If you periodically go through all the folders on your computer to find specific file, then it’s worth thinking about how to create your own file storage system and organize your workspace once and for all.
To organize files and folders manually, you will have to spend more than one hour, but in the future this time will pay off, since you will know exactly where this or that document is located, and this will inevitably affect the efficiency of your work.
Before you start, you should take a piece of paper and draw future system organizing folders and files on it.
Decide on which drive you will store the information, whether you will duplicate it, and where and how to archive it. It all depends on how many logical drives you have and what kind cloud storage you use.
Create a hierarchical structure. Think about the names of your main folders: home, work, personal, music, video, pictures, photos, games (there should be a minimum number of them). Next you need to decide on the names subfolders. There shouldn’t be many of them either – no more than twenty.
For example, the main folder “Home” may include: finances, education, travel, health. Music, videos and books are organized by genre, pictures - by topic: nature, animals. It is better to store photographs separately from pictures.
Cleaning your computer from unnecessary files
Go through your files and delete those you haven't looked at in over a year. If you don't want to delete it, archive it. Rename important documents, group or vice versa, split files by content.
Transfer all documents and folders created on the desktop (if any) to HDD. It is recommended to create only shortcuts to documents and programs on the desktop.
You can also use the popular CCleaner program to clean your computer.
Organize convenient access to all your folders
Using the Explorer tree, simply drag and drop folders that you use frequently into Favorites. For quick access this folder can be pinned to the taskbar: click on it right click mouse ⇨ Panels ⇨ Create toolbar.
If convenient, use file managers.
Create shortcuts on your desktop.
How to make a shortcut: Right-click on the desktop ⇨ “create shortcut” and copy the path to your folder, file, URL into the window.
Shortcuts can also be created in folders - for example, a link to another, related folder for fast travel between them. For example, in my “Music” folder, which is located on the C: drive, there is a shortcut to the music that I store on the Yandex disk.
A program for recognizing and sorting musical compositions - at picard.musicbrainz.org.
Remove duplicate files, these will help free programs like DupKiller and Auslogics Duplicate File Finder.
In Windows 8 and 8.1, it is possible to place a shortcut to any folder in the tiled Start menu: right-click on the file or folder icon and select “Pin to Start Screen”.
When you have created your system and organized your files and folders, cleared out the garbage, follow simple rules that will help maintain the new order.
How to organize files and folders on your computer, infographic
Rules for storing files and folders
The main rule is that the name of each folder and file should correspond to the content as closely as possible.
Work with files and folders “as input”: it is better to spend time and immediately come up with an adequate name than to review a lot of documents, trying to understand what and where.
For notes and notes, use text files. Put it in each folder text documents(.txt) with the title “Read”, where you briefly describe the folder structure, everything you consider necessary: which files are duplicated, which version of the document is newer, or how one document differs from another.
Create an “Archive” folder and dump files that are no longer relevant there. Don’t forget about the structure of the archive: in order not to clutter this folder and quickly find the document you need, create folders in it with names that duplicate your main ones: home, work, photos, etc.
Either rename downloaded files, such as programs, or again create a “Read” file in the folder and briefly describe what kind of program it is. I'm sure this is a problem for many - I downloaded the program and forgot what it was and why it was there at all.
Don’t store a hodgepodge of different topics in one file; it’s better to break them up into text documents with appropriate names if you don’t have time to deal with them.
You can organize the contents of large text files by creating tables of contents. Thus, to find out the contents of a file, you only need to move the cursor to the file shortcut and the first page with the table of contents will appear in the preview.
If the file contains an article or an excerpt from an article from the Internet, a link must be provided to it so that you can return to the original if necessary.
In each folder, you can create a special document where links from the Internet on the topic will be placed, so as not to search in your browser bookmarks.
For working files that are subject to frequent editing and have more than one version, it is worth creating separate folders with txt file, where their history will be briefly described. Instead of names, put the project number and the date the order was received.
For example, PR8_10-03-14 may mean “project number eight from the tenth of March.”
Review all files once a month and get rid of unnecessary ones: delete them or send them to the archive. Old, unused files become a distraction and prevent you from working efficiently.
And don't forget to duplicate the files that are most important to you.
I hope these tips will help you organize your files and folders, which in turn will increase your productivity.
All information, in the form of files, recorded on a hard drive or any other medium for storing, reading and processing is located in folders. Folders are also called directories. What is a folder? Figuratively speaking, a folder is a kind of container for storing other containers with information -. In a simplified way, we can give an analogy with a filing cabinet, where information is stored in cards. Imagine that cards are files, and folders are boxes with them, in turn, boxes are stored in cabinets.
A folder (directory or directory) is a place on a medium where files or other folders with files are stored. Those. such a storage system can be quite extensive. The main folder contains another folder or folders, which may contain another folder, etc. Nested folders are usually called subfolders or subdirectories. This system was invented to organize stored information on a computer’s hard drive. All folders have names, the names of which are given by the operating system itself, the program, or you yourself, if the directory was created by you. You can create a folder in by right-clicking in the Explorer program window or on the desktop. Clicking the button brings up a menu with expected user actions, where you need to select the “create” menu item with the “folder” drop-down submenu.
The basis or root of this entire system is the root folder.
What is the root folder?
This is the first and main folder (root) in which all the others are located. It has no name and is denoted by the special character “\”. For example, the designation C:\ tells us that this is the root folder of drive C. If you created a “My Music” directory in the root folder, then its path will look like this - C:\My Music. Suppose that in the “My Music” folder you created another one with the name “Rock”, where you will store audio files with rock bands, then in this case its path will be “C:\My Music\Rock. In turn, let's say that you wanted to sort rock music into groups. In this case, it would be logical to create folders with the names of groups in the “Rock” subfolder. Thus, we get a chain of subfolders.
What does the folder look like?
In the operating room Windows system the folder is indicated by a graphic element yellow color as stationery folder. Icon may vary slightly depending on settings appearance elements.
While working with programs, such as text editor, the created documents are saved as files. On a computer, files are stored on the hard drive, on external storage devices called flash drives that connect to the computer's USB port, or on recordable optical discs.
In this section you will learn how to work with files and folders (copy, move, delete, name and rename them, etc.), as well as how to properly organize work with your data.
Most novice computer users, when working with text, use the standard technique of copying and pasting using the mouse, i.e. When the left button is held down, the cursor selects the desired fragment or the entire text; by clicking with the right button, it is called up context menu, where the “Copy” item is selected. More advanced users use only the keyboard for this purpose, which is much more convenient and faster. In that […]
If you frequently work with any documents, it may be more convenient to create a folder on your desktop for quick access to them. This is not difficult to do, however, for novice users this operation may cause difficulty. In this tutorial we will look at how to make a folder directly on the Windows desktop.
Sooner or later, a novice computer user is faced with such a concept as a file system (FS). As a rule, the first acquaintance with this term occurs when formatting a storage medium: logical drives of a hard drive and connected media (flash drives, memory cards, external hard drive). Before formatting, the Windows operating system prompts you to select the type of file system on the media, cluster size, formatting method (quick […]
Each file on your computer has a set of individual properties that make it unique. Depending on the file format, the set of properties may be different: audio files have some properties, videos have others, text documents have another, etc. In this article we will talk about how to view the properties of files, how to change or delete them using Windows OS as an example […]
If you want to find a file, open it, and continue working on a file you recently opened, use the Quick Access feature provided by Windows. Open the Start button menu and right-click on an empty space. From the context menu, select the Properties option. In the Taskbar and Start Menu Properties dialog box, select the Start Menu tab if it is not already selected […]
We've used the words "folder" and "file" so much, we've even learned what they are. Your level of knowledge is already high enough for us to talk about more complex and serious things. This time I propose to study operations on these objects. But before that, I recommend repeating the lesson “”.
This article will be very useful and you will learn a lot. In fact, we will partially repeat the previous material and add a couple more spoons to our barrel of knowledge, namely, a couple of lessons on how to create a folder and file, as well as how to rename them, copy, cut, etc.
- How to create a folder
- How to create a file
- How to rename a folder or file
- Context menu (right mouse button)
- Copy/cut - paste
- How to select objects
- Properties
How to create a folder
The first question that may arise in your mind is where can you create folders and files? This can be done on any local disk, as well as in space removable media and even disks, but in preparation for recording (repeat the lesson “What is a flash drive. What is a CD and DVD”).
Let's try to create a folder:
- Select the desired location where the folder will be created;
- In any empty space, right-click;
- We are looking for the line “create”;
- In the submenu that pops up, select “folder”, usually this is the first line.
So we got a new folder. If you try to create another one, it will be created under the name " new folder(2)". The third will be numbered 3 and so on.
How to create a file
The file creation follows the same pattern. But what kind of file do you want to create? The fact is that the file has a type (the extension indicates it, remember the previous lessons). By and large, you only need to be able to create text files and application files “ Microsoft Office”, for example, the same. But I in no way limit you. Explore the creation menu, try to create something. There is nothing wrong with this, and the products from your samples can always be removed.
How to rename a folder or file
Agree, it is very inconvenient to use information on your computer as quickly as possible when all folders are called “new folders”. So we should talk about how to rename a folder:
- When created, the folder name is given automatically, but it will be highlighted. At this point you can enter your option.
- If the folder has already been created, then left-click on it so that the folder is highlighted. After one or two seconds, click again, but on the folder name (it is located immediately below the folder). If everything is done correctly, the folder name will be highlighted and you can change it.
- If for some reason the first two options do not suit you, then there is a third, more cumbersome way. Right-click on the folder icon. In the context menu, find the line “rename”. Enter your own name.
We will not dwell in detail on how to rename a file. This is done in exactly the same way as with a folder.
Now we know how to create a folder, and we can even tell less literate colleagues how to rename a folder that has already been created. Let's move on to studying new operations.
Context menu (right mouse button)
I often ask you to press the right mouse button, but I haven’t really explained what kind of window pops up when you click it, and why it is needed. Now is the time best time for this.
Depending on the environment in which the menu was opened, its functionality may vary. Let's say if you right-click in the work field of any folder, you will see something like this:
The first three lines will help you make the display of folders and files more convenient. You can change the size of icons, sort folders according to one of several options, and also divide them into groups. Practice on your own and arrange the folders the way you like.
The “set up folder” line allows you to change the properties of that specific folder in the work field of which the context menu was opened. In general, if you need to perform some manipulations on a specific object, then you need to right-click on the icon of this object, much like we did a little earlier, when I explained how to create a folder and rename it.
The “properties” line will allow you to see some information open folder and change several of its options. Don't be too willful there.
Now let's move on to more specific work with files and folders.
Copy/cut - paste
If the files on the computer are located chaotically, then we can say with 100% confidence that quick search information is alien to such a computer. You can, of course, try to find the desired document through the search menu (the magnifying glass icon located in the upper right corner open window). But this trick will work if you remember the file name accurately enough. But if the hard drive consists of several nameless local drives filled to capacity with “new folders,” then the idea is doomed.
Therefore, now I will quickly teach you how to move objects, and as homework you will put things in order on your computer.
The easiest way to copy a folder is as follows.
- Search the desired folder, which you are going to copy;
- Open the folder where you are going to copy;
- Drag and drop a folder from one directory to another. To do this, you need to left-click (LMB) on the folder to be copied and, without releasing LMB, drag it to where you want to copy.
Note: directory is the path to the document (in our case, to the folder). In other words, the address of a folder is called a directory (every folder has a directory).
What is very important here is the fact from which local drive you are moving the folder to. If this is done within the same local drive, then with this method of moving the folder will be cut from one place and pasted in another. If local disks are different, the folder will be copied. This means that the original one will remain where it was. If you don’t need this, then hold “ctrl” while moving or use another method:
- Right click on the folder;
- Select “copy” or “cut” from the menu if you want to move the folder;
- Open the destination directory;
- Click the right mouse button anywhere on the work field;
- Select the “paste” line from the menu.
If you need to transfer several files and folders at once, first select the entire group, and then use one of the two methods above.
How to select objects
A single file or folder can be selected with a simple (single) mouse click - we already know this. A group can be selected with the mouse by holding down the left mouse button and selecting all the documents that are needed. And this, I hope, is not a secret for you. How to select objects that are not located nearby? Take a look at your keyboard and look for the “Ctrl” and “Shift” keys.
To select several objects located in a row, select the first object in the list, and left-click on the last one while holding down “Shift”.
If you need to select objects located at different locations, click on them with the mouse while holding “Ctrl”.
These methods can be combined. Give it a try. Practice plays the most important role in mastering a computer.
I’ll just add one piece of advice to the topic on how to create a folder. If you suddenly give a non-unique name to a new folder (that is, the name that some folder already has), then you risk replacing the existing folder with a new one. The system will offer you options for action, but I know from experience that many may not notice this. Be careful and don't lose information. Therefore, try to name all new folders with unique names.
Properties
This option in the context menu allows you to open a window that looks something like this:
In the “general” tab, you can get information about the current state of an object and make it invisible (to do this, you need to check the appropriate box). The “access” tab is needed to restrict or, conversely, open access third party computers on the local network to this folder, if, of course, this local network exists. “Settings” will help you optimize a folder for a specific type of file and select an original icon for it. Well, the “security” tab doesn’t matter much to you, try not to change anything there.
Try creating a few folders and practice with them, repeating all the operations you learned about today. This will help consolidate the material and make it easier to gain new knowledge in the future.
A file is a collection of data that has a name and is stored in the external memory of the computer (on a hard drive, floppy disk or CD). The file name consists of two parts: the base name and the extension (type), separated from each other by a dot. WINDOWS does not impose such strict restrictions on the file name as DOS, but the extension consists of three characters and usually indicates which application created the file.
A directory is a special kind of file that contains information about other files (name, size, location, date and time of creation). However, you can think of a directory as a place where files are located. The top directory - the root - on each disk is named after the corresponding disk. In WINDOWS, the term "directory" has been replaced by the equivalent concept "folder". A set of folders, in which other folders with files are nested, form a hierarchical "tree" structure. Each folder has a number of properties, the most important of which are: name, type, icon, size, creation date. The name can be up to 255 characters long.
The folder or file can be saved or copied. To save a file or folder, you need to give it a unique name, since no two files with the same name can exist. The name serves as an address, which means that there cannot be two files on the computer that have the same name, however, if the files are in different folders, then they can have the same names, because the full file name includes all directory names that lead to it. This fully qualified file name is also called a file search path or file access path. Folders can be created on the disk, inside which files or other folders can be stored, called subfolders. Folder names are separated from each other and from the drive name using a backslash.
The file name, which must be unique, is supplemented by an extension - the format (type) of the file, which determines the nature (content) this file, in which program the file was created.
The structure of the file name is as follows: name [.ext], where name is a unique file name, extension - the file extension is optional, but its use is convenient for work, consisting of a maximum of three letters - a sign of optionality.
The file name consists of two parts, separated by a dot: the actual file name and the extension that determines its type (program, data, etc.). The actual name of the file is given by the user, and the file type is usually set automatically by the program when it is created.
Different operating systems have different filename formats. IN operating system MS-DOS the actual file name must contain no more than eight Latin letters and numbers, and the extension consists of three Latin letters, for example: proba.txt
In the operating system Windows name the file can have up to 255 characters, and the use of the Russian alphabet is allowed, for example:
Units of information.doc
Before the advent of Windows 95, most IBM PCs ran MS-DOS, which had very strict file naming rules. These rules are called convention 8.3
By convention 8.3, a file name can consist of two parts separated by a dot. The first part can be up to 8 characters long, and the second part (after the period) can be up to 3 characters long. The second part after the dot is called the name extension.
When writing a file name, you are allowed to use only English letters and numbers. The name must begin with a letter. Spaces and punctuation are not allowed, except exclamation point(!), tilde (~) and underscore (_).
After the introduction of the Windows 95 operating system, file naming requirements became significantly more relaxed. They are also valid in all subsequent versions of Windows operating systems.
1. Up to 255 characters are allowed.
2. It is allowed to use symbols of national alphabets, in particular Russian.
3. Spaces and other previously prohibited characters are permitted, with the exception of the following nine: /\:*?"<>|.
4. You can use multiple periods in the file name. The name extension is all characters after the last dot.
The role of the file name extension is purely informational, not command-oriented. If you assign the file extension TXT to a file with a picture, then the contents of the file will not turn into text. It can be viewed in a program designed for working with texts, but such viewing will not give anything intelligible.
File system. Each storage medium (floppy, hard or laser disk) can store a large number of files. The order in which files are stored on the disk is determined by the installed file system.
Long file names have the following properties:
1. they can contain up to 255 characters, including extension;
2. they may contain spaces;
3. they can contain several dots (name extensions are those characters that follow the last dot);
4. they can contain any keyboard symbols except the following:
5. The length of the full file name, including its search path, cannot exceed 260 characters, so it is not recommended to give folder names that are too long;
6. It is undesirable to use spaces in the name, because Some programs do not work correctly with such files. It is recommended to replace spaces with underscores, for example: test_in_computer science_Asanov_Alexey.
Now imagine the complete picture of the file structure like this: the whole external memory The computer is a cabinet with many drawers. Each box is an analogue of a disk; in the box there is a large folder (root directory); this folder contains many folders and documents (subdirectories and files), etc. The deepest nested folders contain only documents (files) or may be empty.
The path to the file. In order to find a file in the hierarchical file structure, you must specify the path to the file. The path to the file includes the logical name of the disk, written through the separator “\”, and a sequence of names of nested directories, the last of which contains the desired file.
Full file name.
The path to the file along with the file name is called the fully qualified file name.
Example of full file names:
C:\Abstracts\Physics\Optical phenomena.doc
C:\Abstracts\Informatics\Internet.doc
C:\Abstracts\Informatics\Computer viruses.doc
C:\Drawings\Sunset.jpg
C:\Drawings\ Winter.jpg
In the Windows operating system, the concept of “folder” is used instead of directories. A folder is a Windows object designed to organize files and other folders into groups. The concept of a folder is broader than the concept of a “directory”.
In Windows, at the top of the folder hierarchy is the Desktop folder. (The next level is represented by the My Computer, Recycle Bin and Network Neighborhood folders (if the computer is connected to a local network).
You can perform a number of standard actions with files and folders.
Actions with files such as “create”, “save”, “close” can only be performed in application programs(“Notepad”, “Paint”, ...).
The actions “open”, “rename”, “move”, “copy”, “delete” can be performed in the system environment.
. Copying (a copy of the file is placed in another directory);
. Move (the file itself is moved to another directory);
. Delete (the file entry is deleted from the directory);
. Renaming (file name changes).
The Windows graphical interface allows you to perform operations on files using the mouse using the Drag&Drop method. There are also specialized applications for working with files, so-called file managers.
Questions and tasks:
1. Write down the full names of all files
2. Build a directory tree
C:\Drawings\Nature\Sky.bmp
C:\Drawings\Nature\Snow.bmp
C:\Pictures\Computer\Monitor.bmp
C:\My Documents\Report.doc
9.5. Windows operating system
The MS DOS operating system with its graphical shells Windows 3.1 and Windows 3.11 was replaced by full-fledged operating systems of the Windows family (first Windows 95, then Windows 98, Windows Millennium, Windows 2000, Windows XP, Windows Vista and Windows 7). The figure shows the stages of development personal computers PC class and Windows operating system:
Operating systems family Windows is a 32-bit operating system that provides multitasking and multi-threaded application processing. They support a user-friendly graphical user interface, protected mode capability, compatibility with real-mode programs, and networking capabilities. Windows includes Plug and Play hardware support, long filenames, and improved robustness.
32-bit means that operations on 32-bit data are faster here than on 16-bit data. 32-bit Windows applications run in their own address space, which is not accessible to other programs. This protects applications from each other's errors. If one application fails, the other continues to function normally. A failed application can be terminated.
Multitasking provides the ability to work in parallel with several applications. While one of them is busy, for example, printing a document or receiving email from the Internet, the other can recalculate a spreadsheet or perform other useful work.
Multithreading allows applications designed in a specific way to simultaneously run multiple processes of their own. For example, when working with a multi-threaded spreadsheet, the user will be able to recalculate in one table while printing another and loading a third into memory. While one thread is waiting for, for example, the completion of a communication operation with a slow peripheral device, the other can continue to do his job.
A distinctive feature of Windows is its object-oriented approach to system design. At the user level, the object approach is expressed in the fact that the interface is a semblance of the real world, and working with the machine is reduced to actions with familiar objects. Thus, folders can be opened, put in a briefcase, documents can be viewed, corrected, moved from one place to another, thrown into the trash, a fax or letter can be sent to the recipient, etc. The user works with tasks and applications in the same way as with documents on his desk. The object-oriented approach is implemented through the model desktop- primary Windows object. After Windows boot it is displayed on the screen. Various objects can be located on the desktop: programs, folders with documents (texts, pictures, tables), shortcuts to programs or folders.
Shortcuts provide access to a program or document from multiple locations without creating multiple physical copies of the file. On the desktop you can place not only icons of applications and individual documents, but also folders. Folders are another name for directories.
A significant innovation in Windows was task bar. Despite the small functionality, it makes the multitasking mechanism clearer and greatly speeds up the process of switching between applications. Externally, the taskbar is a strip, usually located at the bottom of the screen, which contains application buttons and the Start button. On the right side there is usually a clock and small icons of programs that are currently active.
Windows allows you to work with audio and video files various formats. A significant achievement of Windows was its built-in computer communications programs. Communication Windows tools are designed for ordinary users and do not require special knowledge. These facilities include the ability to work in local networks And global networks, setting up modems, connecting to e-mail and much more.
In the Windows operating system, the mouse is widely used when working with windows and applications. Typically the mouse is used to select text or graphic objects, checking and unchecking checkboxes, selecting menu commands, toolbar buttons, manipulating controls in dialogs, “scrolling” documents in windows.
In Windows, the right mouse button is also actively used. By placing the pointer over the object of interest and right-clicking, you can expand context menu, containing the most common commands applicable to this object.
When shutting down, you cannot simply turn off the computer without shutting down the system properly - this may lead to the loss of some unsaved data. To properly shut down, it is necessary to save data in all applications that the user was working with, shut down all previously running DOS applications, open the “Start” button menu and select the “Shut Down” command.
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