#VGA #DVI-D #DVI-I #HDMI #DisplayPort

Interfaces currently in widespread use:

VGA

(D-Sub)- the only analog interface for connecting monitors still in use today. It is morally obsolete, but will be actively used for a long time. The main disadvantage is associated with the need to use double conversion of the signal to analog format and vice versa, which leads to a loss of quality when connecting digital display devices (LCD monitors, plasma panels, projectors). Compatible with video cards with DVI-I and similar connectors.

DVI-D

- basic type DVI interface. Implies only digital connection, therefore cannot be used with video cards that only have an analog output. Very widespread.

DVI-I

- an extended version of the DVI-D interface, the most commonly used nowadays. Contains 2 types of signals - digital and analog. Video cards can be connected via both digital and analog connections; a video card with a VGA (D-Sub) output can be connected to it via a simple passive adapter or a special cable.
If the documentation for the monitor indicates that this modification uses the DVI Dual-Link option, then in order to fully support the maximum monitor resolutions (usually 1920*1200 and higher), the video card and the DVI cable used must also support Dual-Link as a full interface option DVD-D. If you use the cable included with the monitor and a relatively modern (at the time of writing the FAQ) video card, then no additional purchases are required.

HDMI

- adaptation of DVI-D for household equipment, supplemented by a digital interface for multi-channel audio transmission. Present in virtually all modern LCD TVs, plasma panels and projectors. To connect a video card with a DVI-D or DVI-I interface to the HDMI connector, a simple passive adapter or cable with appropriate connectors is sufficient. It is impossible to connect a video card with only a VGA (D-Sub) connector to HDMI!

Legacy and exotic interfaces:

D-sub(D-subminiature) is a popular line of electrical connectors in computer technology. When it appeared on the market, the “subminiature” connector fully justified its name. However, today, it can hardly be called such; rather, on the contrary, it is one of the most massive computer signal connectors.

Description

The D-sub interface includes two (or more) parallel rows of pins and sockets. As a rule, they are surrounded by a metal shield shaped like the Latin letter D. It mechanically connects the connector to the plug and also shields the interface from electromagnetic interference. This uniquely shaped connector is very convenient because it prevents incorrect connections. The side of the connector that contains the contacts is called male connector ("dad"), another containing nests - female connector ("Mother"). The socket shield fits inside the plug shield. If shielded cables are used, the connector shields are connected to the cable shields. This ensures continuous shielding of the entire connection.

D-sub connectors were created by ITT Cannon, a division of ITT Corporation. The date of creation of the connector is distant 1952. The designation system adopted within the company indicates that the symbol “D” designates the entire series of D-sub connectors; the second letter is used to indicate the size of the connector, which depends on the number of standard pins located inside the D-shaped shield (A = 15, B = 25, C = 37, D = 50, E = 9); then the number of actually used contacts is located, and with it the letter that characterizes the “gender” of the connector: M - “male”, F - “female”, P - plug/male, S - socket/female. For example, DB25M needs to be deciphered as follows: a D-sub connector with a screen, and the actual number of contacts is 25. The contacts in the connector are spaced at a distance of 2.77 mm, the rows are spaced at a distance of 2.84 mm.

Cannon also produces D-sub connectors with connections that have larger connectors than conventional pins. These connectors can be used for both high voltage and coaxial connections. They take the place of several standard contacts at once.

Name confusion

Due to the widespread use of DB-25 connectors for parallel and serial ports, most users, not realizing that “B” denotes screen size, began to call the D-sub connector itself differently: DB. Although, according to the rules, designations like “DA”, “DC”, or “DE” should have been used. The same applies to the DB9 connector, which they started calling ordinary 9-pin connectors, although they should have called them DE9. This has led to the fact that DE9 connectors are now often sold on the market as DB9. By DB9 they often mean a 9-pin connector with screen size E.

Currently, there are special D-sub connectors that have standard size screen, but at the same time having a larger number of pins, and the names use the same nomenclature.

There are connectors with even higher pin densities, called “double density”: DE19, DA31, DB52, DC79 and DD100. All connectors have four rows of contacts.

In addition, there is another family of connectors that are often confused with D-sub, although this family is not included in this standard. These connectors are called, for example, HD50 and HD68. They also have a D-shaped connector, but this connector is almost twice as thin as the DB25. Such connectors are usually used in SCSI connections.

D-sub connectors are described in DIN 41652.

Application

D-sub connectors are very popular in the field of data transmission via serial interface RS-232, despite the fact that the standard does not require its use for these purposes. Initially, RS-232 used DB25, but due to the fact that many applications used only part of the pins, it became possible to implement 9-pin DE9 connectors for these purposes.

In PCs, 9- and 25-pin connectors are used for:

• serial port (RS-232);
• parallel (IEEE 1284) printer port.

The IEEE 1284 standard uses a DB-25 connector on the PC side, called "IEEE 1284-A", and on the printer side, it uses an "IEEE 1284-B" connector (borrowed from Centronics).

The DE9 plug on the back of an IBM PC typically has an RS-232 connector. It was first used in PCs in 1984. There was also usually a 9-socket socket, which served as a video card output to a monochrome, CGA, or EGA monitor. Despite the fact that all interfaces used a single connector, only a certain type of monitor was used with the video card, since connecting a monitor of a different type could result in the monitor burning out.

More modern video cards, standard VGA, used the DE15 connector, it had 15 contacts arranged in 3 rows. This connector is also known as HD15, where HD = High Density.

Today, the D-sub designation in video card descriptions is used only for DE15 connectors.

By the end of the 70s and throughout the 80s, DE9 connectors, which did not have a screw connection, were used everywhere for connecting control devices. The connector became a de facto standard after it was used in the Atari 2600 game console, as well as in the Atari line of 8-bit computers. In addition, these computer connectors are used by the following systems: Atari, Commodore, Amstrad, SEGA.

Many sources uninterruptible power supply is equipped with a DE9F connector, which performs the functions of exchanging signals with a computer - in order, for example, to report the battery charge level. Most of these devices are not used standard interface serial port, but its own wiring, which varies from manufacturer to manufacturer. Some companies deliberately use non-standard wiring to compete: to force the user to use their proprietary cable.

In addition, the following connectors are also used in D-sub technology:

• 15-pin DA15 (two rows: 7 and 8 pins) - used to connect a color monitor in early Mac computers, as well as for connecting to network cards;
• 37-pin DC37 (two rows: 18 and 19 pins);
• 50-pin DD50 (two rows of 17 and one row of 16 pins).

Probably every user of a personal computer or laptop has encountered issues with connecting a monitor or TV to it, as well as the quality of the resulting image. And if you get it earlier high-quality picture on the screen was a rather problematic matter, today this problem does not exist at all. Of course, if your device has a DVI connector. This is what we will talk about, and also consider other existing interfaces for displaying images on the screen.

Types of connectors for displaying images on a computer monitor or screen

Until recently, everything personal computers had exclusively analog connection to the monitor. To transfer images to it, a VGA (Video Graphics Adapter) interface with a D-Sub 15 connector was used. Experienced users still remember the blue plug and 15-pin socket. But, besides this, video cards also had other connectors designed to display images on a TV screen or other video device:

• RCA (Radio Corporation of America) - in our opinion, “tulip”. An analog connector designed to connect a video card to a TV, video player or VCR using coaxial cable. Has the worst transmission characteristics and low resolution.
• S-Video (S-VHS) is a type of analog connector for transmitting a video signal to a TV, VCR or projector, dividing the data into three channels responsible for a separate base color. The quality of signal transmission is slightly better than “tulip”.
• Component connector - output to three separate “tulips”, used to output images to the projector.

All of these connectors were widely used until the late 1990s. Of course, there was no question of quality, since both televisions and monitors at that time had very low resolution. Now we can’t even imagine how it was possible to play computer games looking at a television screen with a cathode ray tube.

With the advent of the new century, thanks to the introduction digital technologies During the development of video devices, RCA, S-VHS and component output began to be used less and less. The VGA interface lasted a little longer.

A little history

The operating principle of a conventional video card was that the image in digital form the output from it had to be converted into an analog signal using a RAMDAC device - a digital-to-analog converter. Naturally, such conversion already deteriorated the image quality at the initial stage.

With the advent of digital screens, it became necessary to convert the analog signal at the output. Now monitors have also begun to be equipped with a special converter, which again could not but affect the image quality.

And here, in 1999, DVI appeared, seemingly out of nowhere, the latest digital video interface, thanks to which we can today enjoy the perfect picture on the screen.

The development of this interface device was carried out by a whole group of companies, which included Silicon Image, Digital Display Working Group and even Intel. The developers came to the conclusion that there is no need to convert a digital signal to analog, and then vice versa. It is enough to create a single interface, and the image in its original form will be displayed on the screen. And without the slightest loss of quality.

What is DVI

DVI stands for Digital Visual Interface. The essence of its work is that a special TMDS encoding protocol, also developed by Silicon Image, is used to transmit data. The method of transmitting a signal through a digital video interface is based on the sequential sending of information previously implemented by the protocol, with constant backward compatibility with analog VGA channel.

The DVI specification allows for a single TMDS connection to operate at up to 165 MHz and a transfer rate of 1.65 Gbps. This makes it possible to obtain an output image with a resolution of 1920x1080 with a maximum frequency of 60 Hz. But here it is possible to simultaneously use a second TMDS connection with the same frequency, which allows you to achieve a throughput of 2 Gbit/s.

Having such indicators, DVI left far behind other developments in this direction and began to be used on all digital devices without exception.

DVI for the average user

Without delving into the jungle of electronics, a digital video interface is just a special encoding device that has a corresponding connector on the video card. But how do you know that a computer or laptop has a digital output?

Everything is very simple. The connectors of video cards with a digital interface cannot be confused with others. They have a specific appearance and shape, different from other nests. In addition, the DVI connector is always white, which makes it stand out from the rest.

In order to connect a monitor, TV or projector to a video card, you simply plug in the plug of the desired wire and secure it using special hand-screwed bolts.

Resolution and scaling

However, neither digital coding nor special video card connectors have completely solved the problem of computer-monitor compatibility. A question arose about image scaling.

The fact is that all monitors, screens and televisions that already have a DVI connector are not capable of producing a higher output resolution than that provided by their design. Therefore, it often happened that the video card produced a high-quality picture, and the monitor showed it to us only in a quality limited by its capabilities.

The developers caught on in time and began equipping all modern digital panels with special scaling devices.

Now, when we connect the DVI connector on the monitor to the corresponding output on the video card, the device instantly self-adjusts, choosing the optimal operating mode. We usually don’t pay any attention to this process and don’t try to control it.

Video cards and DVI support

The first video cards of the NVIDIA GeForce2 GTS series already had built-in TMDS transmitters. They are still widely used today in Titanium cards, being integrated into rendering devices. The disadvantage of built-in transmitters is their low clock frequency, which does not allow achieving high resolution. In other words, TMDS do not make the most of what they claim. throughput with a frequency of 165 MHz. Therefore, we can say with confidence that NVIDIA at the initial stage failed to adequately implement the DVI standard in its video cards.

When video adapters began to be equipped with an external TMDS, working in parallel with the built-in one, the DVI interface was able to produce a resolution of 1920x1440, which exceeded all the expectations of the company's developers.

The Titanium GeForce GTX series had no problems at all. They are without special effort provide an image with a resolution of 1600x1024.

ATI took a completely different path. All of its video cards that have DVI outputs also operate from integrated transmitters, but they are supplied complete with special DVI-VGA adapters that connect 5 analog DVI pins to VGA.

Maxtor specialists decided not to bother at all and came up with their own way out of the situation. The G550 series video cards are the only ones that have a dual DVI cable instead of two signal transmitters. This solution allowed the company to achieve a resolution of 1280x1024 pixels.

DVI connector: types

It's important to know that not all digital connectors are created equal. They have different specifications and designs. In our daily life, the following types of DVI connectors are most often encountered:

• DVI-I SingleLink;
• DVI-I DualLink;
• DVI-D SingleLink;
• DVI-D DualLink;
• DVI-A.

DVI-I SingleLink connector

This connector is the most popular and in demand. It is used in all modern video cards and digital monitors. The letter I in the name means “integrated”. This DVI connector is special in its own way. The fact is that it has two combined transmission channels: digital and analog. In other words, this is a DVI+VGA connector. It has 24 digital pins and 5 analog pins.

Considering that these channels are independent of each other and cannot be used simultaneously, the device independently chooses which one to work with.

By the way, the first such integrated interfaces had separate DVI and VGA connectors.

DVI-I DualLink connector

DVI-I DualLink is also capable of transmitting an analog signal, but, unlike SingleLink, it has two digital channels. Why is this necessary? Firstly, to improve throughput, and secondly, it all again comes down to resolution, which is directly proportional to image quality. This option allows you to expand it to 1920x1080.

DVI-D SingleLink connector

DVI-D SingleLink connectors do not have any analog channels. The letter D informs the user that this is a digital interface only. It has one transmission channel and is also limited to a resolution of 1920x1080 pixels.

DVI-D DualLink connector

This connector has two data channels. Their simultaneous use makes it possible to obtain 2560x1600 pixels at a frequency of only 60 Hz. In addition, this solution allows some modern video cards, such as nVidia 3D Vision, to reproduce three-dimensional images on a monitor screen with a resolution of 1920x1080 with a refresh rate of 120 Hz.

DVI-A connector

In some sources, the concept of DVI-A is sometimes found - a digital connector for transmitting exclusively an analog signal. In order not to mislead you, let us immediately indicate that in fact such an interface does not exist. DVI-A is just a special plug in cables and special adapters for connecting analog video devices to the DVI-I connector.

Digital connector: pinout

All of the connectors listed differ from each other in the location and number of contacts:

• DVI-I SingleLink - has 18 pins for digital channel and 5 for analog;
• DVI-I DualLink - 24 digital pins, 4 analog, 1 - ground;
• DVI-D SingleLink - 18 digital, 1 - ground;
• DVI-D DualLink - 24 digital, 1 - ground

The DVI-A connector also has its own unique pin arrangement. Its pinout consists of only 17 pins, including ground.

HDMI connector

A modern digital video interface also has other types of connecting communications. For example, the HDMI DVI connector is in no way inferior in popularity to the listed models. On the contrary, due to its compactness and the ability to transmit an audio signal along with digital video, it has become a mandatory accessory for all new TVs and monitors.

The abbreviation HDMI stands for High Definition Multimedia Interface, which means “a multimedia interface with high resolution" It appeared for the first time in 2003 and since then has not lost any of its relevance. Every year new modifications appear with improved resolution and bandwidth.

Today, for example, HDMI makes it possible to transmit video and audio signals without loss of quality over a cable up to 10 meters long. The throughput is up to 10.2 Gb/s. Just a few years ago this figure did not exceed 5 Gb/s.

Support and development this standard The world's leading companies producing radio electronics are engaged in this: Toshiba, Panasonic, Sony, Philips, etc. Almost all video devices today manufactured by these manufacturers must have at least one HDMI connector.

DP connector

DP (DisplayPort) is the newest connector that replaced the HDMI multimedia interface. Possessing high throughput, minimal loss of quality during data transmission and compactness, it was designed to completely replace the DVI standard. But it turned out that not everything is so simple. Most modern monitors do not have appropriate connectors, and changing their production system in a short time is impossible. In addition, not all manufacturers are particularly committed to this, which is why most video equipment is not equipped with the DisplayPort standard.

Mini connectors

Today, when computers are often replaced by more mobile devices: laptops, tablets and smartphones - using conventional connectors becomes not very convenient. Therefore, manufacturers such as Apple, for example, began to replace them with smaller analogues. First VGA became mini-VGA, then DVI became micro-DVI, and DisplayPort shrank to mini-DisplayPort.

DVI adapters

But what if, for example, you need to connect a laptop to an analog monitor or another device that has a DVI connector to a digital panel with HDMI or DisplayPort standard? Special adapters will help with this, which can be purchased today at any radio electronics store.

Let's look at their main types:

• VGA - DVI;
• DVI - VGA;
• DVI - HDMI;
• HDMI - DVI;
• HDMI - DisplayPort;
• DisplayPort - HDMI.

In addition to these basic adapters, there are also varieties of them that provide connection to other interfaces, such as USB.

Of course, with such a connection there is a loss of image quality, even between devices of the same type that support the DVI standard. An adapter connector, no matter how high-quality it is, cannot solve this problem.

How to connect a TV to a computer

Connecting a TV to a computer or laptop is not difficult, but you should determine which interface is equipped with both devices. Most modern television receivers have built-in connectors that support DVI. This can be either HDMI or DisplayPort. If a computer or laptop has the same connector as the TV, it is enough to use the cable that usually comes with the latter. If the wire was not included in the kit, you can freely buy it in the store.

The computer operating system will independently detect the connection of the second screen and offer one of the options for using it:

• as the main monitor;
• in clone mode (the image will be displayed on both screens);
• as additional monitor to the main thing.

But do not forget that with such a connection, the image resolution will remain the same as provided for by the screen design.

Does cable length affect signal quality?

Not only the signal quality, but also the data transfer speed depends on the length of the cable connecting the device and the screen. Taking into account the modern characteristics of connecting wires for various digital interfaces, their length should not exceed the established parameters:

• for VGA - no more than 3 m;
• for HDMI - no more than 5 m;
• for DVI - no more than 10 m;
• for DisplayPort - no more than 10 m.

If you need to connect a computer or laptop to a screen located at a distance exceeding the recommended one, you must use a special amplifier - a repeater (signal repeater), which can also distribute the channel to several monitors.

31. 01.2019

Blog of Dmitry Vassiyarov.

D-sub connector and what can be connected to it

I am glad to welcome you, my friends.

I decided to expand the collection of my articles concerning contact interfaces used in computers and other equipment. Those interested in this topic always ask the question: D-sub connector, what is it? It is truly worthy of your attention because for a long time was the most common, and is still successfully used in some devices.

The history of the name of this connector is very original. If the designations we are familiar with, USB, HDMI, are an abbreviation of the English definition, then in the case of D-sub everything is different.

Its full name is “D-subminiature”, where D is a simplified designation of the shape of the connector itself, which from a geometric point of view is a trapezoid with rounded corners and, naturally, resembles this letter. “Subminiature” – “very miniature”. At one time, without false modesty, this was the most accurate description of the dimensions of the innovative connector.

For the first time, experts saw the Di-Sub pin connector in 1952 in the products of the American company ITT Cannon, part of the international corporation ITT. ITT Corporation worked closely with the US Defense Department. And its development was created with the prospect of use in military equipment.

Ideal connector design

ITT Cannon specialists coped brilliantly with the task of reducing the number of wires and connections, as well as minimizing the area occupied by connectors, because their universal brainchild, the D-sub connector in different versions, has existed for more than half a century and is still in demand in some devices. Let's take a look at it:

• The base of the connector is an insulating plate made of plastic (polystyrene, sometimes reinforced with fiberglass). It serves as a mount and separator for contacts.
• Along its perimeter there is the same galvanized (or tinned) steel plate, reminiscent of the letter D. This is an important structural element that performs three functions at once:
• It is the basis for reliable fastening of the plug in the socket;
• Protects (screens) transmitted signals from possible electromagnetic interference;
• Its shape determines the mutual orientation of the corresponding contacts and makes incorrect connection impossible;
• In the classic version, the contacts are thin pins (and, accordingly, tubes in the socket) made of nickel-plated bronze. The most critical connectors use gold plating. The contacts are arranged in two or three rows at an equal distance from each other with normal or increased density. The number of contacts is strictly fixed and determined by the data transfer protocol and the power system. There are D-sub with 9, 15, 25, 37, 50 and more contacts.

• In some connector modifications, thin pins can be supplemented with reinforced contacts to transmit a coaxial signal or powerful power supply. They are used, for example, to transmit high-quality images with RGB division of the analog signal.

The housing is an equally important part of this connector.

• As such, it is present only on the fork and can be solid or dismountable (with screws or latches for quick assembly). Made from durable plastic or metal (steel, aluminum). A special feature of the D-sub plug body is the presence of two mounting screws that attract it to the socket and prevent accidental disconnection of the contacts. Their tightening from the fork side can be done with a special tool or manually, due to the grooved notches on the head of the screws.

This connector, like any other, is divided into two parts. The plug (plug) contains pin contacts and an outer (encompassing) screen.

This part connected to the external cable is also called “plug”, “male” or “male connector”.

The socket has an internal screen and contacts made in the form of tube sockets. This item also called “mother”, “socket” or “female connector”. English versions of designating wording are used in labeling.

Attaching the cable to the contacts

One of design features The D-sub connector has a variety of ways to connect to the cable:

• Soldering, according to experienced specialists, is, although labor-intensive, but also the most reliable installation method. To facilitate this procedure, the back side of the contacts is made in the form of a semi-cylindrical or flat surface;

• Removable crimp contacts allow you to speed up the connection process. After this operation is completed, they are placed back into their slots on the insulator;
• In the case of using a cable cable, you should give preference to connectors with a device for pinning contact surfaces;

• The fastest to install is D-sub with a self-clamping device. You will need to arrange the wires into contact cells and secure them with a special insert.

The fastening structures provide cable outlets in different directions (straight or at an angle).

Learning to unravel unusual markings

Now that we have learned about the variety of D-sub connectors, I propose to talk about their markings. And here we are faced with confusion. The fact is that ITT Cannon proposed letter designations For different sizes, corresponding a certain amount contacts.

But their number is already indicated in the designation. Writing extra letters is not entirely reasonable. Although many, out of habit, often indicate “B” (corresponding to 25 contacts). So you may well encounter a DB9S or DB50M. Don’t pay attention to “B”, but take a closer look at the last letter. Remember the previous conversation about plugs and sockets. So in this case, these are “socket” and “male connector”, respectively.

The marking also contains the letter “W” with a number indicating the presence of additional reinforced contacts, and the combination “HD” indicates a high density of plugs and sockets.

Continuing the conversation about D-sub designations, it is worth noting that the companies involved in their production offer their own options for marking the method of fastening the wires and the location of the cable. And yet, if you find “MIL” in the name of the connector, this will indicate its high quality and reliability meeting US Department of Defense standards.

What is D-sub for?

Parameters for using Di-Sub connectors are cable lines with a current of up to 5 amperes, with an insulation resistance of 1000 MΩ and contact resistance of 30 MΩ. This is information for specialists, but we are interested in what D-sub is used for.

This connector was created based on telecommunications needs, and implied the use of the RS-232 protocol to connect the modem to a computer. This interface provided high reliability for serial signal transmission. This is why the PC serial port got its name. Although it had a low throughput, it was unpretentious in operation and was simply programmed for different purposes.

Thanks to this, almost all devices connected to computing and network devices(before the USB era) used a D-sub connector.

Their list is quite large, but here are just some well-known examples:

• game consoles and joysticks;
• network adapters and modems;
• printers;
• uninterruptible power supplies;
• mice.

Do you need examples? The older generation probably remembers a computer like the ZX Spectrum? So it had an expansion port into which you could plug in all sorts of cool things, like a printer or a joystick.

But of course, the most common use of this connector to this day is the transmission of video signals to TVs, projectors and monitors. It is of course being replaced by digital. But where there is only a DB15HD socket, you can still get a picture with HD resolution.

Having touched on the topic of connecting to different devices, it should be said that in some cases it is necessary to use adapters between D-sub with a different number of contacts. There are also adapter options between DVI and VGA version of “Di-Sub”.

This, friends, is the legendary D-sub connector. Now you have learned a lot about him and have probably gained respect for this fighting “old man”. And I finish my story and wish everyone the best. See you again on my blog.

It is designed for connecting a PC or laptop to monitors, TVs, etc. The D-SUB connector (second name is VGA) was present on all computer video cards, but in Lately it was replaced by a new standard - the DVI interface. Nevertheless, this type is still common in the filling of “old iron”.

Interface Description

The D-SUB connector contains a block with pin contacts arranged in two, three or four rows. The number of pins in the first row is one more than in the second. The contacts are protected by a special metal casing, the profile of which resembles the shape of the letter D. This eliminates the possibility of incorrect connection of the connector.

Connectors of this series (both socket and plug) can have a different number of contacts:

As a rule, D-SUB connectors (to ensure a reliable connection) undergo additional processing. Thus, the contacts of this device can be coated with gold or tin (tinning). This interface is installed on a block, board or cable. In the latter case, use different types buildings. Such connectors are widely used for data transmission in many interfaces, as well as for supplying power to a variety of devices.

D-SUB connector: classification

• DRB - horizontal (right angle). There are three modifications: A = 7.2 mm, B = 9.4 mm, C = 13.8 mm. These values ​​correspond to the distance from the edge of the connector to the first row of contacts.
• DBB - vertical. On the inside of the connector there are cylindrical leads that are soldered into the board.
• DRN - paired (combined). They are a single block that consists of 2 or 3 D-SUB connectors with different numbers of pins. The compact size of the connector saves space on printed circuit boards.

D-SUB MIL-C connectors

This type of connector is intended for use in military equipment. Such connectors are considered power connectors and can be mounted on cables of various sizes. There are modifications with replaceable crimp terminals. Connectors in this series have more stringent requirements for technical specifications. They have a very durable body that is resistant to impacts. environment. These devices meet high reliability requirements, but their use is very limited due to their high cost.