A set of programs designed to solve problems on a PC is called software. The composition of PC software is called software configuration. Software, can be divided into three categories (Fig. 1):
Figure 1. Software classification
system software (general use programs) that perform various auxiliary functions, such as creating copies of used information, issuing reference information about the computer, checking the functionality of computer devices, etc.
application software that provides the necessary work on a PC: editing text documents, creating drawings or pictures, processing information arrays, etc.
tool software ( programming systems), ensuring the development of new computer programs in a programming language.
System software is a set of programs that provide effective management of components computer system, such as a processor, RAM, input-output devices, network equipment, acting as an “interlayer interface”, on one side of which is the hardware, and on the other - user applications. Unlike application software, system software does not solve specific application problems, but only ensures the operation of other programs and manages hardware resources computing system etc.
These general-use programs are not associated with a specific PC application and perform traditional functions: scheduling and task management, I/O management, etc. In other words, system programs perform various auxiliary functions, for example, creating copies of used information, providing help information about the computer, checking the functionality of computer devices, etc. System software includes:
operating systems (this program is loaded into RAM when the computer is turned on)
shell programs (provide a more convenient and visual way to communicate with a computer than using command line DOS, for example, Norton Commander)
operating shells are interface systems that are used to create graphical interfaces, multiprogramming, etc.
Drivers (programs designed to control peripheral device ports are usually loaded into RAM when the computer starts)
utilities (helper or utility programs that present the user with a series of additional services)
Utilities include:
file managers or file managers
dynamic data compression tools (allow you to increase the amount of information on the disk due to its dynamic compression)
viewing and playback tools
diagnostic tools; controls allow you to check the computer configuration and check the functionality of computer devices, especially hard drives
communication tools (communication programs) are designed to organize the exchange of information between computers
means of support computer security(backup, antivirus software).
Utilities are programs designed to solve a narrow range of auxiliary tasks.
Sometimes utilities are classified as service software
Utilities are used for:
Monitoring sensor indicators and equipment performance - monitoring processor and video adapter temperatures; reading S.M.A.R.T. hard drives;
Managing equipment parameters - limiting the maximum rotation speed of the CD drive; changing fan speed.
Monitoring indicators - checking referential integrity; correctness of data recording.
Expanded capabilities - formatting and/or re-partitioning the disk while saving data, deleting without the possibility of recovery.
Types of utilities:
Disk Utilities
Registry utilities
Equipment monitoring utilities
Equipment tests
Defragmenters
Disk scanning - searching for files and disk areas that were incorrectly recorded or damaged in various ways and their subsequent removal for efficient use of disk space.
Disk Cleanup - deleting temporary files, unnecessary files, emptying the Recycle Bin.
Disk partitioning is the division of a disk into logical disks, which can have different file systems and be perceived by the operating system as several different disks.
Backup - creating backup copies of entire disks and individual files, as well as restoring from these copies.
Disk compression - compression of information on disks to increase the capacity of hard drives.
Figure 2. Place of open source software in the multi-level structure of a computer
It should be noted that some of the utilities are included in the operating system, while the other part functions autonomously. Most of the general (system) software is included in the OS (Fig. 2). Some of the general software is included in the computer itself (some of the OS programs and control tests are recorded in ROM or PROM installed on system board). Some of the common software are stand-alone programs and are supplied separately.
Application software. Application programs can be used independently or as part of software systems or packages. Application software - programs that directly support the execution of necessary work on a PC: editing text documents, creating drawings or pictures, creating spreadsheets, etc. Packages application programs is a system of programs that, according to their scope of application, are divided into problem-oriented, general-purpose packages and integrated packages. Modern integrated packages contain up to five functional components: test and spreadsheet processor, DBMS, graphic editor, telecommunications tools. Application software, for example, includes:
MS OFFICE suite of office applications
Accounting systems
Financial analytical systems
Integrated office management packages
CAD – systems (computer-aided design systems)
HTML editors or Web editors
Browsers - tools Web browsing- pages
Graphic editor
Expert systems.
Tool software. Tool software or programming systems are systems for automating the development of new programs in a programming language. In the most general case, to create a program in the selected programming language (system programming language), you need to have the following components: 1. Text editor for creating a file with the source text of the program. 2. Compiler or interpreter. The source text is translated into intermediate object code using a compiler program. Original text big program consists of several modules(source files). Each module is compiled to separate file with object code, which then must be combined into one whole.3. A link editor or assembler that performs linking of object modules and generates a working application as an output - executable code. Executable code is a complete program that can be run on any computer that has the operating system for which the program was created. As a rule, the resulting file has the extension .EXE or .COM.4. IN Lately Visual programming methods (using scripting languages) aimed at creating Windows applications have become widespread. This process is automated in rapid design environments. In this case, ready-made visual components are used, which are configured using special editors. Most popular editors(program programming systems using visual tools) visual design:
Borland Delphi - designed to solve almost any application programming problem
Borland C++ Builder is an excellent tool for DOS development and Windows applications
Microsoft Visual Basic is a popular tool for creating Windows programs
Microsoft Visual C++ - this tool allows you to develop any applications running in an OS environment such as Microsoft Windows
Control questions:
Define operating system.
What software is considered system software?
Name the utility software.
What software is considered application software?
What is the purpose of the software?
What are the main classes of programs? Give examples of programs in each class according to their purpose.
Topic 2.1. PC software structure
| Parameter name | Meaning |
| Article topic: | Topic 2.1. PC software structure |
| Rubric (thematic category) | Computers |
In the 60s, the development of programming languages began high level(Algol, Fortran, Basic, Pascal, etc.), which made it possible to significantly facilitate the work of programmers. Today, with the advent of visual programming systems (Visual Basic, Delfi, etc.), creating programs has become accessible even to novice computer users. Over the course of several decades, the programs needed to process various data have been created. Totality necessary programs makes up computer software.
However, to process data on a computer it is extremely important to have not only computer hardware, the so-called hardware, but also software, the so-called software.
Software processing data on a computer is implemented as follows. 1.After the program stored in external long-term memory is launched for execution, it is loaded into RAM.
2. The processor sequentially reads the program commands and executes them. 3. The data necessary to execute the command is loaded from external memory into the RAM and the necessary operations are performed on them. The data received during the execution of the command is written by the processor back to the operational or external memory. 4. During program execution, the processor can request data from input devices and send data to output devices.
The set of programs stored on a computer forms it software . The set of programs prepared for work is called installed software . The set of programs running at one time or another is called software configuration .
PC software configuration levels. PC software configuration is multi-level. This is due to the fact that the requirements for programs designed to work with devices are significantly different from the requirements for programs designed to work with people. General principle like this: the lower the level of programs, the more they work with devices and less with people. This principle is observed in all computer equipment from a single PC to the world wide computer network Internet.
Programs of the low level work only with devices. Intermediate level programs work with lower level programs and upper level programs. Man has to them limited access. Programs at upper levels work with humans and programs at lower levels.
Fig.5 PC software configuration levels
Basic input/output system. At the lowest level are programs basic system input/output (BIOS). Their code is hard-coded into one of the computer chips. When the computer is turned on, these programs check the hardware and provide the simplest interaction with the keyboard and monitor - the keyboard is able to respond to pressing certain keys, and the monitor displays information about the progress of the computer startup. Interaction with humans for programs at this level is extremely limited and is possible only in the first seconds after starting the computer.
System programs. System programs are designed to work with all computer devices. Οʜᴎ belong to the intermediate level. From below, system programs control the operation of devices and use lower-level programs, and from above they respond to requests from programs at higher levels. Those system programs that directly control devices are also called device drivers. People work with programs at this level only in those relatively rare cases when it is necessary to configure the equipment.
Utilities. This is the next level, the programs of which are designed to maintain the computer, check its devices, as well as configure devices and programs. From below, these programs communicate with programs at lower levels, and from above they transmit data to programs top level at their request. The degree of interaction with a person is determined by its utmost importance. For example, technicians who set up and configure equipment actively work with utility programs. Regular users use them relatively rarely.
Application programs. The application program level is the highest. Here are programs that serve people and meet their needs. They are used to type and edit texts, create drawings and illustrations, communicate between people, play music and videos, and much more. At the top, application level programs communicate with humans, and at the bottom, with programs at lower levels. Application level programs, as a rule, do not have direct access to devices.
Fig.6 PC software structure
Software can be divided into three categories:
1. System software(general use programs) that perform various auxiliary functions, for example, creating copies of used information, providing help information about the computer, checking the functionality of computer devices, etc.
System software includes:
Operating systems (this program is loaded into RAM when you turn on the computer)
Shell programs (provide a more convenient and visual way to communicate with a computer than using the DOS command line, for example, Norton Commander)
Operating shells are interface systems that are used to create graphical interfaces, multiprogramming, etc.
Drivers (programs designed to control peripheral device ports, usually loaded into RAM when the computer starts)
Utilities (auxiliary or utilities, which provide the user with a number of additional services)
2. Application software, ensuring the necessary work is performed on a PC: editing text documents, creating drawings or pictures, processing information arrays, etc.
Application packages- ϶ᴛᴏ a system of programs that, according to their scope of application, are divided into problem-oriented packages general purpose and integrated packages. Modern integrated packages contain up to five functional components: test and spreadsheet processor, DBMS, graphic editor, telecommunications tools.
Application software, for example, includes:
MS OFFICE suite of office applications
Accounting systems
Financial analytical systems
Integrated office management packages
CAD – systems (computer-aided design systems)
HTML or Web editors
Browsers – means of viewing Web pages
3. Tool software(programming systems), which ensures the development of new computer programs in a programming language.
Tool software or programming systems are systems for automating the development of new programs in a programming language.
In the most general case, to create a program in the selected programming language (system programming language), you need to have the following components:
1. Text editor to create a file with the source text of the program.
2. Compiler or interpreter.
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The source text is translated into intermediate object code using a compiler program. The source code of a large program consists of several modules (source files). Each module is compiled into a separate file with object code, which then needs to be combined into one whole.
3. Link editor or assembler, which performs linking of object modules and produces a working application as a result - executable code.
Executable code - ϶ᴛᴏ a complete program that can be run on any computer where it is installed operating system, for which this program was created. As a rule, the resulting file has the extension .EXE or .COM.
4. Recently, visual programming methods (using scripting languages) aimed at creating Windows applications have become widespread. This process is automated in rapid design environments. In this case, ready-made visual components are used, which are configured using special editors.
The most popular editors (program programming systems using visual tools) for visual design:
Borland Delphi - designed to solve almost any application programming problem
Borland C++ Builder is an excellent tool for developing DOS and Windows applications
Microsoft Visual Basic is a popular tool for creating Windows programs
Microsoft Visual C++ - this tool allows you to develop any applications running in an OS environment such as Microsoft Windows.
Topic 2.1. PC software structure - concept and types. Classification and features of the category "Topic 2.1. Structure of PC software" 2017, 2018.
Software- an integral part of the computer system. It is a logical continuation technical means. The scope of application of a particular computer is determined by the software created for it. The computer itself does not have knowledge of any application. All this knowledge is concentrated in programs executed on computers. Software modern computers includes millions of programs - from games to scientific ones.There are two main types of software: system (also called general) and application (called special). Each type of software performs various functions. Systemic software is a set of programs that control computer components, such as the processor, communications and peripherals. Programmers who create system software, are called system programmers. Application software refers to programs written for users or by users themselves to tell the computer to do a specific job. Programs for processing orders or creating mailing lists are examples of application software. Programmers who write applications software are called application programmers.
Both types of software are interrelated and can be represented in the form of a diagram shown in Fig. 2.1. As you can see, each area interacts closely with the other. Systemic software provides and controls access to hardware computer. Applied software interacts with hardware components through the system. End users primarily work with application software. To ensure hardware compatibility, each type of software is developed for a specific hardware platform.
Rice. 2.1.
System software, which includes operating system, language translators and utility programs, controls access to hardware. Application software such as programming languages and various custom applications, works with hardware through a layer of system software. Users, in turn, interact with application software.
Software systems can be classified according to various criteria. Let's consider a classification in which the fundamental feature is the sphere (area) of use of software products:
- hardware of autonomous computers and computer networks;
- functional tasks of various subject areas;
- software development technology.
For support information technology in these areas, there are respectively three classes of software products presented in Fig. 2.2:
- system software;
- application software;
- instrumental software.
Systemic software(System Software) – a set of programs and software systems designed to ensure the operation of a computer and computer networks. Systemic software performs the following tasks:
- creation of an operating environment for the functioning of other programs;
- ensuring reliable and efficient operation of the computer itself and the computer network;
- carrying out diagnostics, localization of failures, errors and failures and prevention of computer equipment and computer networks;
- execution of auxiliary technological processes(copying, archiving, restoring program files and databases, etc.).
Rice. 2.2.
This class of software products is closely related to the type of computer and is an integral part of it. Software products are mainly aimed at qualified users - professionals in the computer field: system programmer, network administrator, application programmer, operator. However, knowledge of the basic technology of working with this class of software products is also required by end users personal computer, who independently not only work with their programs, but also perform maintenance of the computer, programs and data.
Software products of this class are of a general nature of application, regardless of the specifics subject area . They are subject to high demands on reliability and manufacturability, convenience and efficiency of use.
Applied software is a set of interrelated programs designed to solve problems of a certain class of specific subject area. Application packages(GPP) general purpose serve as software tools for solving functional problems and are the largest class of software products. This class includes software products that process information from various subject areas.
Application packages are installed on the computer system administrators, systems programmers, and (in some cases) skilled users. Direct operation of software products is carried out, as a rule, by end users - consumers of information, in many cases whose activities are very far from the computer field. This class of software products can be very specific to individual subject areas.
Programming technology tools are a set of programs and software packages that provide technology for development, debugging and implementation created programs new products.
Programming technology tools include specialized software products that are instrumental means developer. Software products of this class support all technological stages of the process of design, programming (coding), debugging and testing of created programs. Users of programming technology are system and application programmers.
Systemic software(Fig. 2.3) can be divided into basic software, which usually comes with the computer, and a service software, which can be purchased additionally.
Basic software(base software) – minimum set software that enables computer operation. Service software includes programs and software packages that expand the capabilities of the basic software and organize a more convenient user work environment.
Rice. 2.3.
To basic software includes:
- operating system;
- operating shells (usually text and graphical);
- network operating system.
operating system designed to control execution user programs, planning and management of computer computing resources.
The most traditional comparison of OS is carried out according to the following characteristics of the information processing process:
- memory management (maximum addressable space, memory types, technical indicators of memory use);
- functionality of auxiliary programs (utilities) as part of the operating system;
- presence of disk compression;
- the ability to archive files;
- support for multitasking mode;
- network software support;
- availability of high-quality documentation;
- conditions and complexity of the installation process;
- mobility (portability), safety, reliability, etc.
Operating systems, given their central position in computer software, are discussed in detail in the next chapter of the textbook.
Operating shells are special programs designed to facilitate user communication with operating system commands. Operating shells have text and graphical end-user interface options, and in the future, voice interface options and handwriting recognition are possible. These programs significantly simplify the task of specifying control information for executing operating system commands and reduce the stress and complexity of the end user's work.
An extension of the basic computer software is a set of service, additionally installed programs (or programs supplied directly with operating systems), which can be classified according to functionality as follows:
- computer diagnostic programs;
- anti-virus programs that protect your computer, detect and restore infected files;
- disk maintenance programs that check the quality of the surface of a magnetic disk and monitor its safety file system on logical and physical levels, disk compression, creating backup copies of disks, backing up data on external media, etc.;
- data archiving programs that provide the process of compressing information in files in order to reduce the amount of memory for storing it;
- network maintenance programs.
These programs are often called utilities. Utilities are programs used to perform auxiliary operations of data processing or computer maintenance (diagnostics, testing hardware and software, optimizing the use of disk space, restoring damaged computers). magnetic disk information, etc.).
In modern operating systems, such utilities can be presented, as, for example, in Windows, by groups of “standard” and “utility” programs. They include a number useful programs: calculator, sound recording, notepad, etc. In the “utilities” group there are a number of programs that expand the capabilities of the operating system: disk cleanup and defragmentation, system recovery, etc.
Review lecture No. 32
for specialty students
"Information Technology Software"
Associate Professor of the Department of Computer Science, Ph.D. Livak E.N.
SYSTEM SOFTWARE
Basic concepts, facts
Purpose and classification of open source software. Requirements for open source software. Basic and service software. OS. File management systems. System utilities. Programming systems.
Skills
Development of system software in accordance with the requirements for open source software in Assembler, C++ languages.
Installing and using system utilities.
TOsoftware classification
Traditionally, all software is divided into two classes:
1) system software (SPO) and
2) application (user) software (ASW)
Let's highlight one more class (more like a group) of programs - special software for information and control systems.
Application programs Designed to solve functional problems, they process information from various subject areas.
This is the largest class of software products.
TO special software for information and control systems relate
· database management programs (systems);
· programs for managing the interface language of information systems;
· programs for collecting and preliminary processing of information (in information and measurement systems, for example, on-board systems).
Software of this class is often hidden in hardware drivers or supplied as functional extension libraries for programming languages.
Therefore, such software is often classified as system software.
System software (System Software) - a set of programs and software systems to ensure the operation of a computer and computer networks.
Free software manages the resources of a computer system and allows users to program in languages more expressive than the computer's machine language. The composition of open source software depends little on the nature of the user's tasks to be solved.
Purpose of the system software
System software intended for:
· creating an operating environment for the functioning of other programs (in other words, to organize the execution of programs);
· automation of the development (creation) of new programs;
· ensuring reliable and efficient operation of the computer itself and the computer network;
· carrying out diagnostics and preventive maintenance of computer equipment and computer networks;
· performing auxiliary technological processes (copying, archiving, restoring program files and databases, etc.).
This class of software products is closely related to the type of computer and is an integral part of it.
Software products of this class are mainly aimed at qualified users - professionals in the computer field: system programmer, network administrator, application programmer, operator.
However, knowledge of the basic technology of working with this class of software products is also required by end users of a personal computer, who independently not only work with their programs, but also perform maintenance of the computer, programs and data.
Software products of this class are of a general nature of application, regardless of the specifics of the subject area.
To system software products High demands are placed on reliability and manufacturability, convenience and efficiency of use.
System Software Classification
Open source software traditionally includes
· system managers and
· system processing programs.
Control system programs organize the correct functioning of all system devices.
Basic system functions control programs -
· management of computing processes and computing systems and
· working with internal OS data.
Typically they are located in main memory. This resident programs that make up the OS kernel. Control programs that are loaded into memory immediately before execution are called transit ( transitive).
Currently, system control programs are supplied by development companies and distributors in the form of installation packages for operating systems and drivers for special devices.
Processing system programs are performed as special application tasks, or applications.
These programs are often supplied in the form of distribution packages that include software
Comment.In packages system programs in addition to the main programs that allow reconfiguration, they include special tuning programs , called installation programs.
Other classification
Often Computer system software are divided into BASIC and SERVICE software.
BASICsoftware (base software) - a minimum set of software that ensures the operation of a computer.
Basic computer software includes
· operating systems and drivers included in the OS;
· interface shells for user interaction with the OS (operating shells) and software environments;
· file management systems.
Operating system - a set of software that provides control of computer hardware and application programs, as well as their interaction with each other and the user.
The operating system is designed to control the execution of user programs, planning and managing computer computing resources.
The operating system, on the one hand, acts as an interface between the computer hardware and the user with his tasks, on the other hand, it is designed for the efficient use of computer system resources and the organization of reliable computing.
File management systems designed to organize more easy access to data organized as files.
Instead of low-level access to data by specifying specific physical addresses, the file management system allows logical access by specifying a file name.
Any file management system does not exist on its own - it is designed to work on a specific OS and with a specific file system. That is, the file management system could be classified as an OS.
But due to the fact that
1) a number of operating systems allow you to work with several file systems (either one of several, or several at once); and an additional file system can be installed (i.e. they are independent)
2) the simplest operating systems can work without file systems;
file management systems are highlighted in separate group system programs.
Note that in the specialized literature, file management systems are often classified as operating systems.
SERVICEsoftware - programs and software packages that expand the capabilities of the basic software and organize a more convenient user work environment.
This is a set of service, additionally installed programs that can be classified according to functionality as follows:
· drivers for specific and special devices (those that are not supplied as part of the OS).
· computer diagnostic programs;
· anti-virus programs that protect your computer, detect and restore infected files;
· disk maintenance programs that check the quality of the surface of a magnetic disk, control the safety of the file system at the logical and physical levels, compress disks, create insurance copies of disks, backup data on external media, etc.;
· data archiving programs that provide the process of compressing information in files in order to reduce the amount of memory for storing it;
· network maintenance programs.
These programs are often called system utilities . (Note that to antivirus products this term is not usually used)
Utilities are programs used to perform auxiliary operations of data processing or computer maintenance (diagnostics, testing hardware and software, optimizing the use of disk space, restoring damaged information on a magnetic disk, etc.).
The most widely used utility kits today are: Norton Utilities - Symantec; Checkit PRO Deliuxe 2.0 - Touch Stone company; PC Tools for Windows 2.0; program Reserve copy HP Colorado Backup for Windows 95.
Programming systems
Let us separately consider such a group of system software as programming systems.
This is a set of specialized software products that are developer tools. Software products of this class support all stages of the programming process, debugging and testing of created programs.
The programming system includes the following software components:
· text editor;
· translator from the corresponding language;
· linker (link editor);
· debugger;
· subroutine libraries.
Note that any programming system can only work in the corresponding OS for which it was created, but it can also allow software to be developed for other OSs.
For example, one of the popular programming systems in C/C++ from Watcom for OS /2 allows you to receive programs for OS /2 itself, and for DOS, and for Windows.
Text editor is a program for entering and modifying text.
Translators are designed to convert programs written in programming languages into machine language programs. A program prepared in any programming language is called a source module. Translators use source modules as input information and, as a result of their work, form object modules, which are input information for the link editor. The object module contains the program text in machine language and Additional information, which provides configuration of the module at the place where it is loaded and the integration of this module with other independently translated modules into a single program.
Translators are divided into two classes: compilers and interpreters. Compilers translate the entire source module into machine language. The interpreter sequentially translates into machine language and executes the statements of the source module
(Interpreters have two main disadvantages. The first is the low speed of the interpreted programs.)
The advantage of the interpreter over the compiler is that the user program has one representation - in the form of text. When compiled, the same program has several representations - as text and as an executable file.
Linker or link editor - a system processing program that edits and combines object (previously branched) modules into single bootable, ready-to-execute program modules. The boot module can be placed into main memory by the OS and executed.
Debugger allows you to control the process of program execution, and is a tool for finding and correcting errors in the program. The basic set of debugger functions includes:
· step-by-step execution of the program (trace mode) with display of results,
· stopping at predetermined points,
· the ability to stop at some point in the program when a certain condition is met;
· display and change variable values.
Loader -system processing program that combines the main functions of the link editor and the selection program in one task item. The loader places the object and load modules in its input data set into RAM, combines them into a single program, adjusts the relocatable address constants taking into account the actual load address, and transfers control to the entry point of the created program.
Facilities network access provide processing, transmission and storage of data on the network.
Note, which is more often said about network operating systems that provide users different kinds network services (file management, Email, network management processes, etc.)
The key to using these resources is the server, special program on a computer connected to a network that receives requests (or commands) and sends responses automatically.
Programs designed to submit requests to the server are called client programs. The server is designed to serve them. The client sends user requests to the server using a standardized format called a protocol. The server response contains information presented in the form of a file containing data of one or another format.
We are constantly developing new client programs that offer more convenient ways interaction with the server.
Example. Netscape Navigator Applications, Internet Explorer- client programs.
Thus, in the system software we have identified five groups of system programs:
· OS;
· interface shells for user interaction with the OS ( operating shell) and software environments;
· file management systems;
· programming systems;
· utilities;
· network access tools.
Let us pay attention to the fact that during the development of computer systems, the most used application programs can be transferred to the system level, which allows them to be used in various applications. For example, tools for managing dialog interaction with the user in system shells (such as Windows).
On the other hand, the most common and time-critical system functions were partially or completely implemented in hardware. For example, multiprogram protected mode management tools and multimedia device management tools in the company's processors Intel.
System software requirements
System programs must meet the following requirements:
· transparency of work;
· guaranteed reliability of execution in accordance with specifications (specifications are called functional requirements);
· maximum execution speed;
· minimal costs for storing machine codes;
· support for standard means of communication with application programs.
The effectiveness of system programs depends on the time of their creation and the reliability of the executable code.
The requirement for the efficiency of system programs necessitates the use of special languages
· machine-oriented language type Assembler and
· high level type C or C++.
The data types of these languages include pointers to data various types or addresses of data and program objects.
Working with most system software development packages requires knowledge and use of assembler to create modules and assembler inserts.
References
1. Gordeev A.V., Molchanov A.Yu. System software. - St. Petersburg: Peter, 2001. - p. 17-21
2. Pustovarov V.I. Assembler: programming and analysis of the correctness of machine programs: - K.: BHV Publishing Group, 2000. -p. 5-25
3. Internet source // iit.khsu.ru/isitc/informatika/6_2.htm
4. Internet source // www.stu.ru/inform/glaves2/glava8/gl_8_2.htm
COMPUTER SOFTWARE. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS, COMPOSITION AND PURPOSE OF THE MAIN TYPES OF COMPUTER SOFTWARE
Software - this is a set of programs that allow you to implement on a computer automated processing information. Software is divided into system (general) and application (special).
System software ensures the operation and maintenance of the computer, as well as automation of the process of creating new programs. System software includes: operating systems and their user interface; software tools; maintenance systems.
Operating system - a mandatory part of special software that ensures the effective functioning of a personal computer in various modes, organizing the execution of programs and user interaction and external devices with a computer.
User interface (service programs) are software add-ons to the operating system (shell and environment) designed to simplify the user’s communication with the operating system.
Programs that provide the interface retain the form of communication (dialogue) between the user and the operating system, but change the language of communication (usually the command language is converted into a menu language). Service systems can be divided into interface systems, operating system shells and utilities.
Interface systems are powerful service systems, most often graphic type, improving not only the user experience, but also software interface operating systems, in particular, implementing some additional procedures for dividing additional resources.
Operating system shells provide the user with a qualitatively new interface compared to that implemented by the operating system and make knowledge of the latter optional.
Utilities automate the execution of certain standard, frequently used procedures, the implementation of which would require the user to develop special programs. Many utilities have a developed interactive interface with the user and approach the level of communication to shells.
Instrumental software(programming systems) - a mandatory part of the software with which programs are created. Software tools include tools for writing programs (text editors); tools for converting programs into a form suitable for execution on a computer (assemblers, compilers, interpreters, loaders and relays)connection agents), means of monitoring and debugging programs.
Text editors allow you to conveniently edit, form and combine program texts, and some - and control the syntax of created programs.
A program written in an algorithmic language must be converted into an object module written in machine language (binary code). Such a conversion is performed by translators (assembler - from the Assembler language and compilers - from high-level languages). For some algorithmic languages Interpreters are used that do not create an object module, but, with each successive execution of the program, translate each of its individual lines or statements into machine language. The object module is processed by a loader - a link editor, which converts it into an executable machine program.
Debugging tools allow you to trace programs (step-by-step execution with information about execution results), check program syntax and intermediate results at breakpoints, and modify variable values at these points.
Maintenance and service systems are software tools for monitoring, diagnosing and restoring the functionality of a computer, disks, etc.
Application software handles user tasks. The key concept here is the application package.
An application software package is a set of programs for solving a range of problems on a specific topic or subject. The following types of application packages are distinguished:
- general purpose - focused on automating a wide range of user tasks (word processors, spreadsheet editors, database management systems, graphic processors, publishing systems, design automation systems, etc.);
- method-oriented - implementation of various economic and mathematical methods for solving problems ( mathematical programming, network planning and management, queuing theory, mathematical statistics, etc.);
- problem-oriented - aimed at solving a specific task (problem) in a specific subject area (banking packages, accounting packages, financial management, legal help systems etc.).
Application software includes service software tools that serve to organize a convenient working environment for the user, as well as to perform auxiliary functions(information managers, translators, etc.).
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