Program windows. Programs for calculating windows. Basic aspects of the WH window program

In order to clarify some unclear details. Since I already knew most of the information, I was going to “look through” the materials in background, being distracted only by the most important points. And then I had a question - how to pin a window on top of all windows in Windows? Completely ignoring the video sequence during training would not be particularly effective, so I still wanted to keep an eye on what was happening. We will consider this problem today.

Of course, the problem is relevant primarily for owners of small monitors, in particular laptops. For those who have a larger diagonal, it is enough to simply place the necessary windows next to each other. In addition, many programs have modes for viewing multiple documents together, but this method does not work when information is in different applications. For example:

• Placing the Windows calculator on top of all windows for calculations.
• Watching videos and doing other things at the same time.
• Comparison of two texts/codes/pictures, etc.

This problem cannot be solved using standard system tools, unlike the procedure using the built-in Disk Management Tool. Perhaps older versions or Mac/Linux do not have such problems. Fortunately, Windows is full of different software that is ready to help you out at any time. As a result, there were a couple of options that placed the window on top of all other windows in Windows. With their help, you can perform any actions and clicks in a browser, text editor, etc. until the object you select is fixed in the foreground.

Programs to pin to all windows in Windows

Looking ahead, I’ll say that I’ve come across suitable plugins separately for Chrome/Firefox, but I won’t consider them. Firstly, they worked unstable, and secondly, system applications more versatile for any occasion.

OnTopReplica

The OnTopReplica software product creates a copy of the window you select, which is located above all the others. Of the five, this solution is perhaps the most original and functional. The last time the software was updated was in 2014, so the description states support only Windows Vista/ 7 / 8 with Aero effect. The reviews are extremely positive.

Main features:

• of course, the ability to make a window on top of all windows in Windows;
• displaying only part of the cloned object (for example, you do not need to see the entire browser screen with a video, but only the video itself, and this works here!);

• setting transparency, etc.;
• activating the ability to click through the selected window (as if it wasn’t there) - generally a cool thing!;
• auto resizing, fixing an object in the corners of the monitor, etc.;

OnTopReplica is the most complex and comprehensive of all the options, but its advanced features (transparency, highlighting, skipping clicks) can be quite useful in some situations. I don’t know if you will be able to freeze elements on top of all windows in Windows 10, because... this is not stated in the description. If someone has already tested the solution for this version, please write in the comments.

TurboTop

The website of the TurboTop developer looks very dull, although the program is very relevant and was updated in mid-2016. The application runs from the system tray - you simply indicate which of all the windows will be pinned.

You can use the solution for multiple tabs by checking them in the pop-up menu. Everything here is as simple as possible without any additional settings.

Always on Top

The Always on Top application is another script that allows you to pin a window on top of all windows in Windows 7, 10 and others. You don't even need to install it; you launch it immediately after downloading.

To place a window in the foreground, use the hotkey combination “Ctrl + Space”. Disabling the option is done in the same way. Exit is carried out through the context menu after clicking on the tray icon.

Window On Top

Window On Top has the most beautiful website about the program, perhaps because it is paid :) The functions are, in principle, similar to previous solutions. Fix an element using the keyboard shortcut Ctrl + F8 or manually by dragging the hand symbol onto the desired object.

Among the advantages, I would highlight the program’s operation on top of all windows in Windows 10, 7, 8, Vista and even XP. If none of the previous options are suitable, you will have to buy this one. Eat additional options: automatic minimization to tray, launch at startup.

DeskPins

DeskPins is a good free one. Open Source a solution on the topic that supports all versions of Windows (judging by the statements of the developers). Among the functions they also highlight: low resource consumption, work with multiple windows and all types of applications, hot keys. Latest version came out in 2016.

To make a window on top of all windows in Windows via DeskPins, click on the program icon in the tray, then appearance The cursor will change to a pin. Now you can “attach” it to any window, thereby fixing it.

It is possible to create several similar objects. By calling the context menu from the tray icon, you can change some settings: color, combination of HotKeys used, and even add rules for automatic triggering. Overall, it looks pretty good. If the pin functionality doesn't work, try hotkeys (sometimes this helps).

Total. In the article, I looked at a couple of options for how to pin a window on top of all windows in Windows. Initially I liked the Window On Top solution because of the developers’ website, but then I saw that it was paid. To be honest, I don’t see the point in buying this software, because... There are plenty of alternatives that do the job perfectly.

In case you do not require additional settings and features such as transparency, the usual Always on Top will be enough. I like that the script does not need to be installed, because... I'm not a fan of adding unknown third-party software to my computer. Of course, I checked everything with an antivirus first, but nowadays you can’t be 100% sure of anything. I repeat, I tested the programs on top of all windows in Windows 7; you can try them yourself for other versions of Win 10, 8.

The basis of working in Windows is working with windows. Any icon can be expanded into a window by double clicking the mouse.

Window - this is a rectangular area of ​​​​the screen in which certain information is displayed: the contents of disks, programs, user-created documents, queries and Windows messages. Windows can be open (expand), close, collapse, move, arrange, resize. An open window can occupy the entire screen or part of it.

Close a window - means completely removing it from the screen. Closing the program window means deleting the program from RAM.

Collapsed windows appear as buttons in the Taskbar. A program whose window is minimized remains in RAM and can be resumed at any time. To reopen a minimized window, click on the button in the Taskbar.

Window elements

Despite the variety of windows used in Windows, windows are managed according to the same rules. Almost all windows (except some query windows) contain required window controls. In Fig. Figure 6 shows the elements of the My Computer window.

Rice. 6. My Computer folder window

In the work area Folder windows display icons of the objects contained in the folder. The contents of the program window depend on the purpose of the program. Application windows in the workspace can contain document windows.

All other elements of the window - stripes, rows, buttons - are controls.

Title bar

The title of the window is always displayed in the middle of the title bar, and ( system menu button or pictogram), and on the right – control buttons. These window elements can be activated by a mouse click, i.e. you need to point to the button and click with the left mouse button.

System icon - this is a reduced icon of the window. One click on this button causes system menu, A double click- closes the window.

Control buttons include:

Menu bar

The menu bar is located below the window's title bar. Menu items contain commands that allow you to manage content window working area . Dialog boxes and document windows do not contain menu bars.

Toolbar

Under the menu bar there may be a Toolbar or an icon menu - a set of buttons designed to perform various commands to manage the contents of the window (Fig. 7). The toolbar buttons duplicate the commands of the main menu, but their use increases the speed and efficiency of work, because To execute a command, just click the mouse on a button, which is much faster than searching for the desired command in the menu. The toolbar contains command buttons for performing the most common operations, but unlike the menu bar, it is limited in the number of commands. When you point the mouse, the button is highlighted (highlighted). If this does not happen, then the button is in this moment not available.

The image on each button in toolbars gives an idea of ​​the button's function and helps you remember them quickly. You can get a hint about any tool on the panel by pointing your mouse at the button. After a short time, a tooltip will appear about the purpose of the button.

Rice. 7. Toolbar

Address bar

The address bar indicates the access path to the current folder, which is convenient for orientation in the file structure. Address bar allows you to quickly navigate to other sections of the file structure using the drop-down button - (on the right side of the line).

List of typical tasks

Each Windows folder offers easy access to the most common file and folder management tasks. When you open a folder on your computer, a task list appears on the left side of the folder window next to its contents, giving you access to the most common file and folder management tasks using hyperlinks.

You can select a file or folder, and then select a task and different sections.

1. In chapter Tasks for files and folders Displays commands for working with files and folders, allowing you to rename, copy, move, or delete the file or folder. The set of commands in this section depends on the selected object. You can also send the file by e-mail or publish it on the Internet.
2. Chapter Other places contains links (addresses) for quickly moving to other folders and drives.
3. Chapter Details contains information about the current or selected object.
   In Windows XP, there are several folders in which, in addition to the basic file and folder management tasks available in each folder, there are links to special types of tasks.
4. Folder My drawings contains a section Image Tasks, which offers links to tasks to help you manage your image files.
5. Folder My music contains a section Problems for music links to play and search for music.
6. Folder My computer and others system folders contain a section System tasks, which is contextual. Using the task links in this folder, you can view information about your computer, change system settings in Control Panel, and perform other system management procedures.
7. Folder Basket contains a section Tasks for the Cart, with which you can clear its contents and restore deleted files and folders at their original location.

window border

The thick border is intended for resizing the window using the mouse. The window border is visible if the window is not widened to full screen.

Scroll bars

Status bar

The status drain is output Additional Information about the contents of the window (for example, the number of objects in the folder, their total volume, etc.). The information in the status bar is dynamic, showing information about the selected items in the folder

Windows Window Types

Windows supports 4 types of windows.

1. Drive and folder windows

These windows display the contents of drives and folders. I love it Windows folder can be opened in your window. Using folder windows, you can view the entire file structure of disks. The title bar indicates the name of the folder, below there are menus and a toolbar.

2. Program windows (application windows)

These are the windows in which the loaded ones work. RAM Windows programs (and possibly DOS programs). In the title bar - the name of the program, below - the menu bar, toolbar (there may be more than one), ruler. Document windows open inside these windows.

3. Document windows (secondary windows)

These are windows in which documents created in Windows programs are displayed (if the application allows you to work with several documents at the same time). Information from each window can be saved to separate file. Secondary windows are always located only within their program window, do not have a menu bar and can only be opened in their application window.

4. Query windows (dialog)

Query windows appear while you work with the operating system and applications, positioned on top of all other windows on the screen. They contain a request for any information from the user or confirmation of his actions. Query windows cannot be resized, minimized or maximized, they can only be closed. Such windows close automatically after answering the request or forcefully by clicking on the close button. To respond to a request, dialog boxes have a variety of fields and buttons.

The dialog box can be modal or non-modal.

The modal window blocks the application. The user must complete all operations with this window and close it to return to the application window (folder, document). There are three types modal windows:

A modeless window does not stop the application from running. The user can click the mouse without closing the window to go to the application (document) window, work with it, and then click to return to the dialog box (such windows include the “Assistant” command window and help system windows).

Typically, a dialog box consists of a title bar and dialog box elements.

Dialog Box Elements

Depending on the functions of the window, the set of these tools varies over a wide range. Most dialog tools can be strictly classified, and they work pretty much the same across all Windows applications. Typical tools included in the dialog box are:

• command buttons;
• checkboxes (switches);
• radio buttons (selection fields);
• text fields (input fields);
• lists;
• sliding control buttons;
• demo subwindows (Sample field);
• tabs;
• background text.

Main types of elements:

	– button to close the window and save all changed parameters;
	– button to close the window without saving the changed parameters;
	– button to save all changed parameters without closing the window;
	– button to close the window when the changed parameters have already been saved;
	– input field – an area limited by a rectangular frame into which the user can enter text from the keyboard; To enter data in a field, you must first click in it with the mouse;
	– counter – a field with two buttons on the right; you can click on it with the mouse and enter the parameter values ​​on the keyboard or click on the buttons: to increase the parameter, use the up arrow, to decrease it, use the down arrow;
	– list fields contain a list of objects available for selection; if the contents of the list do not fit into the visible part, then scroll bars appear to view long lists; to select an object, click on it with the mouse;
	– the drop-down list field in the visible part has only the value of the current parameter; to open possible values, you must click on the “down arrow” button;
	– switches – circles with or without a black dot, designed to select one of the mutually exclusive modes;
	– checkbox – a square indicator field with or without a “tick” label inside it, used to turn on/off a mode (its name is written next to it), which can be in the on or off state;
	– context-sensitive help button, to call context-sensitive help, click it, and then an unknown element;
	– a sliding control button (slider) is used to increase/decrease the numeric value of a field by moving the slider;
	– tabs – located under the title bar of the page window, combining similar groups of requests for setting the parameters of a particular command. The active tab is brought to the front, occupying the entire window. To change a tab, just click on its name. You can use the keyboard to switch: forward – Ctrl+Tab or Ctrl+Page Up, back – Ctrl+Shift+Tab or Ctrl+Page Down;
	– the Sample field serves to preview the object, displaying the changes made to the parameters.

Window management

A window can exist in three states:

• full screen– the window is expanded to full screen;
• normal– the window occupies part of the screen;
• rolled up– the window is “minimized” to a button (reduced to the size of an icon).

The concept of window management includes the following actions:

1. resize the window, maximize the window to full screen;
2. move the window around the screen;
3. minimize the window, restore the previous window size;
4. arrange windows on the screen;
5. close a window;
6. switch between windows.

Ways to control a window are to use window control buttons; window system menu (the activity of each command depends on the current state of the window); dragging various window elements with the mouse; using the keyboard.

Resizing a Window

Clicking the maximize button will expand the window to full screen.

To restore the previous size of the window, you need to click on the restore size button.

Comment . To expand the window to full screen (or restore its size), you can double-click the window title or select the appropriate command ( Expand/Restore) in the system menu.

To resize a window, you need to point the mouse exactly at the border of the window or at any corner of it. When the mouse pointer changes to a double-sided arrow - , press the left mouse button and drag the border, enlarging or reducing the window. Then release the mouse button.

Comment. If the mouse pointer does not turn into a double-sided arrow at the window border, then the window cannot be resized. Typically cannot change the size of the query window.

Moving Windows

To move a window to another location on the screen, point the mouse at the window title and, pressing the left mouse button, drag the window to a new location. In short, a window can be dragged with the mouse by “grabbing” its title. This operation allows you to arrange windows on the screen in a convenient way.

Comment. To move a window, you can select the Move command in the window's system menu, use the arrow keys to place the window in the desired location, and press the key.

Minimizing a window

To minimize the window, you need to click on the minimize button.

You can also issue the command Collapse in one of the following ways:

• from the context menu of the window button in the taskbar;
• from the system menu.
  Comment. To minimize a window, you can double-click the window button in the Taskbar.
  Can be minimized All open windows immediately. To do this, click the corresponding button in the panel Quick start in the Taskbar or select the desired command in context menu Taskbars.
  Comment. You can also minimize all windows using the keyboard:
  Windows+M (Shift+Windows+M - expand);
  Windows+D.

Arranging windows

To organize open windows on the screen, you need to select one of the commands in the taskbar context menu:

• Cascade windows - windows are the same size, stacked, offset so that all the titles are visible;
• Windows from top to bottom and Windows from left to right – windows are the same size, dividing the screen into equal parts without overlapping each other;
• Minimize all windows (Show Desktop) – to free the Desktop from windows;
• Undo the last (executed) command.
  Comment. It is possible to execute order, minimize, and close commands on multiple windows at the same time. To do this, click the buttons of the desired windows in the Taskbar while holding down the key Ctrl and call their context menu.

Closing a window

To close the window, you need to click on the close button. This is the simplest and quick way closing any window. However, there are several other ways to close windows:

• key combination Alt+F4;
• double click on the system menu button;
• team selection Close in the system menu;
• team selection Close (Exit) in Group File main window menu;
• team selection Close in the context menu of the window button in the taskbar;
• click on the button Cancel task in the window Task Manager with the name of the window being closed selected.
  You can close multiple windows at once using the command Close group in the context menu of the window group button. If the desired group of windows is missing, you can first select it by clicking on the buttons in the Taskbar while holding down the key Ctrl.
  Comment. Closing a program window is equivalent to completion programs. Closing the program window means deleting the program from RAM.

Switch between windows

Since Windows is a multitasking system, you can open several windows at once, switching from one window to another if necessary. Among all the open windows, one is active - this is the window that is currently being worked with, and the rest - inactive or passive .

Signs of an active window:

1. The title bar of the active window is brighter than the title bars of other windows.
2. The button of the active window in the Taskbar appears pressed, while the buttons of other windows appear pressed.
3. Active window is located on top of other windows.
4. For the operating system, all open windows are considered tasks, regardless of whether an application window or a folder is open. Switching to another task means making the corresponding window active.

Ways to switch between windows:

• click on the window button in the taskbar;
• click on any visible area of ​​the inactive window;
• use the Alt+Tab key combination - press the Alt key and, without releasing it, press the Tab key. A panel will appear with icons of all open windows. When the desired icon is highlighted, release both keys.
• Alt+Esc - switches between non-minimized windows.

Program windows

The structure of program windows is the same for most applications, so after studying one example, you can easily navigate the window of any program.

Let's look at the components of software windows using the example of a standard Windows applications – text editor WordPad (Fig. A.6). To open it, run the Start? All programs? Standard? WordPad.

Rice. P.6. Program Window Components

Window title– the upper area of ​​the window, which contains the name of the program and its icon. If you open a document in the window of this program, the name of the application will be displayed in the title separated by a hyphen to the right of the application name open file. You can use the title bar to move the window around the screen: hover your mouse over any part of the title bar, click and hold the mouse button down, and move the mouse in the desired direction. The window will move after it. This operation is possible only when the program window is not maximized to full screen.

Window control buttons– are located on the right side of the window title and are used to change the state of the window.

– Collapse

– allows you to minimize the program window to a button on the taskbar. To return the window to the initial state, you need to click its button on the taskbar.

- Expand

– is responsible for full-screen window display mode. If the application window takes up part of the screen, you can expand it to full screen by clicking this button. You can go to full-screen view by double-clicking on the title of the program window.

– Roll out the window

– appears in place of the Maximize button when switching to full-screen window display mode. With its help, you can return to the previous state when the window occupies part of the screen. This mode is also called multi-window mode, because when you open several applications at the same time on the screen, you can see their windows overlapping each other. In multi-window mode, to switch to another application window, simply click on any visible area of ​​it. In this case, the window will become active - it will move to the foreground, and application tools will be available.

– Close

– serves to close the application window. Accordingly, when it is pressed, the program terminates.

Menu bar– contains menu items that contain commands responsible for performing various operations with the contents of the window. Menu different programs differ from each other, but some sections of the menu are the same for most applications (File, Edit, View, Help) and contain standard commands. To use a menu command, you need to hover your mouse over the menu name, click on it, move to the desired one in the list of commands that opens, and also click on it.

Toolbar– it usually contains buttons and drop-down lists for accessing the most frequently used menu commands. If a button or list does not have a label clearly indicating its function, you can hover your mouse pointer over the element: if you hover the pointer a little, a tooltip will appear that will tell you what the button or list does. Some applications have multiple toolbars.

Workspace– serves to display the contents of the window. When working with documents in various programs the work area displays the contents of the file (in our case, the typed text).

Scroll bars and located on them scroll buttons– appear when the window size is smaller than the content displayed in it. With their help, you can move around the working area of ​​the window to the desired object. To move vertically, hover your mouse over the scroll button vertical stripe, click on it and, while holding down the mouse button, move the mouse in the desired direction (up or down), and the contents of the window will scroll along with it. Similarly, you can move left/right using the horizontal scroll button.

The functions of the vertical scroll bar are performed entirely by the mouse wheel: by scrolling it, you can move up/down through the document.

Status bar– located at the bottom of the window and is intended to display various types of service information, the content of which depends on the application in which the user is working.

Window borders– narrow lines indicating the window area on the screen. By dragging the window borders, you can change its size in any way. To drag the border in the desired direction, move the mouse pointer over it, and it will look like

(depending on whether the border is horizontal or vertical). Then click and hold the mouse button and move the border to the new position. You can drag any side of the rectangle - window.

Window resizing corner– by dragging this corner, you can change the size of the window simultaneously horizontally and vertically.

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Window elements

Despite the variety of windows used in Windows, windows are managed according to the same rules. Almost all windows (except some query windows) contain required window controls. In Fig. Figure 6 shows the elements of the My Computer window.

Rice. 6. My Computer folder window

In the work area Folder windows display icons of the objects contained in the folder. The contents of the program window depend on the purpose of the program. Application windows in the workspace can contain document windows.

All other elements of the window - stripes, rows, buttons - are controls.

Title bar

The title of the window is always displayed in the middle of the title bar, and ( system menu button or pictogram), and on the right – control buttons. These window elements can be activated by a mouse click, i.e. you need to point to the button and click with the left mouse button.

System icon- this is a reduced icon of the window. A single click on this button brings up the system menu, and a double click closes the window.

Control buttons include:

When the window is maximized (occupies the full screen), a button appears instead of a maximize button restore size (collapse to window) . Clicking this button restores the window to its original size (pre-maximization).

Menu bar

The menu bar is located below the window's title bar. Menu items contain commands that allow you to manage content window working area . Dialog boxes and document windows do not contain menu bars.

Toolbar

Under the menu bar there may be a Toolbar or an icon menu - a set of buttons designed to perform various commands to manage the contents of the window (Fig. 7). The toolbar buttons duplicate the commands of the main menu, but their use increases the speed and efficiency of work, because To execute a command, just click the mouse on a button, which is much faster than searching for the desired command in the menu. The toolbar contains command buttons for performing the most common operations, but unlike the menu bar, it is limited in the number of commands. When you point the mouse, the button is highlighted (highlighted). If this does not happen, then the button is currently unavailable.

The image on each button in toolbars gives an idea of ​​the button's function and helps you remember them quickly. You can get a hint about any tool on the panel by pointing your mouse at the button. After a short time, a tooltip will appear about the purpose of the button.

Rice. 7. Toolbar

Address bar

The address bar indicates the access path to the current folder, which is convenient for orientation in the file structure. The address bar allows you to quickly navigate to other sections of the file structure using the drop-down button - (on the right side of the line).

List of typical tasks

Every Windows folder offers easy access to the most common file and folder management tasks. When you open a folder on your computer, a task list appears on the left side of the folder window next to its contents, giving you access to the most common file and folder management tasks using hyperlinks.

You can select a file or folder, and then select a task and different sections.

1. In chapter Tasks for files and folders Displays commands for working with files and folders, allowing you to rename, copy, move, or delete the file or folder. The set of commands in this section depends on the selected object. You can also send the file by email or publish it online.
2. Chapter Other places contains links (addresses) for quickly moving to other folders and drives.
3. Chapter Details contains information about the current or selected object.
   In Windows XP, there are several folders in which, in addition to the basic file and folder management tasks available in each folder, there are links to special types of tasks.
4. Folder My drawings contains a section Image Tasks, which offers links to tasks to help you manage your image files.
5. Folder My music contains a section Problems for music links to play and search for music.
6. Folder My computer and other system folders contain a section System tasks, which is contextual. Using links to tasks in this folder, you can view information about your computer, change system parameters on the control panel and perform other system management procedures.
7. Folder Basket contains a section Tasks for the Cart, with which you can clear its contents and restore deleted files and folders to their original location.

window border

The thick border is intended for resizing the window using the mouse. The window border is visible if the window is not widened to full screen.

Scroll bars

Status bar

The status bar displays additional information about the contents of the window (for example, the number of objects in the folder, their total volume, etc.). The information in the status bar is dynamic, showing information about the selected items in the folder

Windows Window Types

Windows supports 4 types of windows.

Drive and folder windows

These windows display the contents of drives and folders. Any Windows folder can be opened in its own window. Using folder windows, you can view the entire file structure of disks. The title bar indicates the name of the folder, below there are menus and a toolbar.

Program windows (application windows)

These are windows in which Windows programs (and possibly DOS programs) loaded into RAM run. In the title bar - the name of the program, below - the menu bar, toolbar (there may be more than one), ruler. Document windows open inside these windows.