FEDERAL AGENCY FOR EDUCATION
STATE EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION
HIGHER PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION
DON STATE TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY
(DSTU)
COURSE WORK
in the discipline of computer science
option number 6
APPLICATION SOFTWARE. CLASSIFICATION OF PPO. PROGRAMS THAT PROCESS TEXTS
Rostov-on-Don
Introduction 3
1 Application software and its classification 5
1.1 Application software 5
1.2 Classification of software 5
1.2.1 General purpose software 6
1.2.2 Special software tools
destination 9
1.2.3 Professional level software 10
2 Programs that process texts 12
2.1 Plain text editors 14
2.1.1 NotePad (notepad) 15
2.1.2 KEdit 16 editor
2.1.3 KWrite 17 editor
2.1.4 McEdit 18 editor
2.1.5 Emacs 19 editor
2.2 Text editors with markup elements 25
2.2.1 Text editor MSWord 25
2.2.2 StarWriter 31 editor
2.2.3 Netscape Composer 35 editor
2.2.4 KLyX 38 editor
Conclusion 40
References 41
INTRODUCTION
A personal computer, as is known, is a universal device for processing information. Personal computers can perform any information processing activity. To do this, it is necessary to compose an exact and detailed sequence of instructions for the computer in a language it understands - a program on how to process information. By changing computer programs, you can turn it into a workplace for an accountant or a designer, a designer or a scientist, a writer or an agronomist.
In addition, the trend of lowering the cost of computer equipment while simultaneously increasing its productivity has led to the fact that computers are becoming household items, such as a TV or refrigerator, which expands the scope of PC use even further. Accordingly, more and more diverse software is required to solve problems in new areas of PC application. Continuous increase in the power of personal computers, peripheral devices, as well as the development of communications gives software developers more and more opportunities to fully satisfy the needs of end consumers. This has become the standard GUI for any software, and integrated capabilities for sending documents and data via the Internet, directly from the application program ( Microsoft Word, Excel, Access, etc.), and the ability to use a computer as an information storage thanks to the emergence of new types of high-capacity drives and short data access time, as well as many other features and service functions.
When running, programs can use various devices to input and output data, just as the human brain uses its senses to receive and transmit information.
The PC itself does not have knowledge in any area of its application; all this knowledge is concentrated in the programs executed on it. Therefore, the often used expression “computer made” means exactly that a program was executed on the PC, which allowed the corresponding action to be performed. Currently, the entire software complex is divided into system and user programs. System software functions as an “organizer” of all parts of the PC, as well as external devices connected to it. User programs are used to perform specific tasks in all areas of human activity.
Number of programs installed on modern computer, numbers in hundreds and even thousands. They provide a comfortable user experience.
The entire set of programs is included in the so-called computer software. The composition of PC software is its most important functional characteristic. Software is a set of regularly used programs necessary to solve user problems, and programs that allow the most efficient use of computer technology, providing users with the greatest convenience in work and a minimum of labor costs for programming tasks and processing information. Therefore, the topic of the work is relevant.
1. Application software and its classification
1.1. Application software
Application software (application software, application programs) - programs designed to perform certain user tasks and designed for direct interaction with the user. Unlike application software, system software ( operating system) is used to enable the computer to operate on its own and to run application programs.
Application software - software consisting of:
- individual application programs and application packages designed to solve various user problems;
- automated systems created on the basis of these (packages) of application programs.
Application software packages (APP) serve as software tools for solving functional problems and are the largest class of software products. This class includes software products that process information from various subject areas.
Installation of software products on a computer is carried out by qualified users, and their direct operation is carried out, as a rule, by end users - consumers of information, in many cases whose activities are very far from the computer field. This class of software products can be very specific to individual subject areas.
Application programs are designed to ensure the use of computer technology in various fields of human activity. In addition to creating new software products, application program developers spend a lot of effort on improving and modernizing popular systems and creating new versions of them.
1.2 Classification of software
Application programs are designed to ensure the use of computer technology in various fields of human activity. In addition to creating new software products, application program developers spend a lot of effort on improving and modernizing popular systems and creating new versions of them. New versions, as a rule, support the old ones, maintaining continuity, and include a basic minimum (standard) of capabilities.
One of possible options The classification of software (SA) that makes up application software (ASW) is shown in Fig. 1. Like almost any classification, the one shown in the figure is not the only possible one. Not even all types of application programs are presented in it. However, the use of classification is useful for creating a general understanding of PPO.
Rice. 1. Classification of application software
1.2.1 General purpose software
Despite the wide possibilities of using computers to process a wide variety of information, the most popular are programs designed to work with texts - text editors and publishing systems. Text editors are called programs for entering, processing, storing and printing text information in a user-friendly form. Experts estimate the use of a computer as a typewriter at 80%.
Processing programs have become increasingly popular graphic information. Computer graphics is currently one of the fastest growing areas of software. It includes the input, processing and output of graphic information - drawings, drawings, paintings, texts, etc. - by means of computer technology. Various types Graphic systems allow you to quickly construct images, enter illustrations using a scanner or video camera, and create animated videos.
Graphic editor allow you to use various artist tools, standard image libraries, sets standard fonts, editing images, copying and moving fragments across screen pages, etc. To perform calculations and further process numerical information, there are special programs - spreadsheets. In the course of the work of any specialist, it is often necessary to present the results of work in the form of tables, where one part of the fields is occupied by the initial data, and the other by the results of calculations and graphical analysis. They are characterized by a large volume of processed information and the need for repeated calculations when the initial data changes. Spreadsheets automate such routine work.
One of the most promising areas in the development of computer technology is the creation of special hardware for storing gigantic arrays of information data, and subsequent non-numerical processing of their search and sorting. For computer processing of such databases, database management systems are used. DBMS is a set of software tools necessary for creating, processing and displaying database records. There are several types of DBMS: hierarchical, network, relational. When working with a DBMS, there are several sequential stages:
Database design;
Creating a database structure;
Filling the database;
Viewing and editing the database;
Database sorting;
Search for the required entry;
Selection of information;
Generating reports.
As a rule, most popular database management systems support these steps and provide convenient tools for their implementation.
Desktop publishing systems is a set of hardware and software designed for computer typing, layout and publication of text and illustrative materials. The main difference between desktop publishing systems and text editors is that they are designed primarily for document design, and not for input and editing. The layout process consists of formatting the text and setting the conditions for the relative position of the text and illustrations. The purpose of layout is to create an original layout suitable for reproducing a document by printing.
There are various publishing systems, among which are the following:
1. Adobe InDesign - a recently released Adobe package, optimized for the layout of documents of a wide range of profiles, from one-page booklets to thick books, enriched with a set of specific visual tools.
2. Adobe PageMarker - another package from Adobe, with a rather complex interface and command system, but at the same time with high performance and rich capabilities, especially when working with color.
3. Corel Ventura Publisher - an alternative package from Corel, which has recently lost its position somewhat, but due to its versatility (it has extensive functions conventional text and graphic editors, integration with the Web, support for various platforms) has not lost its relevance.
4. QuarkXPress is a fairly easy to learn and flexible publishing system, which is traditionally used by many newspaper publishers, magazines, and advertising agencies.
The desire to combine the functions of various application programs into a single system led to the creation of integrated systems. Universal integrated systems were developed on the principle of a single system containing text and graphic editors, spreadsheets and a database management system as elements. Examples: Framework, Works, Master. The modern concept of software integration is the cooperation of individual application software systems similar to the well-known MicroSoft Office package. The systems themselves included in the package are independent; moreover, they themselves represent a locally integrated package, since in addition to their main task they support the functions of other systems. For example, the Word text editor has the ability to manipulate spreadsheets and databases, and the Excel spreadsheet has a powerful text editor built into it. To interface information data from various software systems, they provide an import-export exchange system with recoding of data presentation formats.
1.2.2 Special purpose software tools
Developers create special target software systems for specialists in a certain subject area. Such programs are called copyrighted ones. instrumental systems. The author's system represents an integrated environment with a given interface shell, which the user can fill with information content of his subject area.
Expert system is a program that behaves like an expert in some narrow application field. Expert systems are designed to solve problems with uncertainty and incomplete initial data that require expert knowledge for their solution.
In addition, these systems must be able to explain their behavior and their decisions.
The fundamental difference between expert systems and other programs is their adaptability, i.e. variability in the self-learning process.
It is customary to distinguish three main modules in expert systems:
Knowledge base module;
Logic inference module;
User interface.
Expert systems, which are the basis of artificial intelligence, have become widespread in science (classification of animals and plants by species, chemical analysis), in medicine (diagnosis, analysis of electrocardiograms, determination of treatment methods), in technology (troubleshooting in technical devices, tracking flight of spaceships and satellites), in political science and sociology, criminology, linguistics, etc.
Recently, programs for processing hypertext information have gained widespread popularity. Hypertext- this is a form of organizing text material not in a linear sequence, but in the form of indicating possible transitions (links), connections between its individual fragments. Plain text uses the usual linear principle of arranging information and is accessed sequentially. In hypertext systems, information resembles the text of an encyclopedia, and access to any selected fragment of text is carried out randomly via a link. Organizing information in hypertext form is used to create reference manuals, dictionaries, and contextual help (Help) in application programs.
Extension of the concept of hypertext to graphic and audio information leads to the concept of hypermedia. Hypermedia ideas have become widespread in network technologies, in particular in Internet technologies. WWW (World Wide Web) technology has made it possible to structure the world's vast information resources through hypertext links. Software tools have appeared that allow you to create such Web pages. Mechanisms for finding the necessary information in the maze began to develop information flows. Popular Internet search tools are Yahoo, AltaVista, Magellan, Rambler, etc.
Multimedia(multimedia) is the interaction of visual and audio effects controlled by interactive software. The advent and widespread distribution of compact discs (CD-ROM) has made the effective use of multimedia in advertising and information services, network telecommunications technologies, and training.
Multimedia gaming and educational systems are beginning to replace traditional “paper libraries”. Today in CD-ROM libraries you can “walk” through museums, the Moscow Kremlin, etc. using the “electronic guide”.
1.2.3 Professional-grade software
Each application program in this group is focused on a fairly narrow subject area, but penetrates into it as deeply as possible.
AWS- a workplace of a specialist in the subject area, equipped with a computer and special software that helps solve problems within the framework of the activities of this specialist (for example, an accountant’s workstation, a dispatcher’s workstation, a technologist’s workstation, etc.).
The workstation can be equipped with additional non-standard equipment, for example, the remote control workstation is equipped with a ROM chip programmer, a debugging kit, etc.
Often the term automated workplace is understood exclusively as a software product for automating the work of a specialist. This assumes that there is already a computer at the workplace.
CAD- Design work automation system, or computer-aided design system (CAD, Computer-Aided Design) is a software package designed for the design (development) of production (or construction) facilities, as well as the preparation of design and/or technological documentation.
Modern CAD systems are used in conjunction with automation systems for engineering calculations and CAE (Computer-aided engineering) analysis. Some CAD systems contain integrated tools for automating engineering calculations and analysis.
Data from CAD systems is transferred to CAM (Computer-aided manufacturing - a system for the automated development of part processing programs for CNC machines or GAPS (Flexible Automated Manufacturing Systems)).
Working with CAD usually involves creating a geometric model of a product (two-dimensional or three-dimensional, solid), generating design documentation (product drawings, specifications, etc.) based on this model, and its subsequent maintenance.
It should be noted that the Russian term "CAD" in relation to industrial systems has a broader interpretation than CAD - it includes CAD, CAM and CAE.
ASNI- Automated System of Scientific Research (the terms SANI - scientific research automation system and SAE - experimental automation system) are less commonly used - this is a software and hardware complex based on computer technology, designed for conducting scientific research or comprehensive testing of samples of new equipment based on the receipt and use models of the objects, phenomena and processes under study.
ACS- Automated Control System - a set of mathematical methods, technical means (computers, communications, information display devices, etc.) and organizational complexes that ensure rational management complex object(process) in accordance with a given goal. The automated control system consists of a base and a functional part. The basis includes information, technical and mathematical support. The functional part includes a set of interrelated programs that automate specific management functions (planning, financial and accounting activities, etc.). ACS is distinguished between objects (technological processes - APCS, enterprise - APCS, industry - OASU) and functional automated systems, for example, design, calculations, logistics and other support.
ASUP - Automated system enterprise management - a complex of software, technical, information, linguistic, organizational and technological tools and actions of qualified personnel, designed to solve problems of planning and managing various types of enterprise activities
Pedagogical complexes- application software packages for use in the learning process in various subjects
Finally, let us once again emphasize not only the conventionality of the classification proposed above, but also the presence of intersections. So, every specific expert system may well be classified as a professional-level software; the hypertext principle is implemented in a number of authoring systems, etc.
2 Programs that process texts
One of the most common functions of a modern personal computer is the preparation of a variety of text documents. IN this section software products operating in MS Windows and Linux OS and designed for working with texts are considered. We will become familiar with the principles of creating and editing both simple and more complex documents.
There are two main groups of programs for preparing text documents: text editors and word processors.
Text editors are basically programs that create text files without formatting elements (that is, they do not allow you to highlight parts of the text in different fonts and typefaces). Editors of this kind are indispensable when creating texts for computer programs.
Word processors are able to format text, insert graphics and other objects into a document that are not related to the classical concept of “text”. It should be noted that this division is conditional - the variety of text processing programs allows you to find an editor with any set of functions.
Some word processors are so-called WYSIWYG editors. The name is derived from the first letters of the phrase What You See Is What You Get - what you see is what you get. When they say that this is a WYSIWYG editor, they guarantee full compliance of the appearance of the document on the computer screen and its printed copy. These types of editors include Word and StarWriter.
Some modern editors support the "almost" WYSIWYG concept. The appearance of the document on the screen is slightly different from how the printed document will look, but this is done specifically for the purpose of more efficient use of the working document window. Examples of "almost" WYSIWYG editors are Netscape Composer and KLyX.
Many text files are transmitted as plain text. It is difficult to make simple text attractive and easy to read, since it does not have different font styles, graphics, headings, subheadings, etc. These additional features are called text markup.
Speaking about text markup, the concepts of physical and logical markup are distinguished. When using physical text markup, the exact appearance of each fragment is indicated. For example, "centered text, 14 point, bold, Times typeface." With logical marking, the logical value of a given fragment is indicated, for example, “this is the title of the chapter.” These two marking methods are generally intended to be used in different situations. In order to print text on a printer, you must use physical markup. Decisions must be made about margin sizes and paragraph indents. Early versions of word processors only used physical type markings. At the same time, for each fragment the font, size and style were indicated.
When exchanging information with other people, the physical appearance of text imposes a number of limitations, especially for online documents. Screen size, resolution, fonts are different for different systems. For these reasons, logical text formatting is increasingly being used. In some cases, logical design is practically necessary: when creating electronic documents type WWW pages or when creating and publishing long-form works such as books.
To save the markup of documents when transferring text information from machine to machine, they use different ways. Word processors and publishing systems use specially designed file formats that contain not only the text, but also information about how it should be formatted. The main problem here is the incompatibility of such formats, although the most sophisticated programs can usually read files in the formats of competing programs. Examples of this approach are the word processors Word and StarWriter.
Another approach involves inserting special markup commands directly into the document text. Even if you don't have software that supports this format, you can still figure it out. There are many ways to represent text markup in this way, including:
HyperText Markup Language (HTML), used on the World Wide Web;
TeX and LaTeX, popular with many academic publications, as well as mathematicians, physicists, chemists and even musicians.
Examples of programs that allow you to mark up text in this way are Netscape Composer and LyX (KLyX).
Files created by different editors often have unique extensions that allow you to guess how the text is marked up without looking inside the document. Thus, files created by plain text editors often have the extension .txt, while those prepared in the Lyx editor often have a .lyx extension. The Word word processor by default creates files in the MS Word format (.doc extension), but also supports other formats, such as RTF (.rtf extension). Documents containing HTML markup commands have the extension .html or .htm.
Obviously, it is impossible to list all text editors. Many of them are “tailored” for one or another specific activity. The list discussed below represents only a small part of text editors.
Raw text editors
NotePad - built into the Windows operating system, clear and easy to use;
McEdit - is similar to the Edit editor from MS DOS, a component of the mc (Midnight Commander) file manager of the Linux OS;
KEdit is a simple text editor included with KDE Linux;
KWrite is a text editor that has a number of additional settings compared to other simple text editors;
Emacs - combines the functions of a file manager and a text editor; one of distinctive features is the ability to create macro commands (macros); available in all Unix clones, including Linux; Emacs can also be used on MS Windows.
Editors that create text with markup elements
Word - used to create a variety of printed documents, is a component of office applications in MS Windows;
StarWriter - part of the StarOffice program, it is similar in appearance and functionality to Word, works equally well in both MS Windows and Linux OS;
LyX (KLyX in KDE) is a modern text editor designed for people who want a professional-looking document in a minimal amount of time; the editor inserts TeX and LaTeX markup commands into the text;
Netscape Composer - inserts HTML markup commands into the text; there are versions for both Linux and MS Windows.
2.1 Plain text editors
Simple and easy-to-use plain-text editors are constantly required by programmers when writing program texts, creators of Web documents who, for a number of reasons, are not satisfied with Web editors, people using TeX or LaTeX, and many others. The principles of creating, saving and editing documents in them are very similar and do not require painstaking work from the user to master them. We will get acquainted with the NotePad program, included in MS Windows, as well as with the editors included in the KDE environment (Linux): KEdit, KWrite, McEdit. Next we'll look at Emacs, for which plain text creation is only a small part of its potential.
2.1.1 NotePad
The NotePad editor is one of the most common tools for preparing unformatted text in the MS Windows environment. The editor window contains a menu bar with three items: File, Edit and Search.
The File menu is used to work with files. It allows you to create, save and open existing file. Commands for editing a document (copying, pasting, deleting a text fragment) are carried out using the Edit menu. To search for a piece of text, use the Search menu.
NotePad allows one more way to call document editing commands - the context menu. To call the context menu, you need to select some document element and then right-click. To close the context menu without selecting a command, simply click on the mouse button, placing the cursor outside the menu, or press the Esc key.
To select and move parts of text, use various key combinations presented in the table. Shift+Right Arrow Selects the character to the left of the cursor
To place the cursor in a specific place, you can use the mouse: you need to move the cursor and click with the left button.
Before executing commands for editing a text fragment, you need to select it, for which you can use two methods: using the mouse, or using a key combination. In order to select text with the mouse, you need to place the mouse cursor at the beginning of the text fragment that you want to select, and move the cursor while holding down the left mouse button to the end of the fragment. The fragment remains selected until another fragment is selected.
The NotePad editor uses the so-called clipboard in its work. Fragments of text of arbitrary length are temporarily placed on the clipboard. The fragment from the previous position is copied or deleted, and it is automatically placed on the clipboard and can then be pasted anywhere in the text. The fragment is stored in a buffer until new text is added to it.
2.1.2 KEdit editor
The KEdit editor is launched by typing "kedit" at the command line, or from the KDE main menu. KEdit is an easy to use, fast and convenient editor.
The basic typing techniques are similar to working with other simple text editors. All manipulations are carried out using the menu and toolbar. The toolbar contains buttons for file operations (creating, opening, writing), editing (copying, pasting, cutting), printing and sending mail. This is a plain text editor and therefore does not contain formatting tools.
The Settings menu allows you to change appearance editor, installing fonts of different typefaces and styles. You can override the font and background color, spell check settings, number of characters per line, etc. You can select the encoding in which the document will be saved.
2.1.3 KWrite editor
Another editor designed for creating unformatted texts is KWrite. To run it, you need to type “kwrite” on the command line or use the KDE menu.
The KWrite editor is convenient to use for typing texts containing markup commands and program codes, since it is a syntactically oriented editor. The latter means that it can highlight special structures and markup commands in color.
In terms of interface, KWrite is similar to KEdit and has a menu bar and a button bar. In the File item, in addition to standard items similar to those found in the KEdit editor, a New View item has been added (opening a window containing a copy of the current document). In the Go menu item, the ability to insert so-called tags has been added to speed up the search for the desired piece of text. The Editing item contains standard editing commands, as well as the ability to insert the contents of a specified file into text. KWrite supports a so-called rollback log, which allows you to undo a number of actions performed.
In the Tools item, you can set/cancel indents and add comments corresponding to the type of file extension.
The settings in KWrite are noticeably richer than in KEdit. In it you can set the coloring of the syntax of any language: C, C++, Java, HTML, etc., typeface, size, encoding and font color. In the KWrite Settings sub-item, you can set the line length limit (when word wrap is enabled), tab stop amounts, undo levels, various indentations, and selection options (including multiple and vertical selection). Here you can define hotkeys for a large number of commands - moving the cursor, file operations, editing, highlighting, searching, replacing and going to.
2.1.4 McEdit editor
Users of the Midnight Commander file manager readily use the Mcedit editor built into it. However, it can also be launched as a standalone application, in which case you need to type “mcedit” in the command window.
Externally, this editor resembles the Edit editor from the Norton Commander set of utilities, well known to users since the days of MS DOS.
Moving around the document is carried out using the cursor keys, as well as using the mouse. To move to another line, use the Enter key. Selecting a piece of text is done using the mouse.
The table lists the assignments of menu items and some key combinations for working with text.
2.1.5 Emacs editor
All Unix systems, including Linux, widely use the Emacs editor. Being a plain text editor, it has many additional functions and capabilities. Emacs is a convenient file manager that makes it easy to manipulate files and directories.
When you start Emacs, it creates its own separate window, which, with the exception of the first and last line, is reserved for displaying text. The first line is called the menu bar, and the last line is called the echo area or minibuffer window, where entered command sequences are displayed and prompts appear. As soon as you stop for more than a second in the middle of a command, all characters for that command are immediately displayed. In what follows, we will stick to the same notation that appears in the echo area, for example, pressing Ctrl and x at the same time will cause the line C-x to appear in the minibuffer, and pressing Alt and x string M-x(the keyboard key labeled Alt plays a special role in Emacs: it functions as a special key - META).
The echo area is also used to display the minibuffer: a window that is used to read arguments to commands, such as the name of the file to edit. When a minibuffer is used, the echo region begins with a hint line, which usually ends with a colon; In addition, a cursor appears on this line as it becomes the selected window. You can always exit the minibuffer by typing C-g.
The recommended way to use Emacs is to run it only once, immediately after logging in. If you need to work simultaneously with several files or different parts of the same document, use the C-x 5 2 command or use the Make New Frame item in the Files menu to create a new window (the so-called frame). It is possible to split one window into several workspaces (windows in Emacs terminology), although this is less convenient than using frames. The C-x 2 command will split the window into two vertically, the C-x 3 command will split the window into two horizontally, and the C-x 1 command will leave only one window.
Emacs stores the text of each file in an object called a buffer. The first time a file is accessed, Emacs creates a new buffer. To see a list of buffers created in the current session, type C-x C-b.
To exit the Emacs editor, use the command C-x C-c. If at this moment there were buffers whose contents were not saved to disk, then you will be prompted to save them.
When you start the editor with the command "emacs .&", an Emacs window appears on the screen with information about the contents of the current directory (the & symbol at the end of the command ensures that the application is launched in background). In this case, it plays the role of a file manager.
Navigating through directories
The first two lines of the Emacs file manager window on the right contain a period (.) and two periods (..). The line with a dot corresponds to the current directory. To move to the parent directory (that is, one level up the file tree), use a line with two dots. If you want to go to any subdirectory of the current directory, you need to place the cursor on the line with its name and press the Enter key.
To access the required file or directory, use the command C-x C-f. The Find File line will appear in the minibuffer window, indicating the path to the current directory. When editing it, specify the path to the directory you need in accordance with the syntax of the Linux operating system. After entering the directory or file name, press the Enter key. If a file name is specified, the corresponding file will be opened or created.
Creating a directory
To create a directory, use the + command. The message Create directory will appear in the minibuffer, after which you need to enter the name of the directory to be created.
Copying a file or group of files
To copy a file, you need to place the cursor on the file name and press the C key. After that, the Copy to line will appear in the minibuffer window, in which you need to specify the path to the directory into which you want to copy this file.
If you want to copy a group of files, then before copying you must first mark each file by pressing the m key, after which a mark symbol * appears in the leftmost position of the line with the file name.
Renaming (moving) files and directories
To rename a file, you need to place the cursor on this file and press the R key. A line with the name of the file (directory) appears in the minibuffer and the full path to it is indicated. To rename a file, just specify a new name, and to move it, just specify the path to the new directory.
Editing
To edit a file, you must instruct the editor to read it and prepare a buffer containing a copy of the file's text. This operation is called a file access. Editing commands are applied directly to the text in the buffer, that is, to the copy inside Emacs. Your changes will appear in the file itself only after saving the buffer. As already noted, the command C-x C-f is used to access a file. If you are accessing a file that has already been opened, no new buffer is created.
You can start Emacs with a specific file name, for example "emacs file.txt &". In this case, the editor will create a buffer and load the contents of the specified file into it (if there is no file with the same name, an empty buffer will be created), after which you can immediately begin editing.
If the buffer contains changes that were not saved to the file, then the buffer is said to be modified (or modified). This means that changes will be lost if the buffer is not saved. Two asterisks in the status line of the editor window serve as a sign that the buffer has been changed.
Emacs will periodically (based on a count of the keystrokes you press) write out any modified buffers. This operation is called self-saving or autosaving. When autosaving, a file is created whose name differs from the name of the original file by the presence of the "#" symbol at the beginning and end of the name. For example, the buffer associated with the file exam.txt will be saved to the file #exam.txt#. When you save the buffer, Emacs will delete the autosaved file.
To create and edit a document You can use the menu bar located at the top of the Emacs window. The menu bar contains the following items:
Buffers -- used to move through previously created buffers with files;
Files - this menu duplicates commands for working with files;
Tools -- used to perform many different actions; Note that it contains the ability to work with multiple buffers;
Edit -- when editing a document, you can use this menu; among the functions there is the ability to check spelling (Spell);
Search - this menu is needed to search for text fragments in a document;
HTML (or TeX, Java, etc.) -- appears if Emacs has "recognized" the file extension, in which case it provides additional capabilities specific to files with that extension (so, for example, if it is a file with html extension, then it becomes possible to insert the most common hypertext markup commands);
Help -- help menu.
It is convenient to select and copy text using the mouse. A selected piece of text can be deleted by right-clicking on it, as well as inserted into any part of the document by clicking the middle mouse button or by executing the C-y or Shift+Insert command.
To switch input from Russian to English text and back, the capabilities provided by the operating system are used. In addition, Emacs is often configured so that switching is done with the F5 key. Emacs allows you to use two layout modes for Russian letters on the keyboard: a typewriter layout ("ytsuken", usually indicated on the keyboard) and a phonetic layout (by consonance, the key with the English letter k also contains Russian k). Switching between them is carried out using the F6 key, or using standard keyboard switching tools.
Let's list some Emacs editor commands for working with text. If you made a mistake when entering any command, then the combination keys C-g will interrupt her input.
| team | Purpose |
|
Esc(number command) |
Delete a character before the cursor position Delete character after cursor position Destroy everything to the end of the line Destroy the word Destroy previous word Recover the last destroyed text Move cursor to beginning of line Move cursor to end of line Move the cursor forward one word Move cursor back one word Move cursor down one line Move cursor up one line Convert word to lower case Convert word to upper case Convert a word to lower case with the first capital letter Undo the last command (rollback) Repeat the command the specified number of times |
It is difficult to list all the features of Emacs in such a small guide. In addition to text editing, it allows you to perform many other functions. Below are just a few of them that will allow you to take a little break from work and relax.
First, let's note one convenient feature provided by the editor - auto-continuation when entering commands in the minibuffer line. After typing the beginning of a long sequence of characters, use the Tab key to display possible continuations of the command.
Emacs can also work as a desktop calendar. To enter this mode, dial M-x calendar. The window will split into two, with the lower one showing a three-month calendar centered on the current month with the current date highlighted. The calendar image automatically scrolls when you move outside the visible area. Below are some commands for working with the calendar.
If you're bored, you can try M-x hanoi. As the name of the team suggests, this is an implementation of the famous Tower of Hanoi puzzle. If you are very bored, then specify a numerical argument, for example, M-x hanoi 5.
Playing tic-tac-toe on an endless board will require your personal participation. It starts team M-x gomoku; The winner is the one who manages to build a row of 5 elements.
M-x dunnet launches a great adventure game.
If you are upset, run the famous Eliza program (an example of a program that simulates artificial intelligence). She functions as a psychotherapist who is ready to help you understand your problems. Enter M-x doctor to start, and end each answer to the doctor by double-pressing the Enter key. You should end the session with the psychotherapist using the quit command.
2.2 Text editors with markup elements
2.2.1 Word processor MS Word
Microsoft Word is a powerful text editor that is widely used in Windows environment. It is a convenient tool for preparing a variety of letters, business documentation, and reports. With its help it is convenient to create forms and questionnaires, as well as articles and brochures.
The basis for document design in Word is a system of templates and formatting styles that allow you to achieve uniformity in the design of most documents. Word is a WYSIWYG editor: the printed document looks the same as it does on the screen.
Word by default saves text files in its native MSWord binary format (the corresponding file extension is .doc). The text version of this format is RTF format (RichTextFormat), documented by Microsoft and supported by word processors from some other companies. Due to its textual structure, RTF format is much safer from the point of view of spreading computer viruses, while files DOC format are one of the tools for transmitting viruses between computers. Recent versions of the processor can save the file in a format that includes hypertext markup elements (.html or .htm).
The word processor Word uses several toolbars to make working with your document easier. Let's look at these toolbars and their purpose.
Standard - contains command buttons used to work with the file and the clipboard.
Formatting - used to format text.
VisualBasic - designed for creating programs in VisualBasic combined with a Word document.
Web- converts a Word document into a Web page, i.e. a file containing HTML markup.
WordArt - contains buttons for calling commands for creating figured text.
Autotext - automatic replacement of fragments or quick insertion of a frequently repeated fragment.
Databases - designed for creating and working with databases that are used in document tables.
Image Settings - contains buttons for calling commands used to work with graphic images.
Review - intended for inserting messages and reviews.
Drawing - intended for inserting graphic objects into a document.
Tables and borders - used to frame tables.
Forms - contains buttons for creating forms, tables, lists, and input fields when working with databases.
Controls - Inserts buttons, radio buttons, and other VisualBasic elements into a document.
Headers and Footers - Using this toolbar, you can set various headers and footers.
Main document - serves to develop the structure of the main document.
Volume setting - sets options for the volume of text in the document.
Shadow settings - allows you to add shadows to both text and pictures.
Structure - is intended to set the structure of the document.
Creating and saving a document
Word provides several document templates that let you create specialized documents, such as letters or articles. The same template can be used many times. To create, save, open, and close a document, you can use the File menu items or the buttons on the Standard toolbar.
The Word text editor can save documents in some other formats. To save a document in a format other than Microsoft Word, you need to select the required file format in the Save Document window in the "File Type" list.
One of the most important features of word processors, including Word, is the ability to format text in a variety of ways. There are three types of formatting.
Formatting Characters -- When formatting characters, we are mainly talking about changing the font.
Paragraph formatting -- paragraph formatting refers to changing the size of the margins of individual paragraphs in the text, changing the spacing between lines, and aligning paragraphs.
Page formatting -- page formatting refers to the choice of page size, orientation, and page margins.
Character formatting includes changing the color, size, and writing style of text. To change the style of writing characters, you can use the buttons located on the Formatting toolbar.
A paragraph in Word is a part of a document followed by a paragraph marker. When entering text, you always end a paragraph by pressing the Enter key. If you want to go to the next line without highlighting a new paragraph, use the combination Shift + Enter.
The paragraph formatting process includes:
Paragraph alignment;
Setting paragraph indents;
Setting the indentation of the first line of a paragraph;
Setting the distance between lines;
Setting the distance between paragraphs;
Controlling the position of a paragraph on the page.
Paragraph alignment is set using the Formatting toolbar. By default, Word aligns all paragraphs to the left, with lines starting as if on a single vertical line. You can perform both center and right alignment, as well as block alignment - alignment to the width of the sheet.
You can use a horizontal ruler to set paragraph and first line indents. Select the paragraphs for which you want to set an indent, and use the mouse to move the paragraph and first line indent markers (sliders) located on the horizontal ruler to the desired position. The basic parameters for paragraph indents can also be set in the Paragraph dialog box, for which you need to call the Paragraph item from the Format menu.
By default, Word sets the spacing between lines to one space, which means that the spacing is exactly the height of one line. However, it can be one and a half, two or more intervals. The distance between lines is set in the Paragraph dialog box in the "Line Spacing" list.
Any document printed on paper has margins. Word allows you to set the value for each of the four margins (top, bottom, right, and left) individually. To do this, select Page Setup from the File menu and enter the required values in the appropriate fields.
In order to ensure automatic word hyphenation in the entire document, you need to not only enable the word hyphenation mode (for which in the Word hyphenation item of the Tools menu you need to check the Automatic word hyphenation in the document), but also make sure that word hyphenation is not blocked in any paragraph. To unblock words in an individual paragraph, on the Edit menu, select Select All, then on the Format menu, select Paragraph, click the Position on Page tab, and clear the No Word Wrap check box.
To check the spelling of a document, use the F7 key. You can also use the Spelling button on the Standard toolbar.
Headers and footers
When creating multi-page documents, you almost always place additional information, called headers and footers, at the top or bottom of the page. You can place the document title, page number, date, time and some other parameters in the header and footer. The menu for working with headers and footers is called up by selecting the Header and Footers item from the View menu.
One reason to use sectioning is to have different headers and footers in different parts of the document. By separating each part into a separate section, you get the opportunity to set headers and footers for each section that are different from each other.
Most often, document page numbers are placed in footers. To quickly number pages, select Page Numbers from the Insert menu. If there should not be a number on the first page, then uncheck the Number on the first page field. In the Page Number Format dialog box, Word prompts you to choose one of the options for arranging page numbers.
Tables
The word processor Word allows you to insert a table into a document. To do this, use the Table menu. You can also use the Insert Table button on the Standard toolbar. The Insert Table dialog box will appear on the screen, in which you can set the number of rows and columns of the table to be created. To select one of the standard types of table formatting, you can use the AutoFormat button, when clicked, Word will display the AutoFormat Table dialog box.
To insert a new column (row) anywhere in the table, you can use the Insert Column (Row) item from the Table menu. Select the column and execute the insert column command; the new column will be inserted to the left of the original one. Inserting a line above the original one is done in the same way.
To remove entire columns (rows) from a table, select those columns (rows) and select Remove Columns (Rows) from the Table menu or Cut from the Edit menu.
While editing a table, you may need to merge or split cells. To merge cells, you need to select them and execute the Merge Cells command from the Table menu. To split a cell, you need to select it, execute the Split Cell command from the Table menu, and in the dialog box that appears, specify the number of columns into which the cell will be split.
Text effects
Using Microsoft WordArt, objects containing converted text can be inserted into a document. You can change the shape of the inscriptions, stretch them, shade them. To run this application, you need to call the Object item from the Insert menu and select from the list in the dialog box Microsoft string WordArt. Word will display the WordArt program window.
At the top edge of the window there is a control panel. We will explain the meaning of all the buttons on it and indicate the functions that are performed when they are pressed.
|
Font size Bold Equal Height Stretch Alignment Interval between symbols Rotation |
Selecting the image form of a text fragment Choosing a font type Selecting font size Setting bold style Setting italic style Setting the same height for uppercase and lowercase letters Rotate letters 90 degrees Stretching text horizontally and vertically Centering text Selecting the spacing between individual characters Selecting text rotation options Selecting a pattern type or color for text letters Apply shadow to text Selecting the thickness of the text boundary line |
2.2.2 StarWriter Editor
StarWriter is a component of the StarOffice software product from Sun MicroSystem, implemented under both MS Windows and Linux OS.
This is a modern word processor, which (similar to the Word program) is a WYSIWYG editor. Outwardly, it is very similar to Word and has almost the same functionality. With its help you can create both simple text documents and articles, brochures and even books.
When you start the StarOffice program, a window appears containing icons of documents of different formats. To launch the StarWriter text editor, in the File menu of the StarOffice program, select Text Document from the Create menu, or on the program desktop, click on the icon labeled New Text. The StarWriter program window opens on the screen with a blank sheet.
The program window contains a menu bar with the following items:
File -- for working with files;
Editing - allows you to perform operations of selecting, inserting and deleting text, as well as search and replace functions;
View -- contains components for controlling the appearance of the program window;
Insert -- used to insert objects and additional applications into the document;
Format -- allows you to implement text formatting elements;
Service -- contains additional functions related to document design, as well as a spell checking function;
Window -- Sets window layout attributes.
When working with the StarWriter editor, it is convenient to use service panels, which contain buttons for selecting tools that duplicate the main menu items. Using these panels significantly speeds up the work of editing documents. Among them:
The function panel, which contains buttons for commands for working with files; usually located below the menu bar;
The object panel, which performs basic text formatting operations; located below the function panel;
A toolbar containing command buttons for inserting additional objects into the document; located to the left of the text entry area.
The horizontal ruler will allow you to quickly and accurately set the indents of both the red line and the entire paragraph.
The status bar at the bottom of the StarWriter window displays information about the current state of the document and a number of additional fields that allow you to change some document parameters.
At the very bottom of the editor window is the taskbar, which is used to create new documents and to manage the desktop and running applications.
StarWriter, like Word, has several templates that you can use to create specialized documents such as presentations, articles, or letters. To create, save, or close a document, you can use the buttons on the function bar or the File menu items.
When you open a file, the Open dialog box appears on the screen, in which you can set search options for the file. This window allows you to navigate through the directory tree in search of the desired file.
The first time you save a document, the Save dialog box appears, asking you to specify a location and file name to save. To save again, just use the key combination Ctrl+S or the button with the image of a floppy disk on the function bar.
When editing a document, you often have to select one or another piece of text. To select using the mouse, you need to place the cursor at the beginning or end of the selected fragment, press the left mouse button and, without releasing it, move the cursor to the end or beginning of the selected fragment. To select text using the keyboard, press the Shift key and the cursor arrows to select in the appropriate directions. The Ctrl+a key combination selects all text.
Text formatting
StarWriter has great capabilities for both physical ("hard") and logical ("soft") text formatting. When physically formatting, you explicitly set the style and size of fonts, indents, alignment, etc. For logical formatting, use a special Stylist tool.
The techniques for physically formatting text in StarWriter are almost identical to those in Word. So, for example, using a button with the symbol Ж on the text object panel, the desired text fragment will be highlighted in bold. Soft formatting is done by assigning a specific style to text. A style is a set of specified values or means under a common name, with the help of which texts are formatted or, in other words, designed.
Hard formatting is best used in cases where it needs to be done quickly. If you want to highlight a word, for example, in bold, then just place the cursor on this word and click on the button with the Z symbol.
Soft formatting using styles is recommended for use in cases where there is a need to format long text or several texts in the same way. Using styles may require you to first create a style using the Stylist tool (which, of course, takes some time), but the overall time savings is especially noticeable when formatting is applied multiple times.
You can use the Object Panel to format symbols. Using it, you can set the font type, writing style, font size, as well as text color and background color.
A paragraph is considered to be a part of a document followed by a paragraph marker. Dividing into paragraphs is done by pressing the Enter key. When formatting paragraphs, you can use the Paragraph dialog box to set the distance between lines and paragraphs, paragraph indents, and control the position of the paragraph on the page. To display the Paragraph dialog box, select the paragraphs to which you want to apply these formatting elements and use the Paragraph command from the Format menu.
To format pages, you need to execute the Pages command from the Format menu, as a result of which StarWriter will display the Page Style dialog box, in which you set the basic parameters for the layout of the sheet and the size of the margins.
Spell check
StarWriter has an automatic spell check feature that you can turn on immediately as you enter text or call it up as needed.
You can enable or disable automatic spell checking as you enter text using the AutoCheck button on the toolbar. If the autocheck function is active, then all words not found in the dictionary (possibly containing errors) will be underlined with a red wavy line. This highlighting is only visible on the screen; it is not displayed when printing. StarWriter has a dictionary called "Standard.dic". But you can always compose your own dictionary or modify an existing standard dictionary so that it meets your requirements. You can create your own dictionary using the Linguistics tab, to open which you need to select Options from the Tools menu, then General... and Linguistics.
You can correct an incorrectly spelled word either by directly making changes to it, or by calling the context menu (by right-clicking on the word), which will offer a set of correctly spelled words that are similar to the incorrect one. Selecting a word from the list will replace the incorrectly spelled word with the selected one.
If you want to check your text for errors, you need to select Spelling from the Tools menu, and then Check. If errors are found, the Spelling dialog box will appear on the screen, giving you options for correction. This dialog box allows you to add words to the dictionary.
Headers and footers
To insert a header or footer into a document, select Header or Footer from the Insert menu, then Standard. After completing the operation, a field for entering a header or footer will appear in the document. If you want to enter the contents of the header and footer, you need to place the mouse cursor in this field and click the left button. To insert a date or other additional elements, you must select Field from the Insert menu and select an element to insert into the header and footer field in the drop-down list
2.2.3 Editor Netscape Composer
This editor is designed for creating documents containing HTML markup commands. When working with it, you do not need knowledge of the HTML language itself, since the editor independently inserts the required markup commands into the document text. Files created in NetscapeComposer typically have a .html extension.
Netscape Composer is a component of the Netscape Communicator browser, which can be launched by typing netscape at the command prompt. After starting the browser, select Edit Page from the Files menu. In the editor window that appears, in the Files menu, you can select an existing one or create a new hypertext page.
The HTML language used to mark up the text created in the Composer editor does not allow you to strictly define the appearance of the document. Often, documents containing a large number of formatting commands look good in a single viewer (browser), operating system, and screen size. However, if you select a different viewing program, the document may become unreadable. Therefore, it is recommended not to get carried away with excessive formatting of the document and, if possible, test the document being created in various viewing programs.
| button | Purpose |
 |
Sets the text style: normal, headings of various levels, address, list item, etc. |
Sets the font size: from +4 to -2 |
|
| Selects text color | |
Sets the font to bold, italic, or underlined, or combinations thereof. |
|
Clears all styles |
|
| Sets the position of text on the page: text is flushed to the left, centered, or flushed to the right | |
| Creates numbered and bulleted lists |
Hypertext documents are intended primarily for viewing on a monitor screen, and not for printing on paper, so when they are created, a wide variety of color shades are used not only for the text itself, but also for the background of the document. In addition, you can use a graphic image in GIF, JPEG or PNG format as a background. Please note that the background image takes precedence over the background color. To change the document background, call the context menu by right-clicking and, without releasing it, select the Page Colors and Propeties menu item. A window will appear in which you can set the colors and properties of the document.
Inserting Images
An important addition to the document text is the graphic objects inserted into it. They can act as illustrations or references. Pictures in formats such as GIF, JPG and PNG can be imported into a hypertext document. To insert pictures into a document, select Picture from the Insert menu. The Properties window appears with open tab Picture.
The Image field specifies the name of the file containing the image. The Browse button allows you to specify the location of the picture and its name. The Align and Wrap text group of buttons sets the position of the picture relative to the surrounding text. Please note that the location of the text relative to the image is displayed correctly only in the browser window.
In the same window, you can set the image size: you can leave the original size, or change it by selecting the Custom size switch and specifying the new image size (as a percentage of the document width or in pixels). It is useful to provide some free space around the image, otherwise the text will be closely adjacent to the image.
2.2.4 KLyX Editor
KLyX (the older version is called LyX) is another modern text editor. It formats text by inserting TeX markup language commands. The KLyX editor can be classified as a WYSIWYG editor. Although when printed, a document sometimes does not look the same as on the screen, this is caused solely by the desire to use the editor window more efficiently.
To launch the KLyX editor, enter klyx on the command line (lyx for older versions), or select it from the KDE menu. When the program starts, a window appears with a menu bar at the top. Just below the menu bar are toolbars. Unlike text editors Word, StarWriter or NotePad, when you first open the program, a new document is not created and some functions are not available.
The toolbar buttons duplicate some menu items. The main elements of the working window are similar to those discussed in other editors.
KLyX distinguishes several so-called document classes, the main ones of which can be considered the following:
article - for writing articles;
article (AMS) - for articles containing mathematics;
report -- to create reports;
book and book (AMS) - for writing books;
letter -- for preparing letters.
When creating a new document, the user must specify its class, based on the purposes for which the document is created. To do this, use the Document item from the Layout menu. In the Document Layout window that appears, you can set the page style, paragraph selection mode, printing text in two columns and some other options. Let's take a closer look at them.
The Pagestyle option is responsible for the design of page headers and footers and sets the numbering mode. Most often used:
default -- default values for this class;
empty -- complete absence of headers and footers;
plain -- headers and footers contain only page numbers.
The Sides option allows you to set different designs for even and odd pages. The Columns option determines the number of columns on the page when printing a document. To set line spacing in a document, use the Spasing option. You can specify Single, Double or OneHalf distance.
To select paragraphs, use the Separation option of the Document Layout window. You can set the “red line” mode, i.e. indentation at the beginning of a paragraph - Indent, or increased distance between paragraphs - Skip.
If you want to set your own parameters for any paragraph, then use the Paragraph item from the Layout menu. The Paragraph Environment dialog box appears. To prohibit indentation from the left edge, use the No Indent option, to change the distance from adjacent paragraphs - Vertical Space: Above - from the previous one, Below - from the next one.
Conclusion
Recently, computer technology has been advancing very intensively, and this contributes to the rapid development of software. Products with many innovations are constantly being released. Likewise, text editors do not stand still. Every time more and more functions are included in these programs. But their development is set in such a way that with each new version the program retains the previous set of capabilities and the user can use both old and new functions, the latter were introduced only to make working with the program easier. Or significantly expand its capabilities.
But it often happens that users need only a certain set of functions they need, depending on their needs. Based on this, they choose a product according to their taste. Some are attracted by the ease of operation, others by the versatility and speed of command execution. Therefore, from all their multitude, it is impossible to single out a specific one that satisfies all the requirements, since they are all very different.
Bibliography
1 Sobol B.V., Galin A.V. and others. Computer science. Rostov n/d, Phoenix, 2007
2 Kaimin V.A. Computer Science: Textbook. - M.: INFRA-M, 2005
3 Broido V L. Fundamentals of computer science. SPb.: SPb.GIEA, 2003
4 Ostreykovsky V. Informatics - Higher School, Moscow, 2003
5 Shautsukova V. A. Informatics. Internet textbook. 2001.
6 www.wikipedia.ru
7 www.informatka.ru
Storing, processing and transmitting texts is an area in which computers have been used very widely and for quite a long time.
Computer typing and editing have become the main method of preparing texts for writers, journalists and students. Working with text using a computer is much more convenient than writing by hand or typing, if only because it is much easier to make any changes to the finished text.
Electronic copying of texts - both on computer media and transmission over computer networks - has become a powerful engine of freedom of speech throughout the world. Any opinion, any message, presentation of any idea has now become possible to disseminate quickly and widely, and this does not require an expensive and cumbersome printing house.
Text Document is an information block containing text as basic information. But a text document does not always contain only text. It may contain additional information, such as tables of contents, links, headings, different types of fonts, as well as graphics, tables, etc.
The main text input tool is the keyboard. There are text recognition systems that allow you to convert text printed on paper into electronic form, as well as systems voice input, which should ensure understanding of any dictation (however, this moment This is a very difficult technical task).
Entering text into a computer and changing it is called editing, and programs that allow you to enter and change text are called text editors. Any test editor allows you to: enter text from a computer keyboard; change already entered text (for example, correct typos, enter new words or phrases, delete existing ones, etc.); save text in a file, as well as read previously saved text.
Programs that allow you to work not only with text, but also with additional information are called word processors. They allow you to see the document as it will be printed. This display of a document is calledWYSIWYG(from English " What You See Is What You Get"-"what you see is what you get").
As a rule, word processors are included in so-called office software suites. Having studied the principles of working with any one word processor, we will be able to work with any other.
There are several well-known office software suites. Most common Microsoft Office . It includes the most famous programs - word processor Microsoft Word (Figure 40), table processor – Microsoft Excel and others. Office Suite created by the company Microsoft . This is the largest American software company; it owns, in particular, the operating system Windows.
Figure 40 – Interface from Microsoft Word 2007
However, several problems arise here: the main ones are price and dependence on a foreign manufacturer. Legal use Microsoft Office is very expensive. Cheap CDs are considered illegal and their distribution is prohibited by law. The package does not have these shortcomings OpenOffice. org . It is free, which means that it can be legally copied and even sold, as well as studied and modified. So, the Russian version was prepared by the Russian team. There are versions OpenOffice. org for all modern operating systems, not just for Windows . It can be used under control Linux or other freely distributed operating system and on computers iMac. In the OpenOffice package. org word processor included OpenOffice. orgWriter.
Let's consider and compare the main capabilities of word processorsMicrosoft Word 2007 And OpenOffice. org Writer 3.0 .
Word processors allow you to insert pictures, formulas, audio and video files, spreadsheet files, presentations and other objects. This capability is based on "object embedding and linking" technology ( OLE– Object Linking and Embedding), which allows you to create complex documents from different types data, ensure joint operation of several applications when preparing one document, copy and transfer objects between applications.
A word processor is a multifunctional word processing program (with elements of desktop publishing capabilities).
Let's briefly describe interface window processor OpenOffice. org Writer . An icon menu is a row of icons that duplicate frequently used operations that are also available in the main menu. The rulers are located above the window and to the left of the document. Using the coordinate ruler, which is located above the window, you can change paragraph indents, typesetting line length and column width. The status bar is located at the bottom edge of the window OpenOffice. org Writer . During the process of entering data, it displays information about the position of the input cursor, etc. On the monitor screen, text can be presented at different scales and in different forms; the “View” menu is responsible for this. In general, the interface window OpenOffice. org Writer can be compared to a window Word 2003.
The main replacement of menus and toolbars in Word 2007 serves as a “tape”. It is designed to make commands easier to access and consists of tabs associated with specific goals or objects. Each tab, in turn, consists of several groups of interconnected controls. Compared to menus and toolbars, the ribbon contains significantly more content - buttons, collections, dialog box elements, etc.
In addition to the standard set of tabs that are displayed on the “ribbon,” there are two more types of tabs that are displayed in the interface depending on the task being performed. Contextual tools allow you to work with an element that is highlighted on the page, such as a table, image, or graphic object. When you click on such an element, a color-coded set of contextual tabs related to it appears next to the standard tabs. Tabs applications replace the standard set of tabs when you go to certain views or content modes, such as Preview.
Along with tabs, groups and commands, in Word 2007 menus and toolbars that are familiar to users from previous versions Word. For example, the button Microsoft Office " located in the upper left corner of the application Word serves to call up a menu for working with files (commands “Create”, “Open”, “Save”, etc.) and a menu that allows you to set various parameters word processor. Panel quick access by default located in the upper left part of the application window Word and is designed for quick access to the most frequently used functions. The Quick Access Toolbar can be customized by adding new commands to it. Dialog box buttons are small icons that may appear in some groups. By clicking such a button, the corresponding dialog box or task pane opens, containing additional parameters associated with this group.
Editing text in a word processor consists of deleting, adding, copying and moving text fragments, as well as checking spelling using keyboard keys or an icon menu. There are two types of copying and moving sections of text: manually and using the clipboard. Clipboard- this is a plot random access memory, which temporarily stores cut or copied text or graphics. Copying or moving sections of text toWordare performed using the menu commands: “Home/Cut” or “Home/Copy” and the “Home/Paste” command. Copying or moving sections of text toOpenOffice. org Writerare performed using the menu commands: “Edit/Cut” or “Edit/Copy” and the “Edit/Paste” command.
Text formatting contains the ability to select the following parameters: font, paragraph, fill, lists, frames, style, etc. The font parameters, in turn, include: typeface (drawing), style, size (point). Each typeface has its own name, for example, Arial, Times New Roman, Tahoma. Fonts can be straight or italic. Italic fonts are most often called italics. Vertical font size is measured in “points”; one point is equal to 1/72 of an inch – approximately 0.353 mm. A 10-point font—called 10-point font—is often used in books. The typewriter printed the text with 14 point size, and this font size is often used today when composing various documents.
Text formatting V OpenOffice. org Writeris done using the “Format/Characters/Font” menu, and inWordusing the Home/Font menu.
The text can be located in several columns. Menu "Format/Columns" inOpenOffice. org Writerbrings up a dialog box in which you can select the number of columns, the width and spacing for each, set them to be the same width, or set the width of each. The “Apply” button will allow you to format not the entire text, but only the selected part. Page Layout/Columns menu inWordallows you to do the same.
The word processor allows split document on two partitions or more, if you need to install various parameters page formatting (margins, paper size, page orientation - portrait or landscape) for different sections. To do this inOpenOffice. org Writerthe "Insert/Section" command is used before and after the section being formatted, and inWord team "Insert/Page Break". By default, formatting is applied to the entire document.
Paragraph– this is the part of the text between two presses of the Enter key. The paragraph has several customization options. Its formatting makes it possible to set paragraph indentation, otherwise known as “red line”, indentation on the right and left, spaces before and after the paragraph, and line spacing. When formatting a paragraph, it is not necessary to first select it; it is enough that the cursor is located at any point in the paragraph. Paragraph formatting VOpenOffice. org Writeris done using the “Format/Paragraph” menu, and inWordusing the Home/Paragraph menu.
Styledesign is a named set of settings for design parameters (font, paragraph). If you need to format a paragraph, you most often use a ready-made style or the “Format/Styles” menu inOpenOffice. org Writeror the menu command “Home/Styles” inWord.
The Word word processor is equipped formula editor MS Equation, which allows you to create formula expressions and insert them into text when you select the “Insert/Formula” menu item. INOpenOffice. org WriterThis can be done with the “Insert/Object/Formula” command.
To work with tables use the "Table" menu inOpenOffice. org Writerand the Insert/Table menu in Word. When working with a table, you can change its parameters (height and width of cells), add and delete columns, rows and cells, as well as edit the contents of each table cell, which may contain text, numbers, formulas or pictures.
OpenOffice. org Writerallows you to create own drawings using the “Drawing” toolbar (“Insert/Toolbars/Drawing”), Word using the “Insert/Shapes/New Canvas” command.
In addition to your own drawings, word processors allow you to embed ready-made images using the "Insert/File" command inOpenOffice. org Writer and the “Insert/Drawing” menu item in Word.
It is convenient to create in a large document using a word processor table of contents. This tool allows you to quickly navigate through the text by selecting one of the items on the first page of the document. To do this, select the “Insert/Table of Contents and Indexes” menu inOpenOffice. org Writer. To create a heading style in the table of contents, use the Format/Styles/Styles and Formatting menu. To update the table of contents, use the “Update field/Update entire” command in the context menu. Word uses the Links/Table of Contents commands.
For conservation document created in a word processor, you must click the button with the image of a floppy disk on the icon menu panel or use the “File/Save” menu. The "File/Save As" command allows you to save the file under a new name in Word, and the button " Office/Save" or "Office/Save" And "Office/Save as" VOpenOffice. org Writer.
Authors and developers text processing software do not stand still, periodically creating new and improved versions of their products. In particular, a version is already available to users Microsoft Office Word 2010, which has a “ribbon” interface, but adds commands for image processing and improving text effects (for example, glow, reflection, shadows).
There are also other text editors, for example: StarWriter, Bred, Crypt Edit, KeyNote, Squall Pro, TextViewer, WinVi . They, as a rule, occupy less disk space and are most often distributed free of charge, but have a smaller set of functions (for example, image editing), but their capabilities are quite sufficient for typing and editing small text data.
Text editors – programs for creating, editing, saving and printing a document.
Editing – making any changes to the typed text (adding, deleting, moving, etc.).
Examples: Notepad (Windows), DOS Edit, Norton Edit, editors contained in programming systems.
Word processors – text editors that support text formatting.
Formatting – changing the form of document presentation (indents and spacing, paragraph alignment, font sizes, etc.).
Modern word processors also allow you to insert tables, pictures, objects from other applications, check spelling, and much more.
Highlight two classes of word processors:
Full compliance mode processors, WYSIWYG (text is displayed on the screen in the form in which it will be presented on paper when printed). For example, Word, WordPad, etc.
Processors in which text is formatted after typing, before printing. For example, LaTex.
Despite all the convenience of creating documents, Microsoft office programs do not have many important settings that are vital for preparing documents for publication, so documents created in them require special techniques and cunning tricks for carrying out such operations as color separation or imposition, and still the result obtained is not is always satisfactory.
Publishing systems – powerful word processors designed to prepare documents for publication.
Examples: Adobe PageMarker, QuarkXPress, etc.
Text encodings.
To encode a character, 1 byte (8 bits) of information is required. This allows you to encode 256 characters, which is enough to represent text information, including lowercase and uppercase letters of the alphabet, numbers, signs, graphic symbols, etc. Used to match characters and codes encoding table– a standard that assigns each character a unique serial number from 0 to 255 (or the corresponding binary code from 00000000 to 11111111).
The international standard has become the ASCII table, in which the first 33 codes correspond to control characters (space, line feed, etc.), codes from 33 to 127 correspond to characters of the Latin alphabet, numbers, punctuation marks, arithmetic symbols, and codes from 128 to 255 are national and vary from country to country. It is customary to call the character encoding table 128–255 a code page. There are several Cyrillic code pages. CP866 – used to encode Cyrillic characters in MS DOS, CP1251 – in Windows.
There are other code tables that are widely used in practice. For example, KOI-8 (Information Exchange Code), used in global computer networks, on computers running Unix OS. This standard is very often used in email.
A new international standard, Unicode, has now been developed, which allocates two bytes or 16 bits for each character and allows 65,536 characters to be encoded. Such a wide range makes it possible to represent in numerical form the characters of any language, including Chinese.
Since there are several widely used standard encodings, there are often cases where the user cannot read text because the encoding of the text is different from the encoding set in the application that the user is working with. Special converter programs built into applications transcode text.
Сuneiform screen Working window of the Stylus 3.0 program after calling the source text file: 1 - program title; 2 - menu bar; 3 - “main” pictogram palette; 4 - “formatting” icon palette; 5 - “translation” pictogram palette; 6 - palette of icons “service”; 7 - title of the source file window; 8 - working window source file; 9 - information panel
Application programs are designed to perform certain functional tasks of computer publishing systems (for example, text processing, mathematical, structural chemical formulas, musical scores, tables, vector and raster graphics, layout and layout of publications), as well as to perform a number of service tasks.
Entering information from paper into a computer is a frequently performed task nowadays. Until recently, this task was solved exclusively by coding from a computer keyboard. Most of the documents to be processed are presented in originals on paper. Therefore, an integral part of any office automation system are computer systems, including scanning and optical image recognition programs for documents. The task of recognition is to convert the input (scanned) image into text of moving characters. In other words, the graphical representation of each input character is replaced by the symbol's computer symbol (ie, code that the computer system understands).
Intelligent system Optical Character Recognition (OCR) Cuneiform operates in Microsoft Windows 3.1 or later. CuneiForm context-sensitive help system supported standard system Windows help. The system has the following technological capabilities:
supports a wide range of desktop scanners;
recognizes a scanned page (including multi-column text and text with complex design);
allows you to scan and record an image as TIFF, and run recognition later (this makes it convenient to scan a stack of documents);
has an assortment of file recording capabilities that allows you to scan a series of pages, and the program will perform auto-recording, assigning sequential names to the images (Page1, Page2, etc.);
separates text from graphics and converts it from a graphic image into a text file for one of the word processors, databases or spreadsheets;
has the “Define recognition area” function, which allows selective recognition in selected parts of the page;
recognizes letters of the Russian and English alphabets, excluding stylized fonts such as Gothic letters;
recognizes all commonly used fonts (including bold, italic, and underline) that may be mixed within a page, even within a paragraph or word;
can process documents printed typographically on LQ and NLQ dot matrix printers, inkjet, laser printers, on a typewriter (both monospace and proportional printing are acceptable);
can preserve original formatting and tabulation and adjust indentation and alignment;
has an internal text editor and dictionary control, with which you can control the quality of recognition and edit text. To do this, the built-in editor window displays the recognized text, highlighting dubious characters and words that are not in the dictionary. In the adjacent extension window you can see an enlarged image of the scanned text, allowing you to edit without looking at the original document;
does not recognize handwritten text.
The Suneiform screen contains four main parts, marked in the figure. 
Main actions(procedures) when working in the system are the following:
| Panel button | Function performed |
| Scanning and Recognition | The “Scan and Recognize” button will be useful if you are confident that the document’s design is quite simple and will not complicate text recognition (for more complex fragmentation, the “Scan and Show” operation is useful). When you click a button in the Quick Access Toolbar (or call the Action\Scanning and Recognition command), a message window appears letting you know that scanning is in progress. Next, the Progress Indicator field shows the current character recognition phase, as well as the total percentage of character recognition completed. Pressing the button is equivalent to executing the “Scan and Show” and then “Recognition” commands. |
| Open image | Allows you to load an image from an existing graphic file (using the button or the File\Open image command). In the window that appears, you must select the directory and file names. |
| Scan and show | Allows you to scan a document and view it (using the button or the Action\Scan and View command) without running character recognition. Scanning will begin immediately and the scanned image window will appear on the right side of the screen. |
| Recognition | Used when launching (using a button or the Action\Recognition command) character recognition after performing the “Scan and Look” action or after loading a file. |
| Brightness | Allows you to set the optimal brightness level for scanning a document (using the button or the Action\Brightness command). CuneiForm offers 256 brightness levels (0-255). By default, its value is 127. If many recognition errors occur because the scanned image is too light, you need to set the brightness to a lower value and rescan the document. If the image is too dark, you need to set the brightness to higher. The brightness level can be changed as follows: a) moving the slider on the scale to the right and left; b) setting the brightness value automatically. To do this, click the "Automatic" button in the "Brightness settings" field. A small dialog box will appear, prompting you to: "Click the left mouse button to select brightness or click Cancel." When you move the cursor over the image, it will take the form of a light bulb with a crosshair next to it. Next, you need to move the crosshair to that part of the image that has medium character density or darkness, and then click the mouse button. The Auto Brightness function scans the area around a point selected by the operator to determine the overall brightness setting. Next, you will be prompted to rescan the page using the new brightness value if desired. If you select "Yes", the document will be rescanned. This should improve accuracy when the recognition is re-run. You can also open the Brightness Adjustment window by selecting Brightness from the Action menu. Regardless of where it is installed, the current brightness level is always displayed at the left end of the status bar at the bottom of the screen. |
| Previous image | The action is performed by clicking a button or using the File\Restore Previous Image command to return the last image that was on the screen during this work session. |
| Gluing a page | Used if there is a need to scan a full sheet with a hand-held scanner (which has a capture window smaller than the page size). By pressing the button or the command Action\Glueing Pages, the process of processing the right or upper parts of the page is called in accordance with the selected gluing method. First, the TWAIN dialog for working with the scanner is called up and the corresponding part of the page is scanned, and then the recognition process starts. The entire chain of actions is automatically repeated for the next part of the page. The next step is gluing these two recognized parts into a single text. |
Status line may include the following main elements installed inside the main menu: (see picture). 
The Extensions window is designed to display part of the scanned image at a higher magnification. This window appears on the screen when there is a need to more carefully view a fragment. The window is called up in the View\Extension menu. The magnification in the expansion window is controlled by selecting the menu View\One to One, 200% or 400% magnification. The location where the Extensions window appears on the screen depends on the action that caused it to appear:
if it is called by the cursor location after using “Scan and Show” or after opening a file, it will appear in the lower left part of the screen;
if it appears along with the “Editor” window after recognition, then its position depends on the screen design selected from the “Window” menu;
The extension window can be moved around the screen by moving it in Drag and Drop mode.
Manual fragmentation window used when the document being recognized has a complex structure, consisting of more than one column of text and/or graphics.
IN normal mode After scanning, CuneiForm automatically fragments and decomposes the image into blocks, which are treated as connected, meaningful pieces of text and are surrounded by dotted lines when displayed in Fragmentation mode. However, a text block is simply a set of characters and does not always constitute a complete semantic fragment.
Because the program bases its division on spacing rather than analyzing contextual information, it cannot perfectly judge which text is related. The Manual Fragmentation window provides several options additional creation blocks when automatic fragmentation is inaccurate.
The “Fragmentation” mode exists precisely to correct errors made during the automatic fragmentation process before recognition. In this case, select the Options\Fragmentation menu. At the same time, the word “Fragm.” appears on the right side of the status line. The Manual Tile window will appear later, after scanning the document or calling it from a graphic file.
In addition to the automatically labeled blocks, the window includes a column of buttons lined up along its left side: 
| Button | Function performed |
| Execute | Provides a transition to performing recognition after the necessary fragmentation actions |
| Return Repeat | Allows you to go back one step and redo the last action taken |
| Text | Allows you to select a block containing, for example, all parts of a table so that they merge into one fragment. To do this, after pressing the button, you need to mark a rectangle around the selected area with the cursor. As a result, a new block is created, which, when recognized, is considered as one whole |
| Horizon Vert. | Allows you to designate additional fragmentation horizontally or vertically. To do this, just after selecting the button, place the cursor in the desired place and, in drag mode, mark the fragmentation boundary horizontally or vertically, respectively. |
| Glue | Allows you to “glue” fragments created using the “Horizontal” buttons. and "Vert." To do this, just mark the fragments to be glued with the cursor and select the “Glue” button |
| Delete | Allows you to remove fragments marked using the Text button from the recognition process |
| Enlarge | Allows you to enlarge a piece of text in the Manual Tile window. To do this, just after selecting the button, fix the cursor in the desired place in the text and click the mouse button |
| Didn't take me away. | Allows you to return an enlarged text fragment to its original state. To do this, just after selecting the button, fix the cursor in the selected place and click the left mouse button |
| Drawing | Allows you to create a new image |
| Help | Allows you to display help information about using the manual fragmentation control buttons |
Additional options for correcting erroneous blocking in the Manual Fragmentation window:
horizontal division;
vertical division;
gluing.
Let there be two columns of text in the document, but CuneiForm does not “see” this. Instead, it merges two columns into one block. Since this can further lead to recognition problems, it is necessary to divide the columns into blocks:
press "Vert." in the left part of the “Fragmentation” window;
place the cursor where you intend to start the division;
while pressing and holding the mouse button, drag the cursor to where the division should end;
release the button.
CuneiForm will split the block vertically into two text fragments (the “Split Horizontally” function performs the same actions on text that should be split horizontally).
In some cases, CuneiForm can automatically split a merged piece of text into fragments. To correct this partition, you need to click on each of the fragments with the cursor and click the “Glue” button. The two fragments will be combined into one block.
In the Editor window at the top there is a simple menu of five buttons: “Exit”, “Save as...”, “Attach to...”, “Next.” questionable" and "Add a word." With their help, it is convenient to perform a number of procedures when using the editing window. 
The “Editor” window contains the recognition result. After recognition, the editing window covers the image in the image window. The text selected by the user in the editing window is synchronized with the image in the extension window. When you move the cursor in the editing window, the image in the extension window is shifted according to the new cursor position, and the selected character is highlighted
Errors made during the recognition process can be edited later in one of the word processors or using the “Editor” menu and the editing window buttons. In the latter case, using the View\Settings menu, you can select the size of the characters displayed on the screen for ease of editing.
A number of additional amenities are provided for editing:
the ability to perform an automated spell check after selecting the Options\Dictionary Check menu (in this case, the so-called questionable words, i.e. words not in the dictionary, are displayed on the screen);
fast movement during dictionary control using the “Next” button. doubts." to another word missing from the dictionary;
the ability to open and use a user dictionary imported into the File\Dynamic Dictionary\Load... or Import... menu;
the ability to add to the user’s dictionary a word highlighted during verification, but correct, by clicking the “Add word” button;
the ability to export a user dictionary to the File\Dynamic Dictionary\Upload... or Export... menu after using it or adding to it.
| Menu, command | Action to be performed |
| FILE | |
| Open image | read an image from a file of the following formats: TIFF 5.0, PCX, BMP, GIF, TARGA, JPEG |
| Restore previous image | receive a scanned image and stored in memory to select a new recognition area (if necessary) |
| Remember the image | record image in TIFF 5.0 format |
| Open ED file | open a file with previously recognized text |
| Save to text | write recognized text in files of a certain format, for example, ASCII, Smart ASCII, RTF, ANSI, Smart ANSI |
| Glue with text | append recognized text to the end of an existing text file |
| Select from TWAIN list | select a scanner to use under the TWAIN interface |
| Get a TWAIN image | use image access via TWAIN |
| Dynamic dictionary | use user dictionary |
| Recognition module | load/unload recognition module |
| Exit | quit Cuneiform |
| EDITOR | |
| Track. doubtful | move to next questionable word |
| Prev. doubtful | go to previous questionable word |
| Flag questionable words | on off. mode for highlighting dubious words |
| Search | search for strings of characters in recognized text |
| Search trace | repeat search |
| Add a word | legalize the word and add it to the list |
| Cancel adding | make a word dubious and remove it from the list |
It is also possible to use the control panel at the top of the editing window, which consists of several buttons: Exit, Save as..., Attach to..., Next. doubts and Add word/
SuneiForm command menu
| Menu, command | Action to be performed |
| ACTION | |
| Batch scanning | scan a series of pages. The window that appears has five main fields: Options, Page retention, Create document with number of pages, Edit, Output format. It is possible to combine their values in different ways depending on whether the scanner has an automatic feeder, whether it is necessary to start recognition before recording, control the recognition area, etc. |
| Batch recognition | enable recognition of a series of pages. The functions of the Options, Edit and Results fields are identical to the corresponding functions in batch scanning |
| Scanning and Recognition | use scanning and automatic document recognition - usually if the document’s design is quite simple and will not complicate text recognition (for more complex fragmentation, the Scan and Display operation is very useful) |
| Scan and display | scan a document and view it without running character recognition first. The scanned image will appear on the right side of the screen |
| Language selection | select one of the possible languages: Russian (Russian-English mode is possible), English, German and French |
| Gluing a page | enable the mode of using a handheld scanner with a capture window smaller than the page size. This triggers the process of processing the right or top parts of the page in accordance with the choice of gluing method |
| Recognize | run character recognition after executing the Scan and display mode or after loading an image file |
| Recognition area | start the recognition mode of any part of the image. The area around the desired part of the image is designated using the mouse |
| Turn | rotate the image that appears on the screen after scanning or downloading a file by 90° left (right) or 180° |
| Scanner selection | select scanner type |
| Permission | select resolution 200, 300 or 400 dots per inch (DPI) |
| Brightness | Set the optimal brightness level for scanning a document. CuneiForm offers 256 brightness levels (0–255). By default its value is 127 |
| OPTIONS | |
| Fragmentation | highlight fragments when the document to be scanned is clearly complex in design and consists of more than one column of text and/or graphics |
| One column | configure CuneiForm to process all characters in a scanned image as one column of text |
| Vocabulary control | enable a mode in which CuneiForm will highlight dubious words that need to be dealt with after document recognition |
| Adaptive Scan | use all CuneiForm tools to obtain the best possible image |
| Matrix printer | select a mode so that CuneiForm recognizes documents printed on a dot matrix printer |
| Page orientation | Choose from four possible orientations: Regular Page, Left-Faced Page, Flip-Faced Page, and Right-Faced Page. If the selected orientation is different from normal, CuneiForm rotates all open or scanned images. The current orientation is indicated by an icon at the left end of the status bar |
| Bonding method | Before using the Page Glue command, select one of the page gluing methods: Vertical or Horizontal. With the first, the left half of the page will be processed first, and then the right. In the second case - the top and then the bottom of the page |
| Illustrations | set the mode for saving the illustration along with the text, as it was in the source document, using the RTF format and specifying one of the types of available illustrations: black and white, halftone, color |
| VIEW | |
| View page · to window size |
enable/disable image window set the "Fit to window" mode for the image window |
| Extension · one to one |
enable/disable extension window set the mode without magnification for the expansion window |
| Editor settings | set letter size and representation of poorly recognized characters in the editing window |
| WINDOW | |
| Horizontal division | split the screen horizontally so that the Edit Window occupies the top of the screen and the Extension Window occupies the bottom |
| Vertical division | Intuitia 2.0 for Windows uses omnifont technology (recognizes various fonts without any training). It provides image recognition of text materials from files in TIFF formats, PCX, BMP, as well as from all scanners that support the TWAIN protocol, as well as from scanners of the HP ScanJet family (directly).|
Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below
Students, graduate students, young scientists who use the knowledge base in their studies and work will be very grateful to you.
Posted on http://www.allbest.ru/
WITHOBSESSION
INTRODUCTION
1. APPLICATION SOFTWARE TOOLS FOR OFFICE PURPOSE
2. PRINCIPLES OF OPERATION OF SOFTWARE PRODUCTS IN THE MS OFFICE FAMILY
CONCLUSION
LIST OF SOURCES USED
INTRODUCTION
In my opinion, with the advent of computers, the formation of one of the most important, as it seems to me, environments began - software. It has its own objects and its own laws, which are determined by a specific program or set of programs. These programs form a certain type of environment where various computer objects are created: text documents, pictures, tables, drawings.
In this essay I want to show that in a modern computer, to solve one problem, not one program is used, but several at once. Several application programs combined to solve one user problem are called application or application environment. These are graphic and text editors, spreadsheet processing systems, database management systems, communication programs, and sound players.
Every personal computer user should know the most commonly used application environments: graphics editor, text editor, spreadsheet processing system, database management system, because in the century information technologies it is difficult to work or simply exist without these skills.
Application programs are very convenient and widespread software applications for working with various types of data. Microsoft Office, which I want to consider in this work, created for the purpose of studying the Windows environment.
In this work I want to reveal how each application environment was created for processing information presented in one form or another, and how the author shows it teaching aid“Economic Informatics” V.P. Kosarev.
1. OFFICE APPLICATION SOFTWAREEResearch Institute
office application software product
Currently, the software market has powerful software packages called office systems. The most popular office systems include Microsoft Office from Microsoft and Lotus Notes from Lotus Development. Each of the office packages contains a text editor, spreadsheets, tools for creating and maintaining databases, and communications tools.
The most common package in Russia at present is the Microsoft Office package. This is due to the fact that Microsoft - the author of Windows and Microsoft Office (MS Office) - logically fits into the Windows interface. Understanding the logic of working with Windows, it is quite easy to master the application windows of the software included in MS Office. In addition, the joint execution of a number of software tools allows you to flexibly distribute their resources and work, increasing overall productivity.
MS Office includes the Word text editor, Excel spreadsheet processor, Access database creation tool, as well as special programs for office work. Among these programs are Microsoft Outlook, a tool for accessing a variety of information and its collective processing, PowerPoint, a powerful application for preparing and conducting presentations, FrontPage, an application for creating Web pages, and a number of others.
Due to the fact that the Windows system is constantly modified by the manufacturer, the versions of the MS Office software package change accordingly along with it. For example, MS Office 95 was developed for Windows 95, which includes Word 7.0, Excel 7.0, etc.
In connection with the advent of the Windows 2007 operating system, a new version of the MS Office 2007 office suite has been developed. The main feature of the listed operating systems is high level integration with the Internet. Currently, the MS Office 2007 package has been implemented and is functioning successfully.
The descriptions of this version note that it goes beyond the boundaries of traditional desktop systems, turning into an enterprise application for enterprises of any size. This version can be considered as a platform for creating specialized solutions or a client tool for accessing corporate data.
In general, the main trend in the development of software products in this package is to increase the level of intelligence of the interface and the functions themselves. With each new version of office products, the grammatical and lexical control capabilities built into these tools are improved. The new menu system is expected to display only the most frequently used functions, and each user can customize the menu structure so that it is convenient for him personally.
Each specialist from an office at any level is assigned certain functional responsibilities that directly influence the choice of the composition and capabilities of the programs used.
For an office manager (chief accountant, financial director, etc.) it is necessary to have an idea of the new capabilities of MS Office software for collaboration among many users. In addition, the ability to information exchange between employees.
An important advantage of Windows applications is clarity.
Firstly, all the environment tools available to the user can be presented graphically in the form of command buttons located on a special panel. Tools are understood as main menu commands that allow the user to perform actions on application system objects. The command buttons contain a graphic image of the tool. Currently, the images on the buttons are standardized, so we can talk about a special computer notation language. Each environment has a set of standard tools, such as: Open, Save, Delete, Cancel, Copy, Paste.
Buttons with these tools are located on a panel called Standard panel.
Figure 1-File Submenu Main Menu
Secondly, documents created in applications are displayed on the screen exactly as they will be printed on paper. This is especially important when you know in advance what format the final document should be and what it should look like.
One more distinctive feature Windows applications are multitasking. Several documents created by different applications can be open simultaneously on the desktop. You can simultaneously edit a drawing, write a letter, make calculations, and build diagrams.
It is necessary, however, to clarify the concept of simultaneity. All of the above tasks can be launched. The user cannot simultaneously use the same organ of perception of information for two different tasks. Accordingly, in such cases a person works sequentially, for example, first he draws, then writes, and only then can he build a graph.
However, if each task involves different organs of perception of information, then these tasks can actually be performed simultaneously, for example, you can listen to music by launching a laser player program, and type text by launching a word processor.
And the ability to exchange data between applications. The system environment provides two different methods for exchanging data between applications: via the clipboard and via OLE technology.
Sharing through a buffer allows you to either move a document object to a new location, or place a copy of the object in a new location or document, without maintaining a connection with the application in which this object was created.
OLE technology, which is provided by the Windows software environment, maintains constant contact between the application environment into which an object is embedded and the application environment where this object was created. The use of OLE technology is effective in cases where the same object is used in different documents.
Organization of data exchange between application environments ensures their integration. Integration of application environments means their combination when it becomes possible sharing objects in each of these environments.
For example, the user must make a reference for a group of sales department employees and include their photographs in the reference. Obviously, the basis of the report will be a text document. In addition, the user has at his disposal an employee database where data on sales department employees can be searched. The search result (selection) is placed in a text document, which, in addition to its own objects, contains a selection from the database and photographs.
Applications running on Windows have a very similar GUI. Having learned to use one program of this class, you can quickly master the rest. Once you understand its features and practice a little, you can feel quite confident. No matter how different the external interfaces of application environments are, they all consist of elements of the same type in their purpose.
In the interface of each of them, four zones can be distinguished:
the application environment title bar, which houses the application's window interface management tools and displays the environment name;
control area, where application and document management tools are located;
workspace where editable documents are placed;
help area, where information about the operating modes of the application and user tips are posted.
So, all programs created for Windows have a standard window interface. They form similar reference zones and control zones. The appearance of the desktop changes depending on the purpose of the application environment.
2 . PRINCIPLES OF OPERATION OF SOFTWARE PRODUCTSMS OFFICE
Despite the variety of versions of software products in the MS Office family that have appeared, they contain common principles for working with them. This allows you to master one tool and then easily master new versions of it.
Word processors, of which the Word text editor is a prominent example, are a universal software environment for working with text documents.
The history of the development of such software is based on the desire to simplify work with various types of documents (printed publications, documents, reports, dissertations, abstracts, etc.)
The Word text editor provides a person with a variety of opportunities, both when preparing texts and when manipulating ready-made text documents saved on various media. New texts can be formed from fragments of ready-made texts; You can embed various objects created in other applications into texts; text documents can be transmitted over communication lines of local and global computer networks.
For the Word editor, the following features can be noted, which are usually inherent in other word processors:
the use of a variety of fonts and their styles (bold, italic, outline, with a shadow, superscript, subscript, with space or condensation, in different colors, etc.);
use in one document of characters from alphabets of different languages (Cyrillic, Latin, Greek, Arabic, Hebrew, etc.);
text editing and spell checking (spelling and grammar);
automatic document splitting into pages, introduction of page headings (headers and footers), footnotes;
built-in business graphics tools (allowing you to include diagrams, drawings, diagrams in the text);
various tools for formatting the finished text (alignment, columns, numbering);
introduction of a stepped, multi-level table of contents;
search and replace text fragment;
working with several documents simultaneously, including documents from different environments (text, spreadsheets, graphics, databases).
In addition, the Word editor has a wide selection of automation tools that simplify the performance of common tasks:
working with macrosequences of symbols;
autocorrect typos as you type;
automatic text formatting as you type (autoformat);
automatic suggestion of the full version of the date, as well as words or phrases from the AutoText list after entering a few or the first letters (autocompletion);
automatic analysis of a document in order to highlight its key provisions, on the basis of which an abstract is compiled;
ability to create styles;
automatic provision of advice and reference information that may be needed while completing a task (assistant);
the presence of a wizard for letters, calendars, agendas, resumes, envelopes, faxes that facilitate the work of creating documents.
Figure 2 shows document objects created in the Word word processor environment.
They can be divided into objects created:
in the environment of the word processor itself;
in other environments and embedded in a Word document.
Figure 2 - Text document objects
The main object of Word is text, which represents symbolic information, namely:
character paragraphs;
text fragments, selected blocks.
The Word editor allows you to work with each of these structures as a single whole. In addition, this editor has a built-in business graphics toolkit and many applications that allow you, without leaving their main program, to generate autoshapes, tables, create charts, block diagrams and formulas.
Word provides the user with the ability to insert into a text document fragments from documents created in other software environments, for example, in the Paint graphic editor, in the Excel spreadsheet, in the Access database management system, and others.
Despite the fact that a document created in this way consists of different types of data, it behaves as a holistic entity. You can print it, store it, send it, and perform any other actions with it, as with a regular document. Such documents are called composite or integrated documents.
We often come across a tabular presentation of data, just like a textual presentation, in many areas of activity, from household needs to accounting or scientific calculations.
Software, called a spreadsheet processing system or table processor, allows you to automate routine operations of performing homogeneous calculations and recalculations with changing source data.
You can enter a variety of information into spreadsheet cells: text, numbers, and formulas.
Cells can contain independent data, which is usually entered manually or loaded from some data file. This data can be used as a source for calculating the values of other cells. Formulas for calculations are entered into cells with calculated values. The user usually sees on the screen the results of calculations using given formulas. Each time you change cells, an automatic recalculation is performed in all cells associated with the changed calculation rules.
Modern spreadsheet processors, which include Excel, provide the user with the following capabilities:
working with “workbooks” (a set of tables);
setting numbers and formulas in tables, recalculating the values of calculated cells when the source data changes;
constructing charts based on table data;
a large set of built-in functions;
automatic filling of cells with sequences (days of the week, months, etc.);
ability to work with external databases;
managing text parameters;
printing tables;
the ability to create macros (a series of commands grouped together to simplify work);
spellchecking;
searching, sorting and systematizing information, that is, using a spreadsheet as a simple database.
It should be emphasized once again that the spreadsheet not only allows you to automatically perform calculations, but is also a very effective tool for carrying out numerical simulations. By changing the values of the initial parameters in various combinations, you can observe changes in the output data and analyze the results obtained. The spreadsheet processor instantly provides a variety of solution options, based on which you can choose the most appropriate one.
Figure 3—Spreadsheet document objects
Documents created in the Excel spreadsheet environment contain tables and charts.
Charts provide a visual means of presenting data and make it easier to compare data, identify patterns, and so on. For example, instead of analyzing several columns of numbers on a worksheet, you can look at a chart to find out whether the prices of a consumer product are falling or rising, or compare the costs of the same business.
To create a chart, you must first enter data into a table, and then select an area in the table from which the data will be built. To create a diagram step by step, the environment offers Chart Wizard.
You can create a chart on a separate sheet or place it as an embedded object on a data sheet. In this regard, there are two types of diagrams:
embedded diagrams;
chart sheets.
The embedded chart is treated as a graphic object and saved as part of the worksheet on which it was created. Embedded charts should be used when you want to display or print one or more charts along with data.
A chart sheet is a separate sheet in a workbook that has its own name. Chart sheets should be used when you want to view or edit large or complex charts separately from the data, or when you want to save screen space for working with the sheet.
Regardless of the placement method, the chart is linked to the source data on the sheet, that is, when the data is updated, the chart created from it is also updated.
Excel operating modes provide:
input and subsequent storage of data and connections between them;
editing data as you enter it;
automatic recalculation of results when source data changes;
constructing charts that present numerical data in a visual form;
automatic changes to charts when the data on which they are built changes.
Spreadsheets are a must-have for office and software applications. Firstly, they can be used to store and organize data, i.e. as a form of reporting. Secondly, spreadsheets allow you to automate routine, same-type calculations. Thirdly, using tabular data, you can build charts that allow you to analyze this data in the most in an accessible way- visually.
Having considered the most common programs among users, one cannot help but dwell on other programs included in the MS Office package.
Software Microsoft environment Outlook has replaced the various types of notepads and notebooks that executives and secretaries used to organize their work. Thus, telephone books were used to store information about various people and organizations, weekly journals were used to plan daily meetings and affairs, and notepads were used for temporary records. In addition to the listed types of notebooks, work plans were drawn up for one week, one month, one year, etc.
Microsoft Outlook is designed to help you organize your documents and schedule tasks, including sending mail, scheduling appointments, events, and gatherings, maintaining your contact list, maintaining your task list, and keeping track of all your completed work.
The information that the user works with in the Outlook environment is organized in the form of folders, which are similar in purpose to their paper predecessors. Convenient ways of presenting information, searching for it, and reminder tools offered by the Outlook environment can help effectively organize the user’s work. The Outlook environment can be used by the manager, the secretary, and other employees of any company.
The main elements of information that the Outlook environment works with are the Contacts, Calendar, Tasks, Notes, and Diary folders.
The Contacts folder is a repository of information and data about people with whom you maintain business and personal relationships.
In Outlook, you use the Calendar folder to schedule and schedule appointments, meetings, and events.
The Tasks folder is used to describe information about a task and organize problem solving.
Phone calls, as well as all work on creating and processing various documents on the computer are recorded in the Diary folder.
The main actions you can perform on items in the Outlook environment are:
set and change parameters;
select, copy, paste copy, delete;
mark as completed;
forward to another person;
attach a document;
link to a contact.
The Outlook software environment allows you to organize both personal work for each user and group work (if this is necessary for a group of organization employees). Group work implies the ability to work with the same documents.
To organize group work among employees, it is necessary that the enterprise has a network organized and general rules for addressing and sending files over the network from one employee to another established. These issues are dealt with by a special employee - the network administrator.
Modern computer technologies make it possible to organize the storage of various information on a computer in electronic form. To store and process large amounts of information, special programs called control systemsedatabases.
A database should be understood as a certain set of specially organized data that is stored on some tangible medium. The important thing is that this is not a collection of disparate data. Data must be interconnected so that a person can get an idea about any object, phenomenon or process. Data located in the same database must be related to each other in meaning and logically. This is achieved by grouping (combining) them according to certain characteristics. This process is called data structuring. It should be noted that as a result of data structuring, a database in a computer or non-computer version should appear. This is determined by whether a computer was used. Any database should have Name.
To organize the work of the database, a special set of programs has been created, called DBMS (database management system). It provides the user with various options for searching, sorting, modifying and editing data. DBMS application programs are quite diverse. Let's consider the operation of the Access DBMS, which is part of the Microsoft Office application package.
Of all creations Microsoft Accountants are most familiar with the text editor Word and the spreadsheet processor Excel. With the help of the latter, some even manage to automate accounting in an enterprise. And one application from the popular Microsoft Office suite is undeservedly forgotten by most users. We are talking about a database management system (DBMS) called Access.
To understand this section, you need to know the concept of a database. Simply put, this is a huge (or not so) amount of information, which, nevertheless, is convenient to navigate and look for what you need. Since it is more convenient to work with most accounting registers in electronic form, an accountant may well maintain, say, a log of invoices or a General Ledger in a database created for this purpose. Undoubtedly, you can get by Excel tables, but this program lacks features such as building queries, working with lists, and many others implemented by Access.
DBMS tools include:
main database window;
tools for creating tables;
tools for managing the type of database view;
data processing tools;
data output tools.
Working with a database begins with creating tables. There may be several of them. Tables are the main storage of information.
At all stages of work, you can edit the table, which implies:
changing the structure: adding and removing fields;
changing field types and properties;
data editing: correcting inaccurate data, adding records.
A table is characterized by its name, structure and number of records.
The toolbar in Access is similar to the one in Word. However, this is where the similarities end. Unlike a text document, a database (DB) must first be named, saved on disk, and then filled with content.
CONCLUSION
Application software products Microsoft Office automate the activities of subject area specialists. A trend has emerged towards the creation of automated workplaces that fully support all professional activity user.
The author shows that in a given environment its own objects appear and its own laws operate, determined by a specific program or set of programs. In my opinion, the author very clearly shows the “innovation” and ease of use, which is the main aspect for most users.
A personal computer user must know the most commonly used application environments: a graphic editor, a text editor, a spreadsheet processing system, a database management system, which is why Kosarev pays more attention to working with these applications.
In this work, I revealed how each application environment was created for processing information presented in one form or another, and how the author of the textbook shows this.
Summing up the results of the work I have done, I decided that in modern society the role of computer knowledge and the ability to work in certain applications is important, since at the moment there are few types of activities not related to the use of a computer.
But, unfortunately, I was not able to fully study this topic, since there is a huge amount of literature on the topic “Office Application Software” that talks in more detail about this section. While researching this topic, I read only one source and therefore I cannot fully disclose the content of the topic I am reviewing. But I liked this topic, and I will not stop and will try to study this topic better in the future.
LIST OF SOURCES USED
1 Economic informatics.: Finance and statistics, 2004, 583 p.
Posted on Allbest.ru
...Similar documents
Application software for special and general purposes. Word processing programs and the main purpose of spreadsheets, database management systems and graphics. Integrated problem solving software.
course work, added 03/24/2012
Using various Microsoft Office programs to create tables. Database management systems (DBMS) as special software designed to work with database files. Ability to work with tabular data in Excel.
test, added 02/20/2010
Information banks of data, documents and knowledge. Factual information systems for database management. Application programs and language tools designed for creating, maintaining and using databases. Data processing mechanisms.
presentation, added 10/14/2013
Short story organization LLP "Aktobe Saulet". Software: operating system, instrumental environment development, application programs. Working with hard drives, flash drives, CD drives (partitioning, formatting) and PC upgrading.
practice report, added 07/24/2012
Office programs. History of the origin and purpose of electronic tables. Linking worksheets and diagramming. Text editors, spreadsheet processors, presentation preparation programs. Character recognition programs and translation programs.
test, added 01/08/2011
Computing systems, networks and telecommunications: goals and objectives of information processing, hardware for its implementation. Computer control functions, their software components (memory, interface, processing tools). Multiprocessor computing systems.
course work, added 12/17/2009
Production activity of the enterprise. IS architecture, software, methods of processing and storing information, database organization. Information security tools. Updating installed software, setting up antivirus. Microsoft installation Office.
practice report, added 12/26/2013
Concept and purpose, principles of construction and internal structure of a database management system, their functional features and capabilities, criteria for evaluating effectiveness. Language and software tools. Using SQL, data types and models.
presentation, added 03/18/2015
Computer programs designed for storing and processing data. Ways to work with tables in Microsoft Word. Database management system Microsoft Access. The ability of spreadsheets to produce automatic calculations quickly and accurately.
test, added 11/22/2009
Application areas of multimedia. Main media and categories of multimedia products. Sound cards, CD-ROM, video cards. Multimedia software. The procedure for the development, operation and use of information processing tools of various types.
Loading...
