In order to clarify some unclear details. Since I already knew most of the information, I was going to “look through” the materials in background, being distracted only by the most important points. And then I had a question - how to pin a window on top of all windows in Windows? Completely ignoring the video sequence during training would not be particularly effective, so I still wanted to keep an eye on what was happening. We will consider this problem today.

Of course, the problem is relevant primarily for owners of small monitors, in particular laptops. For those who have a larger diagonal, it is enough to simply place the necessary windows next to each other. In addition, many programs have modes for viewing multiple documents together, but this method does not work when information is in different applications. For example:

• Placing the Windows calculator on top of all windows for calculations.
• Watching videos and doing other things at the same time.
• Comparison of two texts/codes/pictures, etc.

This problem cannot be solved using standard system tools, unlike the procedure using the built-in Disk Management Tool. Perhaps older versions or Mac/Linux do not have such problems. Fortunately, Windows is full of different software that is ready to help you out at any time. As a result, there were a couple of options that placed the window on top of all other windows in Windows. With their help, you can perform any actions and clicks in a browser, text editor, etc. until the object you select is fixed in the foreground.

Programs to pin to all windows in Windows

Looking ahead, I’ll say that I’ve come across suitable plugins separately for Chrome/Firefox, but I won’t consider them. Firstly, they worked unstable, and secondly, system applications more versatile for any occasion.

OnTopReplica

The OnTopReplica software product creates a copy of the window you select, which is located above all the others. Of the five, this solution is perhaps the most original and functional. The last time the software was updated was in 2014, so the description states support only Windows Vista/ 7 / 8 with Aero effect. The reviews are extremely positive.

Main features:

• of course, the ability to make a window on top of all windows in Windows;
• displaying only part of the cloned object (for example, you do not need to see the entire browser screen with a video, but only the video itself, and this works here!);

• setting transparency, etc.;
• activating the ability to click through the selected window (as if it wasn’t there) - generally a cool thing!;
• auto resizing, fixing an object in the corners of the monitor, etc.;

OnTopReplica is the most complex and comprehensive of all the options, but its advanced features (transparency, highlighting, skipping clicks) can be quite useful in some situations. I don’t know if you will be able to freeze elements on top of all windows in Windows 10, because... this is not stated in the description. If someone has already tested the solution for this version, please write in the comments.

TurboTop

The website of the TurboTop developer looks very dull, although the program is very relevant and was updated in mid-2016. The application runs from the system tray - you simply indicate which of all the windows will be pinned.

You can use the solution for multiple tabs by checking them in the pop-up menu. Everything here is as simple as possible without any additional settings.

Always on Top

The Always on Top application is another script that allows you to pin a window on top of all windows in Windows 7, 10 and others. You don't even need to install it; you launch it immediately after downloading.

To place a window in the foreground, use the hotkey combination “Ctrl + Space”. Disabling the option is done in the same way. Exit is via context menu after clicking on the tray icon.

Window On Top

Window On Top has the most beautiful website about the program, perhaps because it is paid :) The functions are, in principle, similar to previous solutions. Fix an element using the keyboard shortcut Ctrl + F8 or manually by dragging the hand symbol onto the desired object.

Among the advantages, I would highlight the program’s operation on top of all windows in Windows 10, 7, 8, Vista and even XP. If none of the previous options are suitable, you will have to buy this one. There are additional options: automatic minimization to tray, launch at startup.

DeskPins

DeskPins is a good free one. Open Source a solution on the topic that supports all versions of Windows (judging by the statements of the developers). Among the functions they also highlight: low resource consumption, work with multiple windows and all types of applications, hot keys. Latest version came out in 2016.

To make a window on top of all windows in Windows via DeskPins, click on the program icon in the tray, then appearance The cursor will change to a pin. Now you can “attach” it to any window, thereby fixing it.

It is possible to create several similar objects. By calling the context menu from the tray icon, you can change some settings: color, combination of HotKeys used, and even add rules for automatic triggering. Overall, it looks pretty good. If the pin functionality doesn't work, try hotkeys (sometimes this helps).

Total. In the article, I looked at a couple of options for how to pin a window on top of all windows in Windows. Initially I liked the Window On Top solution because of the developers’ website, but then I saw that it was paid. To be honest, I don’t see the point in buying this software, because... There are plenty of alternatives that do the job perfectly.

In case you do not require additional settings and features such as transparency, the usual Always on Top will be enough. I like that the script does not need to be installed, because... I'm not a fan of adding unknown third-party software to my computer. Of course, I checked everything with an antivirus first, but nowadays you can’t be 100% sure of anything. I repeat, I tested the programs on top of all windows in Windows 7; you can try them yourself for other versions of Win 10, 8.

operating system(OS) is a set of programs that provide a user interface, input and output of information, working with files, executing application programs, connecting a computer to a network and coordinating the operation of hardware. In addition to Windows, there are other operating systems. The most well-known alternatives are Linux and MacOS (installed on Apple computers). However, according to statistics, no more than 4% of users in the world work with each of them, so today Microsoft company with its Windows it has a virtual monopoly on the operating system market.

Program

Program is a sequence of machine instructions (a system of commands understandable to the processor) designed to perform a specific task. As a rule, the program is designed in the form of one or more executable files, which, after installing the application on the computer, are written to the hard drive. A set of programs is called software (software).

All existing software can be divided into system and application. System software is responsible for controlling the operation of all computer components and their interaction with each other. Application software focused on solving specific user problems. Its operation, in turn, is controlled by the system software. The class of system software includes an operating system; among application programs we can distinguish applications for working with text documents, performing calculations, graphics packages(image processing tools), multimedia programs, etc.

For start application program the user accesses the executable file, causing the application to be loaded into RAM. The operating system is loaded into memory automatically when the computer is turned on and ensures the correct functioning of both the computer itself and application programs.

User Interface

User Interface is a set of means and rules for exchanging information between a user and a computer. The interface determines how information is displayed and what technology is used to input data from the user.

In MS-DOS, the operating system from Microsoft that existed before emergence of Windows, a text interface was used. The user could communicate with the machine only by entering various commands from the keyboard. The results of these commands and system messages were also displayed as text. Thus, when working in MS-DOS, only running lines of text could be seen on a black screen (Fig. A.1). Along with single-tasking (executing only one program at a time) and the inability to work with graphics, the main disadvantage of MS-DOS was the need to learn the syntax of all commands and the rules for entering them, which undoubtedly complicated the work of beginners.

Rice. P.1. MS-DOS text interface

MS-DOS with its text-based interface has been replaced by Windows, an operating system with a graphical user interface (GUI). Graphical User Interface). Difference GUI from text is that all objects and means of data exchange between the user and the computer are presented in the form of graphic components of the screen: icons, windows, menus, buttons, lists. From now on, the user does not need to know which command to enter, for example, to open a particular folder - just hover the mouse over its icon and double-click. Navigation between graphic objects in Windows environment can also be done using a keyboard, but today this is no longer relevant, since it is much more convenient to use a mouse.

Actions with the mouse

In the text of the book when describing various actions You will repeatedly encounter instructions to “click the mouse button...”, “double-click the mouse button...”, “click on...”, “press...”, “drag the object.” Let's take a quick look at how these operations are performed. To click on a specified object, you need to move the mouse pointer over it and briefly press the left or right mouse button (depending on which click is required of you). Double-clicking means quickly pressing the left mouse button twice after hovering the pointer over an object. The recommendations “click on...” and “click on...” refer to left-clicking. To drag an object, point to it, click the mouse button (the object will be selected) and, while continuing to hold it down, “move” the object to another position by moving the mouse.

File

File is a logically separate, named collection of data (text, graphic, sound, video data) that can be stored on various media information (hard drive, CD, flash drive, floppy disk) and is considered during storage and processing as a single whole. To make it clearer, consider the following analogy. We perceive every book on a shelf, photo in an album, movie on DVD or song on a CD as something whole, indivisible. The computer does the same. If a text (image, movie, song, etc.) is stored on a computer, then the machine perceives it as a single whole - a file, and works with it as something indivisible (opens the content completely, transfers it from one place when the user requests in another, just like a person, when opening a book to read, does not tear out several sheets from it and moves it from the shelf to the table in its entirety, without tearing it into pieces).

File system

File system – these are the rules that determine how data storage on disks will be organized. Since data is stored as files, the file system determines their format - the maximum possible size, name length and other characteristics. The FAT32 file system allows a maximum possible file length of 127 characters, NTFS (more advanced than FAT32) - 254 characters.

Device icons

Icon is a small graphic element that indicates an application, document, directory, device or some other object. Any icon has a label, which is the name of the object it represents. Icons in Windows serve to designate a wide variety of objects: devices, files, folders, shortcuts.

In a Windows environment, the hard drive of your computer, devices designed to work with removable media (floppy drive, optical drive), as well as external storage media (for example, a flash drive or a digital camera), when they are connected to a computer, are assigned a name consisting of a capital letter and a colon, as well as an icon. To open the window shown in Fig. Step 2, and familiarize yourself with the device icons, click the Start button and select Computer.

Rice. P.2. Device icons

By default, the operating system names the hard drive C: (also called Local disk). If HDD your computer is divided into several partitions, then in just open window you will see as many Local Disk icons as there are partitions on the hard drive. Each section is named in alphabetical order, starting with the letter C:.

The floppy drive is always named A: (and also Disk 3.5). This is actually the name given to the floppy disk.

The optical drive is assigned the letter that follows the alphabetical letter of the hard drive (or its last partition). So, if the hard drive is not partitioned, the optical drive (like the CD) will be named D:, but if the hard drive has two partitions - C: and D:, then the optical drive will be named E:. Connectable to computer external media information (“flash drives”, digital cameras) are recognized by the system as removable disks and are named by the following letters in alphabetical order after the one in the name of the CD drive.

All storage media - hard drive, CD, flash drives, floppy disks are usually called the general word disks. To see the contents of a disk, you need to double-click on its icon.

File icons

Any file in Windows is also represented by an icon and has a unique identifier consisting of the file name and extension, which can be seen in the caption to the icon when displaying extensions is turned on (Fig. A.3). For information on how to enable display of extensions, see chapter. 3.

Rice. P.3. Examples of file icons

The file name is separated from the extension by a dot and is located on the left (for example, in the entry Word Document.docx file name – Word Document). It may consist of Russian and Latin letters, numbers and punctuation marks, with the exception of the symbols “\”, “/”, “:”, “*”, “?”, “””, “<», «>", "|". The length of the file name depends on the selected Windows installation file system.

File extension- these are three or more characters that appear to the right of the period (in our example - docx) and indicate the file type.

From the user's point of view, it is convenient to distinguish two types of files with which you have to work.

Program files. Of the variety of files responsible for the operation of the application, the user deals with executable files. For almost any program, this file has an EXE extension (often the file is called an EXE file). Running such a file starts the application. In Fig. P.3 The last icon is an example of an EXE file. Typically, each developer creates his own unique logo icon for the executable file. Double-clicking on the EXE file icon will launch the application.

Documentation. These are files that contain the information the user needs: text, tables, graphics, music, video. Most of these files are created in the environment of a specific program. Windows, taking into account the file extension, associates them with a particular application. After double click Clicking on the document icon first launches the program in which the file was created, and only then opens the file itself. Some files can be opened using a particular program, even though they were not created by the user in any application (for example, photos transferred from a camera to a computer, movies). Files created in specific program or simply associated with a specific application, have the same icon specified by the program. So, all documents created in the Word text editor will have the icon shown fifth in Fig. P.3. All web pages saved from the Internet as web archives will have the same icon as the first one in Fig. P.3.

Working on a computer, you will eventually remember which icons have which files of this or that type, and by their appearance you will be able to quickly navigate what the file contains - text, image, video or music. In the same way, very quickly you will learn to determine the contents of a file by its extension. Below are the extensions you'll encounter most often:

EXE – programs;

DOC, TXT – text documents;

XLS – Excel spreadsheet files;

HTM, HTML – web pages;

AVI, MPEG, MPG – video recordings;

MP3, WAV, WMA – sound files;

JPG, BMP, GIF – images;

RAR, ZIP – archives.

Folder icons

Since disks usually store a huge number of files, they need to be organized to avoid confusion and long searches the desired file. For this purpose they serve folders(just like in life - documents of the same topic are usually put in one folder).

Since folders are necessary for grouping files, they are also stored on disks and are indicated by special icons. The data area of ​​the disk itself, in which files and folders are located, is usually called root folder.

The appearance of folder icons depends on the types of files stored inside and the presence of subfolders. The user's personal folders have special green icons (Fig. A.4).

Rice. P.4. Examples of icons for regular folders and user personal folders

Each folder has its own name, which is set according to the same rules as file names. Each folder can contain not only files, but also other folders, which, in turn, can also contain folders. This structure is called folder tree. Sometimes folders are called directories or directories.

Shortcut icons

If you are working with documents that are located in one of the far “hidden” folders, then in order to open the files you have to navigate through a long chain of folders each time, and this is time-consuming and quite inconvenient. For quick access The user can create a shortcut to the necessary objects and place it on the Desktop.

Label is a small file that records the path to a file, folder, network connection, or device. Double-clicking a shortcut will run the file or perform some other action, depending on what object the shortcut refers to. The shortcut icon has the same appearance as the icon of the associated object, the only difference is a small arrow in the lower left corner of the icon, which allows you to distinguish the object from the shortcut (Fig. A.5).

Rice. P.5. Folder shortcut, text document, network connection, hard drive and EXE file

The label serves as a protective barrier for the object, since if the label is accidentally removed, the object itself remains in the same place.

Clipboard

Clipboard is a special area random access memory computer in which data is stored that is intended to be moved or copied both between windows of different applications and in the same window.

In any program, when you execute the Cut command, the object is deleted from its current position and placed on the clipboard. The Copy command places a copy of the selected object on the clipboard. Using the Paste command, you can paste an object on the clipboard into another window or into another position in the same window.

Window

The user performs any action on the computer (working with the program, setting up the system, connecting to the Network) in the window. Window is a limited rectangular space on the screen in which the contents of the object requested by the user are displayed.

Windows windows can be divided into two types: program windows and dialog windows. Program window opens when the application starts and contains necessary tools to perform various actions. Documents created or viewed in this application open in the program window.

Dialog window appears when calling most application tools, as well as when accessing Windows settings. It contains controls, using which the user can indicate to the system exactly what action and with what parameters should be performed.

By the way, the very name of the operating system is Windows- translated from English as window, which directly indicates the way the user communicates with the computer through windows.

Program windows

The structure of program windows is the same for most applications, so after studying one example, you can easily navigate the window of any program.

Let's look at the components of program windows using an example standard application Windows - text editor WordPad (Fig. A.6). To open it, select Start > All Programs > Accessories > WordPad.

Rice. P.6. Program Window Components

Window title– the upper area of ​​the window, which contains the name of the program and its icon. If you open a document in the window of this program, the name of the application will be displayed in the title separated by a hyphen to the right of the application name open file. You can use the title bar to move the window around the screen: hover your mouse over any part of the title bar, click and hold the mouse button down, and move the mouse in the desired direction. The window will move after it. This operation is possible only when the program window is not maximized to full screen.

Window control buttons– are located on the right side of the window title and are used to change the state of the window.

– Collapse

– allows you to minimize the program window to a button on the taskbar. To return the window to the initial state, you need to click its button on the taskbar.

- Expand

– is responsible for full-screen window display mode. If the application window takes up part of the screen, you can expand it to full screen by clicking this button. You can go to full-screen view by double-clicking on the title of the program window.

– Roll out the window

– appears in place of the Maximize button when switching to full-screen window display mode. With its help, you can return to the previous state when the window occupies part of the screen. This mode is also called multi-window mode, because when you open several applications at the same time on the screen, you can see their windows overlapping each other. In multi-window mode, to switch to another application window, simply click on any visible area of ​​it. In this case, the window will become active - it will move to the foreground, and application tools will be available.

– Close

– serves to close the application window. Accordingly, when it is pressed, the program terminates.

Menu bar– contains menu items that contain commands responsible for performing various operations with the contents of the window. Menu different programs differ from each other, but some sections of the menu are the same for most applications (File, Edit, View, Help) and contain standard commands. To use a menu command, you need to hover your mouse over the menu name, click on it, move to the desired one in the list of commands that opens, and also click on it.

Toolbar– it usually contains buttons and drop-down lists for accessing the most frequently used menu commands. If a button or list does not have a label clearly indicating its function, you can hover your mouse pointer over the element: if you hover the pointer a little, a tooltip will appear that will tell you what the button or list does. Some applications have multiple toolbars.

Workspace– serves to display the contents of the window. When working with documents in various programs the work area displays the contents of the file (in our case, the typed text).

Scroll bars and located on them scroll buttons– appear when the window size is smaller than the content displayed in it. With their help, you can move around the working area of ​​the window to the desired object. To move vertically, hover your mouse over the scroll button vertical stripe, click on it and, while holding down the mouse button, move the mouse in the desired direction (up or down), and the contents of the window will scroll along with it. Similarly, you can move left/right using the horizontal scroll button.

The functions of the vertical scroll bar are performed entirely by the mouse wheel: by scrolling it, you can move up/down through the document.

Status bar– located at the bottom of the window and is intended to display various types of service information, the content of which depends on the application in which the user is working.

Window borders– narrow lines indicating the window area on the screen. By dragging the window borders, you can change its size in any way. To drag the border in the desired direction, move the mouse pointer over it, and it will look like

(depending on whether the border is horizontal or vertical). Then click and hold the mouse button and move the border to the new position. You can drag any side of the rectangle - window.

Window resizing corner– by dragging this corner, you can change the size of the window simultaneously horizontally and vertically.

Dialog boxes

The structure of dialog boxes is somewhat different from the structure of program windows. They lack a menu bar, a toolbar, a status bar, and of the window control buttons in the header there is only a Close button. The name of the dialog box most often corresponds to the command with which it was called.

The work area of ​​a dialog box usually contains one or more standard Windows controls that allow you to specify required parameters to perform this or that action. Let's look at all the controls you'll encounter while working in Windows.

Button– the most important control element present in all dialog boxes(Fig. A.7). The label on the button indicates what action will be performed when it is pressed. In different dialog boxes, the purpose of the buttons is always highly specific, but in almost all windows there are three standard buttons:

Rice. P.7. Dialog Buttons

– OK – closes the dialog box and saves all changed parameters;

– Cancel – is responsible for closing windows without saving changes (similar to the Close button);

– Apply – is responsible for the entry of the changed parameters into force, but the window remains open.

Please note in Fig. Step 7: The OK button is highlighted. This means that it is active and you can press the Enter key to press it. In any dialog box, one button is always active. If a button is unavailable, it is grayed out, like the Apply button in Fig. P.7.

Tab– in dialog boxes containing a large number of settings, controls are grouped on tabs. If a window with tabs is considered as a brochure with several pages, then a tab is a page of such a brochure that has a label with a name (Fig. A.8).

Rice. P.8. Folder Properties Window Tabs

To switch from one tab to another, you need to click on its name at the top of the dialog box.

List– contains a list of possible parameters for any setting from which the user can select the desired one. The list is usual (Fig. A.9, left) and drop-down (Fig. A.9, on right). To see all the items in the drop-down list, you need to click on it with the mouse. For the changes selected in the list to take effect, you must click Apply or OK.

Rice. P.9. Example of regular (left) and drop-down (right) lists

Text field– names, addresses and other characteristics are entered into it from the keyboard, which will later be used by the custom object (Fig. A.10). To enter the desired text in a field, move the mouse pointer over it and click the mouse button. At the same time, the cursor in the field will begin to blink, indicating that you can begin entering.

Rice. P.10. Text field

Numeric field– serves to change the numerical value of a parameter. To the right of the number field there are two small buttons with arrows, by pressing which you can decrease or increase the value (Fig. A.11). The required number can also be entered from the keyboard.

Rice. P.11. Numeric field

Checkbox– a small window with a name indicating what action will be performed when the checkbox is checked. In dialog boxes there are both single checkboxes and entire groups (Fig. A.12). To check the box, you need to click on the small window or the name next to it. In this case, a check mark will appear in the window, and the action described in the check box name will be performed. To cancel an action, you must uncheck the box by clicking on it again.

Rice. P.12. Checkbox group

Switch– is a group consisting of the name of a parameter or object and several options for its functions. Each option has a small round window and a name, which clearly describes the action performed when this function is selected (Fig. A.13). To set the parameter value, you must click on the round window or on the name located to the right of it. A dot will appear in the window.

Rice. P.13. Switch

Regulator– allows you to change the parameter value in a specified range of values. The regulator has a name, a scale for changing the parameter value and a slider (Fig. P.14). To set the desired parameter value, click on the slider and, while holding it down, move it to another mark.

Rice. P.14. Regulator

Context menu

Context menu is the menu that appears when you click right click mouse on any Windows object. From the very name of the menu it follows that its content depends on what object was clicked on.

The context menu contains commands responsible for performing those actions that can be applied to this object. So, if you right-click on the file icon, then in the context menu you will see commands responsible for opening (Open), moving (Cut, Copy, Paste), renaming (Rename), deleting a file (Delete), viewing its properties ( Properties), sending a file via e-mail or at removable media(Fig. A.15). In addition, for some programs (antiviruses, archivers, exchange programs instant messages via the Internet) installed on the computer, the most important commands are placed in the file’s context menu (checking for viruses, archiving the file, sending it to the interlocutor via an Internet pager). To select the desired command, simply move the pointer to it and click the mouse button. By right-clicking on the Desktop, you will see a different set of commands that are responsible for the view, sorting icons on the Desktop, pasting objects from the clipboard, creating a folder, file and shortcut, as well as the Personalization command, which opens the Desktop settings window.

Rice. P.15. File context menu

To hide the context menu, simply click in any area outside of it.

And the buildings have many separate areas and directions. In this area, the design of window structures plays an important role. For effective and simple controls they use a window calculation program. It performs a whole series of important functions, and, first of all, it allows you to save a huge amount of time that is spent on simple, similar operations.

Such programs for calculating metal-plastic and wooden windows are especially important at the stage of their production; they are designed in such a way as to maximally help the manufacturer to reduce time and simplify the work in general.

In principle, all programs of this type perform the same functions. On the client’s side, this is the ability to visually design windows and calculate their cost; on the customer’s side, this is an analysis of the necessary materials, calculation of work stages, financial Accounting and documentation. Among all the diversity software There are five most popular ones in this area:

These are not all programs of this type that exist today. Many of them are created on the same basis and differ little from each other.

WH-Windows program

There is a very convenient and simple program, which allows you to design windows taking into account the size and material used to make the frames. The developers provide for the presence step by step instructions, which is attached to this program, which allows you to master the principle of operation in a short time. Besides windows this program also allows you to design doorways. Moreover, the developers have included the function of designing structures of various shapes.

Window project in WH window program

Basic aspects of the WH window program

The program has a function that allows you to simulate the shape of future double-glazed windows. It also allows you to intelligently take into account profiles and combine existing window models in the database, produced by a large number of manufacturers of similar products on the construction market. Using the functions built into the program, taking into account the profile of the window unit, you can calculate its cost, taking into account the cost of the materials used to construct the box.

This program also allows you to compile the information available from the manufacturer into accompanying documents. You can create price lists and reports on the work done to provide them to the customer.

Program windows

The structure of program windows is the same for most applications, so after studying one example, you can easily navigate the window of any program.

Let's look at the components of software windows using the example of a standard Windows applications– WordPad text editor (Fig. A.6). To open it, run the Start? All programs? Standard? WordPad.

Rice. P.6. Program Window Components

Window title– the upper area of ​​the window, which contains the name of the program and its icon. If you open a document in the window of this program, the name of the open file will be displayed in the title, separated by a hyphen to the right of the application name. You can use the title bar to move the window around the screen: hover your mouse over any part of the title bar, click and hold the mouse button down, and move the mouse in the desired direction. The window will move after it. This operation is only possible when the program window is not maximized to full screen.

Window control buttons– are located on the right side of the window title and are used to change the state of the window.

– Collapse

– allows you to minimize the program window to a button on the taskbar. To return a window to its original state, you need to click its button on the Taskbar.

- Expand

– is responsible for full-screen window display mode. If the application window takes up part of the screen, you can expand it to full screen by clicking this button. You can go to full-screen view by double-clicking on the title of the program window.

– Roll out the window

– appears in place of the Maximize button when switching to full-screen window display mode. With its help, you can return to the previous state when the window occupies part of the screen. This mode is also called multi-window mode, because when you open several applications at the same time on the screen, you can see their windows overlapping each other. In multi-window mode, to switch to another application window, simply click on any visible area of ​​it. In this case, the window will become active - it will move to the foreground, and application tools will be available.

– Close

– serves to close the application window. Accordingly, when it is pressed, the program terminates.

Menu bar– contains menu items that contain commands responsible for performing various operations with the contents of the window. The menus of different programs vary, but some sections of the menu are the same for most applications (File, Edit, View, Help) and contain standard commands. To use a menu command, you need to hover your mouse over the menu name, click on it, move to the desired one in the list of commands that opens, and also click on it.

Toolbar– it usually contains buttons and drop-down lists for accessing the most frequently used menu commands. If a button or list does not have a label clearly indicating its function, you can hover your mouse pointer over the element: if you hover the pointer a little, a tooltip will appear that will tell you what the button or list does. Some applications have multiple toolbars.

Workspace– serves to display the contents of the window. When working with documents in various programs, the contents of the file (in our case, the typed text) are displayed in the work area.

Scroll bars and located on them scroll buttons– appear when the window size is smaller than the content displayed in it. With their help, you can move around the working area of ​​the window to the desired object. To move vertically, move the mouse pointer over the vertical bar scroll button, click on it and, while holding down the mouse button, move the mouse in the desired direction (up or down), and the contents of the window will scroll along with it. Similarly, you can move left/right using the horizontal scroll button.

The functions of the vertical scroll bar are performed entirely by the mouse wheel: by scrolling it, you can move up/down through the document.

Status bar– located at the bottom of the window and is intended to display various types of service information, the content of which depends on the application in which the user is working.

Window borders– narrow lines indicating the window area on the screen. By dragging the window borders, you can change its size in any way. To drag the border in the desired direction, move the mouse pointer over it, and it will look like

(depending on whether the border is horizontal or vertical). Then click and hold the mouse button and move the border to the new position. You can drag any side of the rectangle - window.

Window resizing corner– by dragging this corner, you can change the size of the window simultaneously horizontally and vertically.

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From the book Computer + TV: television on PC author Goltsman Viktor Iosifovich

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From the ArchiCAD book. Let's start! author Orlov Andrey Alexandrovich

Software requirements The software requirements for the computer when installing the ArchiCAD program on it are as follows:? operating system – Windows XP Pro or Vista Business / Enterprise / Ultimate Edition;? support Java 1.6.0 or later;? Player – QuickTime, version 7 or later. NOTE B

From the book AS/400 Basics by Soltis Frank

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From the book TCP/IP Architecture, Protocols, Implementation (including IP version 6 and IP Security) by Faith Sydney M

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From the book Programming for pocket computers author Volkov Vladimir Borisovich

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From the book Firebird DATABASE DEVELOPER'S GUIDE by Borri Helen

Programming Constructs The following sections discuss the programming constructs recognized by PSQL. BEGIN ... END PSQL blocks are structured language. After variable declarations, procedural statements are enclosed in BEGIN and END statement brackets. In progress

From the book UNIX Operating System author Robachevsky Andrey M.

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From the book UNIX: Network Application Development author Stephens William Richard

Chapter 26 Program Threads 26.1. Introduction According to the traditional Unix model, when a process requires some action to be performed by some other object, it spawns a child process using the fork function, and this child process performs the required

From the book The End of the Holy War. Pascal vs C author Krivtsov M. A.

From the book Description of the PascalABC.NET language author RuBoard Team

2. Software designs 2.1. Branching (choice)

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Software modules The problem book includes the following software modules: PT4Demo - allows you to view in demo mode all the tasks included in the problem book; PT4Load -- provides the generation of a template program for the required training task and its