The concept of IP ( information systems) has undergone significant changes throughout its existence. The history of the development of IP and the purposes of their use at different periods are presented in the table.
In the 50s the role of information as the most important resource of an enterprise, organization, region, and society as a whole was realized; began to develop automated IS of various kinds. The first ISs were intended exclusively for processing invoices and payroll calculations, and were implemented on electromechanical accounting machines. This led to some reduction in costs and time for preparing paper documents. At first, when it became possible to process information using computer technology, the term “data processing systems” (DPS) was widespread; this term was widely used in the development of radio control systems for rockets and other space objects, in the creation of systems for collecting and processing statistical information about the state of the atmosphere, accounting and reporting information of enterprises, etc. As computer memory increased, the main attention began to be paid to the problems of organizing databases (DBs). This direction retains a certain independence at the present time and is mainly engaged in the development and development of technical and software implementation tools for data processing using computers of various kinds. To preserve this direction as it develops, the terms “knowledge base” and “goal base” appeared, allowing one to expand the interpretation of the problem of the actual creation and processing of a database to the tasks that are posed in the future when developing an IS.
In the 60s are marked by a change in attitude towards IP. The information obtained from them began to be used for periodic reporting on many parameters. To achieve this, organizations needed multi-purpose computer equipment capable of serving many functions, and not just processing invoices and calculating salaries, as was previously the case.
The main features of this generation of IS information systems:
- - technical support for the systems consisted of low-power computers of 2-3 generations; Information Support(IO) were arrays (files) of data, the structure of which was determined by the program in which they were used;
- - the software was specialized application programs, for example, a payroll program.
- - IS architecture - centralized. As a rule, batch processing of tasks was used. The end user did not have direct contact with the IS; all preliminary information processing and input was carried out by IS personnel.
Disadvantages of IS - information systems - of this generation:
A strong relationship between programs and data, that is, changes in the subject area led to changes in the data structure, and this forced the programs to be redesigned; the complexity of developing and modifying systems; the difficulty of coordinating parts of a system developed by different people at different times.
In the 70s - early 80s. Enterprise IP is beginning to be used as a production management tool that supports and accelerates the process of preparation and decision-making. Most of the information systems of this period were intended to solve established problems, which were clearly defined at the stage of creating the system and then practically did not change.
The emergence of personal computers leads to adjustments to the idea of automated control systems; from computer centers and centralization of control to distributed computing resources and decentralization of control. This approach has found its application in decision support systems (DSS), which characterize the new stage of computer IT organizational management. This reduces the load on centralized computing resources and upper levels management, which makes it possible to concentrate in them the solution of large long-term strategic objectives. The viability of any IT largely depends on users' prompt access to centralized resources and the level of information connections both horizontally and vertically within the organizational structure. At the same time, to ensure effective management of large enterprises, the idea of creating integrated automated control systems has been developed and remains relevant.
By the end of the 80s. The concept of using IP is changing again. They become a strategic source of information and are used at all levels of an enterprise of any profile. IT of this period, providing on time necessary information, help an organization achieve success in its activities, create new products and services, find new markets, secure worthy partners, organize the production of high-quality products at a low price, etc. The desire to overcome the shortcomings of the previous generation of information systems gave rise to the technology of creating and managing databases . The database is created for a group of interrelated tasks, for many users, and this makes it possible to partially solve the problems of previously created information systems. At first, DBMSs were developed for large computers, and their number did not exceed a dozen. Thanks to the advent of personal computers, database technology has become widespread, a large number of tools and DBMSs have been created for the development of information systems, which in turn has caused the emergence of a large number of applied information systems in application areas.
The main features of this generation of IP are:
The basis of the IR is a database, the software consists of application programs and DBMS; technical means: computers of 3-4 generations and personal computers; IS development tools: procedural programming languages of 3-4 generations, extended with a database language (SQL, QBE); IS architecture: the most popular are two types: personal local IS, centralized database with network access.
A big step forward was the development of the principle of a “friendly interface” in relation to the user (both the end user and the IS developer). For example, it is widely used GUI, developed assistance systems and user tips, various tools to simplify IS development: rapid application development systems (RAD systems), computer-aided IS design tools (CASE tools). By the end of the 80s, the shortcomings of this generation of systems were also revealed.
Disadvantages of information systems (IS) of this generation:
- - large investments in computerization of enterprises did not produce the expected effect corresponding to the costs (overhead costs increased, but there was no sharp increase in productivity);
- - the introduction of information systems was faced with the inertia of people, the reluctance of end users to change their usual work style and master new technologies;
- - higher requirements began to be placed on the qualifications of users (knowledge of a PC, specific application programs and DBMS, the ability to constantly improve their qualifications.
In connection with the above-mentioned shortcomings, the modern generation of IP gradually began to take shape. Technical platform - powerful computers of 4-5 generations, use different platforms in one IS (mainframe computers, powerful desktop PCs, mobile PCs). Most commonly used computer networks- from local to global. Information support: intensive development is underway to increase the intelligence of the data bank in the following areas:
- - new knowledge models that take into account not only the structure of information, but also the active nature of knowledge,
- - online information analysis tools (OLAP) and decision support tools (DSS),
- - new forms of information presentation, more natural for humans (multimedia, full-text databases, hypertext databases, speech perception and synthesis tools).
Recently, a wide range of specialized IS has appeared - economic IT (EIS), accounting IT (BAIS), banking IT (BIS), securities market IT, marketing IS (MIS), etc.
Modern automated systems (AS) are implemented in the form of corporate computer networks(KKS), which includes thousands of units of computing and communication equipment. The development process of systems of this class is implemented as a multi-stage process throughout their entire life cycle. Effective development of KKS automated systems is possible only with the use of appropriate information technologies, using formalized models for the creation, modernization and implementation of systems of this class during their life cycle.
The basis of any information technology for the development of a network network is the corresponding network life cycle (LC) model. The most effective model of the life cycle of a CCS is a dynamic spiral model, which takes into account the dynamics of change in its subsystems during the life cycle.
Information systems provide collection, storage, processing, retrieval, and issuance of information necessary in the decision-making process of problems from any area. They help analyze problems and create new products.
An information system is an interconnected set of tools, methods and personnel used for storing, processing and issuing information in the interests of achieving a set goal.
This system must provide the following means for information processes:
collection of information,
conversion and processing,
storage and protection,
transfer for use .
The modern understanding of an information system assumes the use as the main technical means processing personal computer information.
Modern information systems at enterprises are created on the basis of local and distributed computer networks, new technologies for making management decisions, and new solution methods professional tasks end users, etc.
The ultimate goal of both developers and users is to create holistic technological systems that fully cover information production with all main and auxiliary processes at all levels of management.
In the 50s the role of information as the most important resource of an enterprise, organization, region, and society as a whole was realized; began to develop automated information systems of various kinds. The first information systems were intended exclusively for processing invoices and payroll calculations, and were implemented on electromechanical accounting machines. This led to some reduction in costs and time for preparing paper documents. As computer memory increased, the main attention began to be paid to the problems of organizing databases. This direction retains a certain independence at the present time and is mainly engaged in the development and development of technical and software implementation tools for data processing using various types of computers.
60s are marked by a change in attitude towards the information system. The information obtained from them began to be used for periodic reporting on many parameters. To achieve this, organizations needed multi-purpose computer equipment capable of serving many functions, and not just processing invoices and calculating salaries, as was previously the case.
The main features of this generation of information systems - information systems:
- - technical support for the systems consisted of low-power computers of 2-3 generations.
- - information support consisted of data arrays (files), the structure of which was determined by the program in which they were used.
- - software specialized application programs, for example, payroll software.
- - information system architecture - centralized. As a rule, batch processing of tasks was used. The end user did not have direct contact with the information systems; all preliminary information processing and input was carried out by information systems personnel.
- - a strong relationship between programs and data, that is, changes in the subject area led to changes in the data structure, and this forced the programs to be redesigned;
- - complexity of development and modification of systems;
- - the difficulty of coordinating parts of the system developed by different people at different times.
In the 70s - early 80s. Enterprise information systems are beginning to be used as a means of production management, supporting and accelerating the process of preparation and decision-making. For the most part, information systems of this period were intended to solve established problems, which were clearly defined at the stage of creating the system and then practically did not change. At the same time, the load on centralized computing resources and upper levels of management is reduced, which allows them to concentrate the solution of large long-term strategic tasks. The viability of any information technology largely depends on users’ prompt access to centralized resources and the level of information connections both horizontally and vertically within the organizational structure. At the same time, to ensure effective management of large enterprises, the idea of creating integrated automated control systems has been developed and remains relevant.
By the end of the 80s. The concept of using information systems is changing again. They become a strategic source of information and are used at all levels of an enterprise of any profile. Information technologies of this period, providing the necessary information on time, help the organization achieve success in its activities, create new goods and services, find new markets, secure worthy partners, organize the production of high-quality products at a low price, etc. The desire to overcome the shortcomings of the previous one generations of information systems gave rise to the technology of creating and managing databases. A database is created for a group of interrelated tasks, for many users, and this allows one to partially solve the problems of previously created information systems. At first, DBMSs were developed for large computers, and their number did not exceed a dozen. Thanks to the advent of personal computers, database technology has become widespread, a large number of tools and DBMSs have been created for the development of information systems, which in turn caused the emergence of a large number of applied information systems in application areas.
The main features of information systems of this generation:
- - the basis is a database,
- - the software consists of application programs and a DBMS.
- - technical means: computers of 3-4 generations and personal computers.
- - information systems development tools: procedural programming languages of 3-4 generations, extended by the language of working with the database (SQL, QBE).
- - architecture of information systems: the most popular are two types: personal local information systems, centralized database with network access.
A big step forward was the development of the principle of a “friendly interface” in relation to the user (both the end user and the developer of the information system). For example, a graphical interface, developed user assistance systems and hints, and various tools to simplify the development of information systems are widely used: rapid application development systems (RAD systems), computer-aided design tools (CASE tools). By the end of the 80s, the shortcomings of this generation of systems were also revealed.
Disadvantages of information systems of this generation:
- - large investments in computerization of enterprises did not produce the expected effect corresponding to the costs (overhead costs increased, but there was no sharp increase in productivity);
- - the implementation of information systems was faced with the inertia of people, the reluctance of end users to change their usual work style and master new technologies;
- - higher requirements began to be placed on the qualifications of users (knowledge of a PC, specific application programs and DBMS, the ability to constantly improve their skills).
information processing expert
The first information systems appeared in the 50s. During these years, they were intended for processing bills and payroll, and were implemented on electromechanical accounting machines. This led to some reduction in costs and time for preparing paper documents.
60s are marked by a change in attitude towards information systems. The information obtained from them began to be used for periodic reporting on many parameters. To achieve this, organizations needed general-purpose computer equipment capable of serving many functions, and not just counting salaries, as was previously the case.
In the 70s - early 80s. Information systems are beginning to be widely used as a means of management control, supporting and accelerating the decision-making process. Then the concept of decision support systems (DDS) appeared. These systems were supposed to provide managers with specialized and interactive support for the processes of making unique solutions to problems in a real, rapidly changing world.
By the end of the 80s. The concept of using information systems is changing again. The development of the power (speed) of microcomputers, application software packages and telecommunication networks gave impetus to the emergence of the phenomenon of end user computing. They become a strategic source of information and are used at all levels of an organization of any profile. Information systems of this period, providing the necessary information on time, help the organization achieve success in its activities, create new goods and services, find new markets, secure worthy partners, organize the production of products at a low price, and much more.
Information systems designed to provide managers with information to support effective decision making are called management information systems (MIS).
The computerization of human activity as a whole can be considered the most significant feature characterizing the scientific and technological progress of all mankind in the second half of the twentieth century. The term computerization hides many different definitions. But if we take the most basic of them, we can conclude that this term refers to the widespread introduction of computer technology, special software and mathematical methods into our daily lives. All this is used to collect, store and process information, for the most effective learning process, as well as to obtain various types of information and computing services. Today there is practically no type of human activity where computers are not used to one degree or another. According to some authors who have thought about the meaning of the computerization process, this process is nothing more than a great watershed in the history of mankind, comparable in significance only to the first great break in historical continuity - the transition from barbarism to civilization.
The spread of computers stimulated a very large number of new ideas, because Computer World- this is a new, as yet little studied and mastered creative space. However, it often turns out that the computer’s computing power is not enough to implement all creative ideas, and it has to be increased and new technologies introduced that speed up the speed of work. The higher the speed of the computer, the wider the creative space that allows a person to realize his fantasies in in electronic format. However, human psychology is such that his needs are limitless; the more the power of computers increases, the more he will demand from them. The modernization and computerization currently taking place is a two-pronged process: people improve computer systems, and they, in turn, improve it. The current processes of development and modernization of computers are extremely fast, and it is almost impossible to predict them even for the next 5 years.
If we talk directly about legal activity, then with the advent of new information technologies it has become significantly rationalized. In legal activities, as in many other types of activities, the improvement of methods for transmitting, receiving, storing and processing information plays a huge role. After all, proper organization of work greatly speeds it up. As for the mechanization of legal activities, such innovations of the 19th and 20th centuries as telephone and radio communications, photography, film and video, sound recording and other means of obtaining and recording information significantly contributed to its optimization and increased efficiency. At the same time, the exceptional variety of tasks arising in legal practice makes it possible to use the entire range of information technologies (from conventional text editors to automated information systems and “consulting systems” that can synthesize a specific answer after entering certain parameters). Mathematical methods began to be used in legal practice long before the advent of computers. Their use was determined by several circumstances: firstly, when using computers, the accuracy and objectivity of research results, on the basis of which any important decisions are made, increases, and, secondly, they ensure the completeness and comprehensiveness of the study.
Language, as we know, is not only a means of communication, but also a means of description. Structurally, the language of any science represents a certain system of concepts of this science, as well as definitions of images, images and signs with the help of which they are expressed. The basis of the language of legal sciences is the language of law. The use of tools, methods and the language of mathematics leads to the fact that the legal concepts used become more defined and their relationship within the system is improved. As for the form of expression obtained legal information, then mathematical symbolism can be used here and logical expressions, which allows you to switch from regular language to sign language. Most often, these are specific symbols, which allows us to solve one important problem: to replace large (and not always unambiguous) statements expressed in ordinary language. While fully preserving the meaning of the original statement, such systems will always be much more compact.
Introduction
Information Systems
1.1 GENERAL VIEW
1.2 ROLE OF MANAGEMENT STRUCTURE IN THE INFORMATION SYSTEM
1.3 EXAMPLES OF INFORMATION SYSTEMS
Structure and classification of information systems
2.1 INFORMATION SYSTEM STRUCTURE
2.2 CLASSIFICATION OF INFORMATION SYSTEMS ACCORDING TO THE STRUCTURED TASKS
2.3 OTHER CLASSIFICATIONS OF INFORMATION SYSTEMS
Information Technology
3.1 CONCEPT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
3.2 STAGES OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT
Types of information technologies
4.1 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY OF DATA PROCESSING
4.2 MANAGEMENT INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
Conclusion
LITERATURE
Introduction
In the past, information was considered the domain of bureaucratic work and a limited tool for decision-making. Today, information is considered as one of the main resources for the development of society, and information systems and technologies as a means of increasing the productivity and efficiency of people.
Information systems and technologies are most widely used in production, management and financial activities, although shifts have begun in the consciousness of people employed in other areas regarding the need for their implementation and active use. This determined the angle from which the main areas of their application will be considered. The main attention is paid to the consideration of information systems and technologies from the standpoint of using their capabilities to improve the efficiency of workers information sphere production and decision support in organizations (firms).
Purpose of the chapter- outline the main ideas associated with the use of information systems and information technologies, introduce the existing variety of types of systems that determine the appropriate information technology for working on a personal computer in order to support decision-making.
| 1. INFORMATION SYSTEMS 1.1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION Concept of information system Under system understand any object that is simultaneously considered both as a single whole and as a collection of heterogeneous elements united in the interests of achieving set goals. The systems differ significantly from each other both in composition and in their main goals. Example 1. Let us present several systems consisting of different elements and aimed at achieving different goals. In computer science, the concept of “system” is widespread and has many semantic meanings. Most often it is used in relation to a set of technical tools and programs. The hardware of a computer can be called a system. A system can also be considered a set of programs for solving specific application problems, supplemented by procedures for maintaining documentation and managing calculations. Adding the word “information” to the concept of “system” reflects the purpose of its creation and operation. Information systems provide collection, storage, processing, retrieval, and issuance of information necessary in the decision-making process of problems from any area. They help analyze problems and create new products. Information system- an interconnected set of means, methods and personnel used for storing, processing and issuing information in the interests of achieving a set goal. The modern understanding of an information system assumes the use of a personal computer as the main technical means of information processing. In large organizations, along with a personal computer, the technical base of the information system may include a mainframe or supercomputer. In addition, the technical implementation of an information system in itself will not mean anything if the role of the person for whom the information produced is intended and without whom its receipt and presentation is impossible is not taken into account. Attention! Under organization we will understand a community of people united by common goals and using common material and financial means to produce material and information products and services. In the text, two words will be used on an equal basis: “organization” and “company”. It is necessary to understand the difference between computers and information systems. Computers equipped with specialized software, are the technical basis and tool for information systems. An information system is unthinkable without personnel interacting with computers and telecommunications. |
Stages of information systems development
The history of the development of information systems and the purposes of their use at different periods are presented in Table 1.1
Table 1.1 Changing approach to the use of information systems
| Period of time | Information Use Concept | Type of information systems | Purpose of use |
| 1950 - 1960 | Paper flow of settlement documents | Information systems for processing settlement documents on electromechanical accounting machines | Increasing the speed of document processing Simplifying the procedure for processing invoices and payroll calculations |
| 1960 - 1970 | Basic assistance in preparing reports | Management information systems for production information | Speeding up the reporting process |
| 1970 - 1980 | Management control of sales (sales) | Decision support systems Systems for senior management | Sampling the most rational solution |
| 1980 - 2000 | Information is a strategic resource that provides a competitive advantage | Strategic information systems Automated offices | Survival and prosperity of the company |
The first information systems appeared in the 50s. During these years, they were intended for processing bills and payroll, and were implemented on electromechanical accounting machines. This led to some reduction in costs and time for preparing paper documents.
60s are marked by a change in attitude towards information systems. The information obtained from them began to be used for periodic reporting on many parameters. Today, organizations needed general-purpose computer equipment capable of serving many functions, and not just processing invoices and calculating salaries, as was previously the case.
In the 70s - early 80s. Information systems are beginning to be widely used as a means of management control, supporting and accelerating the decision-making process.
By the end of the 80s. The concept of using information systems is changing again. They become a strategic source of information and are used at all levels of any organization. Information systems of this period, providing the necessary information on time, help the organization achieve success in its activities, create new goods and services, find new markets, secure worthy partners, organize the production of products at a low price, and much more.
The evolution of information systems can be most clearly seen in. development of methods for storing, transporting and processing information.
IN data management, combining the tasks of obtaining, storing, managing, analyzing and visualizing data, there are six time phases (generations), which are presented in Fig.
Rice. 4. Time phases of data management development
At first, the data was processed manually. The next step used punch card equipment and electromechanical machines to sort and tabulate millions of records. In the third phase, data was stored on magnetic tapes, and special programs performed batch processing of sequential files. In the fourth phase, the concept of a database schema and operational navigational access to data appeared. In the fifth phase, automatic access to relational data bases was provided and distributed and client-server processing was introduced. Now the sixth phase has begun - systems have emerged that store richer types of data, especially documents, graphics, sound and video images. These systems are basic facilities storage for Internet and Intranet applications.
Another clear example of the evolution of information systems is the area organizational management.
Until the 1960s The main function of information systems was interactive electronic processing (Electronic Data Processing - EDP) records, accounting, etc. In the process of forming the concept of management information systems (Management Information Systems - M.I.S.) a function was added aimed at providing users with reports necessary for making management decisions, generated on the basis of data collected about the process (Information Reporting Systems - IRS).
However, the rigid structure of reporting has become an obstacle to expanding information interaction. The consequence was the emergence of the concept of decision support systems (Decision Support Systems - DDS), whose task was to support the decision-making process in conditions of contradictory and rapidly changing information.
In the 1980s The rapid development of computer power (speed, memory capacity), the emergence of new operating systems, application programs, and telecommunication networks at various levels have created the prerequisites for free access to end user computing resources. From this moment on, end users were able to independently use information resources to solve professional problems without the mediation of specialized information services.
Further development of information systems showed that many end users (managers top level) use the information they need, when they need it and in a format convenient for them. Existing reporting systems or decision support systems could not meet the requirements. Thus, the concept of management information systems (Executive Information Systems) appeared. EIS).
An important milestone was the creation and application of systems and methods artificial intelligence(Artificial Intelligence - A.I.) in information systems. Expert systems(Expert Systems - ES) and knowledge base systems (Knowledge-Based Systems) have determined the new purpose of information systems - providing end users with high-quality and reliable recommendations in specialized areas.
Further development is associated with the appearance in the 1990s. concepts of strategic information systems (Strategic Information Systems - SIS). According to this concept, information systems do not simply provide information processing for end users, but become a generator based on new information that provides the company with a competitive advantage in the market.
The most common are the class of production information systems, as well as process control systems (Process Control Systems). PCS) and office automation systems (Office automation Systems - OAS).
Office Automation Systems OAS) collect, process, store and transmit information in the form electronic documents. They use word processing, data communications, and other information technologies to improve office efficiency. For example, it is possible to use word processors to process correspondence, Email exchange of electronic messages; desktop publishing systems are used to produce company newsletters, and teleconferencing capabilities are used to conduct electronic meetings.
Information systems are usually combinations of several types of information systems. The conceptual classification of information systems is designed to highlight the various roles of information systems. In practice, these roles are integrated into complex or interconnected information systems that provide a range of functions. Thus, most information systems are designed to provide information and support decision-making at various levels of management and in various functional areas.
An equally striking example of the evolution of information systems is corporate governance. The creation of corporate information systems currently relies on various information technologies, since, unfortunately, there is no universal one. The following three groups of management methods can be distinguished: resources, processes, corporate knowledge (communications). Among the information technologies, the most used ones include: DBMS, Workflow (standards of the Workflow Management Coalition association), Intranet. In Fig. Figure 5 shows the place and purpose of each of the information technologies.
Rice. 5. Place and purpose of each information technology
In Fig. 6, the color intensity corresponds to the degree of information technology support for management methods.
Rice. 6. Degree of information technology support for management methods
The problem of resource management is one of the classical management techniques and is the first where information technologies began to be widely used. This is due to the presence of well-developed economic and mathematical models that are effectively implemented by computer technology. Let's consider the evolution of resource management problems.
Initially, a methodology for planning enterprise material resources was developed MRP(Material Requirements Planning), which was used with the methodology of volume scheduling MPS(Master Planning Shedule). Next step was the creation of a methodology for planning production resources (capacity) CRP(Capacity Requirements Planning). This methodology was fundamentally similar to MRP, but was focused on calculating production capacity, not materials and components. This task requires large computing resources, even at the current level.
The combination of the above methodologies led to the emergence of the “second level” MRP task: MRP II(Manufacturing Resource Planning) integrated planning methodology, including MRP\CRP and using MPS, and FRS (Finance Resource/Requirements Planning) financial resource planning. Next, the concept was proposed ERP(Economic Requirements Planning) integrated planning of all “business” resources of an enterprise.
These methodologies were supported by appropriate tools. To a greater extent, DBMSs are applicable to support these methodologies.
The next step was to create the concept of production resource management - CSPP(Customer Synchronized Resource Planning) resource planning synchronized with consumption. The difference between this concept is the consideration of auxiliary resources related to marketing, sales and after-sales service. In Fig. Figure 7 shows the relationship between the concepts of CSSP, ERP and stages of the product life cycle.
Rice. 7. The relationship between the concepts of CSSP, ERP and stages of the product life cycle
Due to the fact that many suppliers and buyers are involved in modern production, a new concept of supply chains has emerged. The essence of this concept is to take into account, when analyzing the economic activity of the entire chain (network), the transformation of a product from raw materials into a finished product (Fig. 8).
Rice. 8. Supply chain concept
In this case, emphasis is placed on the following factors:
- the cost of the product is formed throughout the entire supply chain, but the stage of sale to the final consumer is decisive;
The cost of goods is critically affected by the overall efficiency of all operations;
The most controllable are the initial stages of product production, and the most sensitive are the final (sales) stages.
A further development of the concept of supply chains is the idea of a virtual business (Fig. 9), representing a distributed system of several companies and covering the entire life cycle goods, or the division of one company into several “virtual businesses”.
Rice. 9. Virtual business idea
The methodologies discussed above are manifested in both individual software products, and within the Intranet as a corporate governance tool.
Intranet is a technology for managing corporate communications, in contrast to the Internet, which is a technology for global communications. In telecommunications technologies, there are three levels of implementation: hardware, software and information. From this point of view, Intranet differs from the Internet only in information aspects, where three levels are distinguished: a universal language for representing corporate knowledge, representation models, factual knowledge.
A universal language for representing corporate knowledge is independent of a specific subject area and defines grammar and syntax. On at this stage there is no single description language; this category can include a graphical language for describing data models, network diagrams, algorithms, etc. The task of a universal language for representing corporate knowledge is: unification of knowledge representation; unambiguous interpretation of knowledge; breaking down knowledge processing processes into simple procedures that can be automated.
View Models determine the specifics of the organization’s activities. Knowledge at this level is metadata that describes the primary data.
Factual knowledge display specific subject areas and are primary data.
Information provides a tangible economic effect in the organization's activities, which is associated, first of all, with a sharp improvement in the quality of information consumption and its direct impact on the production process. For an organization's information system, the following concepts become key: publication of information, consumers of information, presentation of information.
Intranet architecture was a natural development of information systems: from systems with a centralized architecture through client-server systems to the Intranet.
The idea of a centralized architecture was classically implemented in mainframes, the peculiarity of which was the concentration of computing resources in a single complex, where huge amounts of information were stored and processed. Its advantages are ease of administration and information security.
With the advent personal computers it became possible to transfer part of the information system directly to the workplace. Thus, the need arose to build a distributed information system. The client-server architecture, based on the model of interaction between computers and programs on the network, corresponds to these goals (Fig. 10).
Rice. 10. Model of interaction between computers and programs on the network
In the traditional sense, client-server systems deliver data and are characterized by the following properties:
The server generates data, not information;
A closed protocol is used to exchange data between clients;
The data is transmitted to clients, where it is interpreted and converted into information;
Fragments of the application system are hosted on clients.
The main advantages of client-server systems:
low load on the network (the workstation sends a request to the database server to search for certain data, which itself performs the search and returns to the network only the result of processing the request, i.e. one or more records);
high reliability (DBMS based on client-server technology support transaction integrity and automatic recovery in case of failure);
flexible setup level of user rights (some users can be assigned only viewing data, others viewing and editing, others will not see any data at all);
Support for large fields (data types whose size can be measured in hundreds of kilobytes and megabytes are supported).
However, client-server systems have a number of serious disadvantages:
difficulty of administration due to territorial disunity and heterogeneity of computers at workplaces;
Insufficient degree of information protection from unauthorized actions;
a closed protocol for communication between clients and servers, specific to a given information system.
Therefore, an architecture of Intranet systems free of these shortcomings was developed, concentrating and combining best qualities centralized systems and traditional client-server systems (Fig. 11).
Rice. 11. Architecture of client-server systems
The entire information system is located on central computer. At workplaces there are simple access devices (navigators) that provide the ability to manage processes in the information system. All processes are carried out on a central computer, with which the access device communicates through a simple protocol, by transmitting screens and codes using keys on the remote control.
The main advantages of Intranet systems:
Presenting information (not data) in a user-friendly form;
used to exchange information between client and server protocol open type;
concentration of the application system on the server; only the navigator program is hosted on clients:
Simplified centralized management server side and jobs;
unified interface, independent of the software used by the user (operating system, DBMS, etc.).
An important advantage of Internet is the openness of the technology. Existing software based on proprietary technologies, when solutions are developed by one company for one application, seems to be more functional and convenient. However, it sharply limits the possibilities for the development of information systems. Currently, open standards are widely used in the Intranet in the following areas: management network resources(SMTP, IMAP, MIME); teleconferencing (NNTP); information service (HTTP, HTML); help desk(LDAP); programming (Java).
Trends further development Intranet are: intelligent network search; high interactivity of navigators due to the use of Java technology; network computers: turning the navigator interface into a universal interface with a computer.
Related information.
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