are called transaction processing systems. Transactions include the following operations: issuing invoices, invoices, preparing payrolls and other accounting operations.

In the 60s computer facilities received further development: operating systems appear, disk technology, programming languages ​​are improving significantly. Management reporting systems (RMS) are emerging that are aimed at decision-making managers.

In the 70s information systems continue to actively develop. At this time, the first microprocessors, interactive display devices, database technology, and user-friendly software (tools that allow you to work with a program without studying its description) appeared. These advances created the conditions for the emergence of decision support systems (DSS). Unlike management reporting systems, which provide information according to pre-established reporting forms, DSS provide it as the need arises.

There are 3 stages of decision making: information, design and selection stage. At the information stage, the environment is examined, events and conditions that require decision-making are determined. At the project stage, possible areas of activity (alternatives) are developed and assessed. At the selection stage, a specific alternative is justified and selected, organizing monitoring of its implementation. The most important goal of the DSS is to provide technology for generating information, as well as technological support for decision making in general.

In the 70-80s. offices began to use a variety of computer and telecommunication technologies, which expanded the scope of information systems. Such technologies include: word processing, desktop publishing, Email etc. The integration of these technologies in one office is called an office information system. Information systems are beginning to be widely used as a means of management control, supporting and accelerating the decision-making process.

1980s are also characterized by the fact that information technology began to claim a new role in the organization: companies discovered that information systems are a strategic weapon. Information systems of this period, providing the necessary information on time, help the organization achieve success in its activities, create new goods and services, find new markets, secure worthy partners, organize the production of products at a low price, and much more.

Processes in the information system

The processes that ensure the operation of an information system for any purpose can be roughly represented in the form of a diagram consisting of blocks:

Entering information from external or internal sources;

Processing input information and presenting it in a convenient form;

Output information for presentation to consumers or transfer to another system;

Feedback is information processed by people of a given organization to correct input information.

The main tasks solved by the information system. Examples of information systems.

· Data interpretation. Interpretation refers to the process of determining the meaning of data, the results of which must be consistent and correct. Typically, multivariate data analysis is provided.

· Diagnostics. Diagnostics refers to the process of relating an object to a certain class of objects and/or detecting a malfunction in a certain system. A malfunction is a deviation from the norm. This interpretation allows us to consider equipment malfunctions in technical systems, and diseases of living organisms, and all kinds of natural anomalies.

· Monitoring. The main task of monitoring is continuous interpretation of data in real time and signaling when certain parameters exceed acceptable limits.

· Design. Design consists of preparing specifications for the creation of “objects” with predetermined properties. The specification means the entire set of necessary documents - drawing, explanatory note, etc. The main problems here are obtaining a clear structural description of knowledge about an object and the “trace” problem.

· Forecasting. Forecasting allows you to predict the consequences of certain events or phenomena based on the analysis of available data. Predictive systems logically derive likely consequences from given situations.

· Planning. Planning refers to finding action plans related to objects capable of performing certain functions. Such ES use models of the behavior of real objects in order to logically deduce the consequences of the planned activity.

· Education. Teaching refers to the use of a computer to teach a discipline or subject. Educational systems diagnose errors when studying any discipline using a computer and suggest the correct solutions.

· Control. Management is understood as a function of an organized system that supports a certain mode of activity. This kind of ES controls the behavior of complex systems in accordance with given specifications.

· Decision Support. Decision support is a set of procedures that provides the decision maker with necessary information and recommendations to facilitate the decision-making process. These ES help specialists select and/or form the desired alternative among many choices when making responsible decisions.

· The main difference between analysis problems and synthesis problems is that if in analysis problems a set of solutions can be listed and included in the system, then in synthesis problems the set of solutions is potentially unlimited and is built from solutions to components or sub-problems. The objectives of the analysis are: data interpretation, diagnostics, decision support; synthesis tasks include design, planning, and management. Combined: training, monitoring, forecasting.

The main stages of development of information systems.

Period of time	Information Use Concept	Type of information systems	Purpose of use
	Paper flow of settlement documents	Information systems for processing settlement documents on electromechanical accounting machines	Increasing the speed of document processing Simplifying the procedure for processing invoices and payroll calculations
	Basic assistance in preparing reports	Management information systems for production information	Speeding up the reporting process
	Management control of sales (sales)	Decision support systems Systems for senior management	Development of the most rational solution
1980 - 2009	Information is a strategic resource that provides a competitive advantage	Strategic information systems Automated offices	Survival and prosperity of the company

Stage 1. The first information systems appeared in the 50s. During these years, they were intended for processing bills and payroll, and were implemented on electromechanical accounting machines. This led to some reduction in costs and time for preparing paper documents.

Stage 2. 60s are marked by a change in attitude towards information systems. The information obtained from them began to be used for periodic reporting on many parameters. To achieve this, organizations needed multi-purpose computer equipment capable of serving many functions, and not just processing invoices and calculating salaries, as was previously the case.

Stage 3. In the 70s - early 80s. Information systems are beginning to be widely used as a means of management control, supporting and accelerating the decision-making process.

Stage 4. By the end of the 80s. The concept of using information systems is changing again. They become a strategic source of information and are used at all levels of any organization. Information systems of this period, providing the necessary information on time, help the organization achieve success in its activities, create new goods and services, find new markets, secure worthy partners, organize the production of products at a low price, and much more.

The place of information systems in professional activities.

Among the personnel related to information systems, categories such as end users, programmers, system analysts, database administrators, etc. are distinguished.

A programmer is traditionally called a person who writes programs. A person using the result of work computer program, is called the end user. A systems analyst is a person who evaluates the computer use needs of users and designs information systems that meet those needs.

In the field of economic management, two categories of specialists work with information systems: end-user managers and data processors. The end user is the one who uses the information system or the information it produces. Data scientists professionally analyze, design, and develop a system.

Structure of information systems. The concept of subsystem

1. By hierarchy levels (supersystem, system, subsystem, system element);

2. According to the degree of closedness (closed, open, conditionally closed);

3. By the nature of the processes occurring in dynamic systems (deterministic, stochastic and probabilistic);

Subsystem - it is a set of objects and subsystems that provide some functionality and interact with each other in accordance with their interfaces. The interface of a subsystem is a subset of the union of interfaces of all objects and subsystems that make up this subsystem. A subsystem may include one or more interdependent objects and/or subsystems.

Info structure. systems purpose and characteristics of subsystems.

4. By hierarchy levels (supersystem, system, subsystem, system element);

5. According to the degree of closedness (closed, open, conditionally closed);

6. By the nature of the processes occurring in dynamic systems (deterministic, stochastic and probabilistic);

By type of connections and elements (simple, complex).

Logistics information systems

Logistics information systems are related information networks starting with the daily requirements of customers (representing a purely stochastic value), spreading through distribution and production to suppliers. These systems are usually divided into three groups.

1. Information systems for making long-term decisions about structures and strategies (so-called planning systems). They serve mainly to create and optimize parts of the supply chain. Scheduled systems are characterized by batch processing of tasks.

2. Information systems for making decisions in the medium and short term (so-called dispositive or dispatch systems). They are aimed at ensuring smooth operation of logistics systems. We are talking, for example, about the disposal (disposition) of in-plant transport, stocks of finished products, provision of materials and contract supplies, and launching orders into production. Some tasks can be processed in batch mode, others require interactive processing (on-line) due to the need to use the most current data possible. The dipositive system prepares all the initial data for decision-making and records the current state of the system in the database.

3. Information systems for the execution of everyday affairs (so-called executive systems). They are used mainly at the administrative and operational levels of management, but sometimes also contain some elements of short-term disposition. Especially important for these systems is the processing speed and recording of the physical state without delay (i.e., the relevance of all data), so in most cases they work in on-line mode. We are talking, for example, about warehouse management and inventory accounting, shipment preparation, operational production management, and automated equipment management. Process and equipment management requires the integration of commercial information systems and automation control systems.

Creating information systems requires systems thinking. The structure of the enterprise's logistics system, material flow, supporting logistics and information systems are interconnected and interdependent. In order for logistics information systems to provide the required efficiency of logistics processes, they must be integrated vertically and horizontally.

Vertical integration is the connection between planned, discretionary and executive systems. Horizontal integration refers to the connection of individual sets of tasks in the dispositive and executive systems. Main role In the entire architecture of logistics systems, dispositive systems play a role, which determine the requirements for the corresponding executive systems.

Computer technology is also used in individual parts of the supply chain to manage and monitor complex technical processes. In the field of economic control, on the contrary, the role of a regulator (the prerogative of decision-making) is reserved for a person, and computer technology provides him with the necessary information. To manage and monitor operational logistics processes, it is important to have an on-line dialogue with a computer, which allows you to minimize the regulator’s response time. For economic control, periodic batch processing of data is often sufficient.

Thanks to the miniaturization and reduction in cost of computing technology, its decentralization becomes possible, i.e. proximity to workplaces. Decentralization of computers can significantly reduce the volume of data transfer. A number of data about the logistics process can be processed autonomously directly in a given department, for example, in a warehouse. The fundamental idea of ​​​​creating decentralized databases is the ability to make decisions on the spot with information connectivity of all decentralized units.

Interconnection of computer equipment on the territory of an enterprise or between several closely located parts of an enterprise (for example, in one city) is usually implemented by a fixed line intended only for this purpose. In mobile vehicles and on-board computers, some part of the communication line route is wireless. Computers and subscriber points are connected into so-called local networks(LAN - Local Area Networks).

Remote businesses are connected using a Wide Area Network (WAN), which typically uses a general purpose, operated by the post office.

In recent years, the limiting factor for the use of computers has been the complexity of creating software. Therefore, they usually strive, on the one hand, to rationalize and increase the productivity of programmers, on the other hand, to create packages application programs wide application, suitable for various (especially personal) computers and relatively easily adaptable to specific user conditions.

According to experts, logistics information systems account for 10-20% of all logistics costs. The prices of hardware equipment in the world are rapidly decreasing; The ratio of computer performance to their price is growing. A few years ago, the hardware to software cost ratio was about 1:3; The weight of software in this ratio is constantly growing due to both the increasing scale and complexity of information systems and the falling cost of hardware.

To build computer-based logistics information systems, the following principles are important:

It is necessary to strive for a modular structure of systems in both hardware and software;

It is necessary to ensure the possibility of stage-by-stage creation of the system;

It is very important to clearly identify the junction points;

It is necessary to ensure the flexibility of the system in terms of the specific requirements of a particular application;

The leading role is played by the acceptability of the system for the user of the “man-machine” dialogue.

When designing information systems, there is a danger of maintaining traditional processes while it is necessary to achieve fundamental changes in the organization. It must be kept in mind that computing systems are not a universal cure for poorly managed operations. In addition, with uncontrolled use of new information technologies It is easy for unnecessary information to leak and, as a result, the cost of data processing increases without any noticeable effect for the enterprise. The insufficient efficiency of information systems may have other reasons: for example, organizational barriers between divisions of an enterprise, low quality (according to the criteria of “fidelity” and “relevance”) of data, unpreparedness of divisions of an enterprise to implement the system.

Conclusion

Today, information technologies influence not only data processing, but also the way people perform work, products, and the nature of competition. Information in many organizations is becoming a key resource, and information processing is becoming a matter of strategic importance.

Most organizations will not be able to compete successfully unless they offer their customers the level of service that is only possible through technology-based systems.

A management information system is a system that provides authorized personnel with data or information relevant to an organization. A management information system, in general, consists of four subsystems: a transaction processing system, a management reporting system, an office information system and a decision support system, including a managerial information system, expert system and artificial intelligence.

Information systems are used by organizations for various purposes. They increase productivity by helping to do work better, faster and cheaper, functional efficiency by helping to take best solutions. Information systems improve the quality of services provided to customers and clients and help create and improve products. They allow you to secure customers and alienate competitors, change the basis of competition by changing such components as price, costs, and quality.

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5) Kogalovsky M.R. Encyclopedia of database technologies // Internet resource: http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_system

Properties of the information system: Divisibility, allocation of subsystems, which simplifies the analysis of development, implementation and operation of the IS; Integrity and consistency of functioning of the subsystems of the system as a whole. Composition of the information system: The information environment is a set of systematized and specially organized data and knowledge; Information Technology. Classification of information systems by purpose Information management systems for collecting and processing information necessary for managing an enterprise organization...

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Lecture No. 8

Subject: Information Systems. Concept, composition, structure, classification, generations

2. Concept of IP. Its properties and composition.

Information systemthis is a communication system for collecting, transmitting, and processing information about an object, providing the employee with any information to implement the management function, i.e. an ordered collection of documented information and information technology.

Information system properties:

• Divisibility (selection of subsystems, which simplifies the analysis, development, implementation and operation of the IS);
• Integrity (consistency of functioning of the subsystems of the system as a whole).

Composition of the information system:

• Information environment(a set of systematized and specially organized data and knowledge);
• Information Technology.

1. IP classification.

3.1. Classification of IP by purpose

• Information managerssystems for collecting and processing information necessary for managing an organization, enterprise, or industry.
• Decision support systemsaccumulate and analyze data to make decisions in various areas of human activity.
• Informational searchsystems designed to search for information contained in various databases and computer systems.
• Information reference – automated systems, working in interactive mode and providing the user with reference information.
• Data processing systemsprocess and archive large volumes of data.

3.2. Classification of ICs by hardware structure.

• Single processor(built on the basis of one PC);
• Multiprocessor(use the resources of several processors);
• Multi-machine (computing systems, where a set of equipment and a terminal are concentrated on one PC);
• Systems with remote access (television processing provides communication between user terminals and computing means methods of data transmission via communication channels);
• Computer networks(an interconnected set of geographically concentrated data processing systems, means and systems of communication and data transmission, providing users with remote access to computing resources and collective use of these resources).

3.3 Classification of IS by operating mode

• Batch Processing (processing of data accumulated in advance in such a way that the user cannot influence the processing while it is in progress).
• Individual use mode(all system resources are at the disposal of one user).
• Shared mode(simultaneous access to resources by several independent users, i.e. the system serves each user’s request without interruption).

3.4. Classification of information systems according to the nature of interaction with the user.

• Conversational mode(interaction of a person with an information processing system, with the person and the system exchanging information at a pace commensurate with the rate of human information processing).
• Interactive mode(interaction between a person and the information processing process, expressed in various kinds of influences on this process, provided for by the control mechanism of a particular system and causing a response from the process).
• Real time mode(an information processing mode in which the interaction of the information processing system with external processes is ensured at a pace commensurate with the speed of these processes).

3.5. Classification of information systems by level of automation

• manual (all information processing operations are performed by humans),
• automated(some management or data processing functions are carried out automatically, and some are carried out by humans);
• automatic (control and processing functions are performed only by technical means) IS.

4. IS structure. Types of supporting subsystems.

The structure of an information system is a collection of its individual parts, called subsystems

Subsystem this is a part of the system, distinguished by some characteristic.

The general structure of an information system can be considered as a set of subsystems, regardless of the scope of application. In this case, they talk about a structural feature of classification, and the subsystems are calledproviding. Thus, the structure of any information system can be represented by a set of supporting subsystems, among which are informational, technical, mathematical, software, organizational and legal support.

The set of information system components includes:

• Functional components;
• Data processing system components;
• Organizational components.

All components of the information system make it possible to implement management functions efficiently and to the maximum extent. 1 enterprise.

1. Functional componentssystem of management functions a complete set (complex) of management work interconnected in time and space, necessary to achieve the goals set for the enterprise.
   1. The goals of the enterprise are realized with the helpfunctional subsystems, which include various modules simulators and business applications.
   2. Functional subsystems are developedfunctional tasks.
   3. Various options are available for functional tasks models and algorithms for solving problems.
2. All IC processing systems include the following set of components calledtypes of security:
   1. Information Support – a set of methods and means for placing and organizing information, including systems for classification and coding of information, unified documentation systems (ensuring comparability of indicators in various spheres of social production), schemes of information flows circulating in the organization and methodology for constructing databases.
      1. Softwaretotality software for the creation and operation of ODS using computer technology, which includes basic (system-wide) and applied (special) software products.
      2. Technical supporta set of technical means used for the operation of the ODS and includes devices that implement standard data processing operations.
      3. Legal supporta set of legal norms regulating the creation and operation of IP, which include normative acts of contractual relations between the customer and the IP developer, legal regulation of deviations
      4. Linguistic supporta set of language tools used at various stages of the creation and operation of ODS.
3. Organizational Components(staff).
4. New organizational structure of the company.
5. Staff (state, job descriptions ).

5. IP development trend.

1st generation IC (1960 1970)was built on the basis of central computers according to the principle “1 enterprise 1 processing center”, and served as a standard application execution environment operating system companies IBMMVX.

2nd generation IC (1970 1980)characterized by partial decentralization of IP, and mini PC type DEC VAX , connected to a central PC, began to be used in offices and departments of the organization.

3rd generation IC (1980 1990)is determined by the emergence of computer networks that unite disparate information systems into a single system.

4th generation IC (1990 to present day)characterized by a hierarchical structure in which central processing and unified management of IS resources are combined with distributed data processing. A supercomputer is used as a central computing system. The most rational solution is the IS model, organized according to the principle: central server of the system local servers  stations clients

1 Management function a specific ongoing responsibility of one or more persons, the performance of which leads to the achievement of a specific business result

PAGE 5

Information system

functional components

Functional subsystems(modules, business applications)

Functional tasks

Models and algorithms

Data processing system components(SOD)

Information Support

Software

Technical support

Legal support

Linguistic support

Organizational Components(staff)

New organizational structure of the company

Staff (states, job descriptions)

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INFORMATION SYSTEMS. STRUCTURE AND CLASSIFICATION OF INFORMATION SYSTEMS

Information system is an interconnected set of means, methods and personnel used to store, process and issue information to achieve management goals. In modern conditions, the main technical means of information processing is Personal Computer. Most modern information systems do not transform information, but data. Therefore, they are often called data processing systems.

According to the degree of mechanization of information transformation procedures, data processing systems are divided into manual processing systems, mechanized, automated and automatic data processing systems.

The most important principles building effective information systems are as follows.

Principle of integration , which consists in the fact that the processed data, once entered into the system, is repeatedly used to solve a large number of problems.

Systematic principle , which consists of processing data in various aspects in order to obtain the information necessary for decision-making at all levels of management.

The principle of complexity , which consists in mechanization and automation of data conversion procedures at all stages of the operation of the information system.

Information systems are also classified:

• by functional purpose: production, commercial, financial, marketing, etc.;
• by management objects: computer-aided design information systems, technological process management, enterprise management (office, company, corporation, organization), etc.;
• by the nature of the use of the resulting information: information retrieval, intended for collecting, storing and issuing information at the user’s request; information and advisory systems that offer the user certain recommendations for decision making (decision support systems); information-controlling, the resultant information of which is directly involved in the formation of control actions.

The structure of information systems is a collection of its individual parts, called subsystems.

Functional subsystems implement and support models, methods and algorithms for obtaining control information. The composition of functional subsystems is very diverse and depends on the subject area of ​​use of the information system, the specifics of the economic activity of the object, and management.

Part supporting subsystems usually include:

1. information support - methods and means of construction information base systems, including systems for classification and coding of information, unified document systems, information flow diagrams, principles and methods for creating databases;
2. technical support - a set of technical means involved in technological process transformation of information in the system. First of all, these are computers, peripheral equipment, equipment and data transmission channels;
3. the software includes a set of regularly used programs necessary to solve functional problems, and programs that allow the most efficient use of computer technology, providing users with the greatest convenience in work;
4. software - a set of mathematical methods, models and information processing algorithms used in the system;
5. linguistic support - a set of language tools used in the system in order to improve the quality of its development and facilitate communication between a person and a machine.

Organizational subsystems essentially also relate to supporting subsystems, but are aimed primarily at ensuring the efficient work of personnel, and therefore they can be distinguished separately. These include:

1. staffing - the composition of specialists involved in the creation and operation of the system, staffing and functional responsibilities;
2. ergonomic support - a set of methods and tools used in the development and operation of an information system, creating optimal conditions for the activities of personnel, for the fastest development of the system;
3. legal support - a set of legal norms regulating the creation and operation of an information system, the procedure for obtaining, converting and using information;
4. organizational support - a set of decisions regulating the processes of creation and functioning of both the system as a whole and its personnel.