Did you know that...
The Yandex search engine was released at the end of 1996, and the website itself http://www.yandex.ru opened in 1997, when the Runet was still in a development phase comparable to infancy. The well-remembered name of the search engine was originally an abbreviation for the phrase “Language Index”
Search Engine Optimization
This article examines various search algorithms, their specifics, and operating features. The information in this article will help you optimize your website in the major search engines: AOL, Google and AskJeeves (Part 1), Yahoo and Alta Vista (Part 2) and MSN (Part 3).
Now everyone has an idea of what a search engine is. As soon as a person has a question, needs to find the address of a restaurant or make an online purchase, he often turns to one of search networks in the Internet.
If you've ever had to use two different search engines to search for the same query, you've probably noticed that the search results aren't necessarily the same. Why do different search engines produce different results for the same query? On the one hand, this is because the indexing process varies between search engines, and the search results will depend on what information is found by the search spider and what information is put into the database by the web developer. On the other hand, and this is most likely the most important thing, search engines use different algorithms to search for information in databases. An algorithm represents certain rules and an established sequence of actions that are used by the search engine to determine the relevance of information in the database to the user's request.
Search algorithm
Search algorithm is a mathematical formula in which the user's query is taken as an unknown, and usually, after considering several solutions obtained using this formula, the search engine returns one. The search algorithm correlates keywords queries the information in the database and finds relevant results. Search engine bots analyze the content of web pages and the relevance of keywords on those pages using a formula that may vary between search engines.
What information is included in the algorithm?
Many algorithms contain information about user queries, the pages they subsequently explore, and the time they spend on the page. With this information, the search engine can return the desired results. In order for the results to be relevant to the query, it is necessary to process a huge amount of information for each individual case. Unfortunately, the algorithm is designed for only a small number of possible queries, which significantly reduces the effectiveness of this method.
Another method involves link analysis. It is believed that links exist between sites that are similar in topic, and links from high-quality sites lead to the same high-quality sites. By analyzing the ways in which some web pages link to others, the search engine can determine what the site is about and how relevant the page is. Likewise, some search engines take into account internal site navigation. This is how search robots determine how the pages of one site are connected to each other, and how user-friendly navigation is. If the "spider" ends up in a dead end, on a page from which it is difficult to move to another section, such a page is "punished".
Traditional databases consist of data grouped by a web developer. This approach is already a little outdated, but most databases are created by humans, the largest of which is DMOZ.
One of the most basic elements that the search algorithm necessarily analyzes is the location of keywords on a web page and their density. The more often a keyword appears on a page, the more relevant it is considered.
Due to the increase in spam, search engines no longer consider meta tags. And those who still pay attention to this factor mainly consider tags
And <description>. Of course, there are other factors that the search engine takes into account when searching for information on a user's request, for example, how long the site has been on the Internet, whether it contains errors, etc.</p>
<p><b>How are search engines different?</b></p>
<p>The principles of the algorithm of each search engine are kept in the strictest confidence. No one knows exactly what exactly the search engine pays attention to when indexing information, and what importance it attaches to each variable in the formula, so any conclusions are based on assumptions, reflections and conjecture. Each search engine uses its own anti-spam methods and filters, and each has its own understanding of what exactly constitutes spam. Many search engines improve their algorithms to support new filtering technologies, while others do not change their algorithms, using improved filters. In order to understand the purpose of filters in a search engine, you need to imagine how water is filtered: the flow of water passes through <a href="https://gamevid.ru/en/news/chem-otkryt-fail-shs-chto-takoe-rasshirenie-faila-shs-kak-otkryt-fail-shs/">special installation</a>, made of a porous substance that traps unwanted impurities. The search engine filter also works; it detects “undesirable impurities” and excludes them from the search results.</p>
<p><b>How to ensure efficiency <a href="https://gamevid.ru/en/repair/uzhin-board-powered-by-smf-pervye-shagi-v-poiskovoi-optimizacii-simple/">search engine optimization</a>?
</b></p>
<p>It's not easy to please all the search engines when there are thousands of them. However, some tips will help you streamline your efforts and help you achieve results in the major search engines.</p>
<p>Working on keywords involves obtaining the following information:</p>
<ul><li>how often your keywords are requested by users;</li>
<li>Is their competitiveness high?</li>
<li>whether they correspond to the site content.</li>
</ul><p><b>Select 3-5 keywords to optimize your page</b>, instead of wasting energy on all the many words. The more phrases you select, the lower your keyword density. Assign keywords to each page instead of trying to fit them throughout your entire site. Keyword density can range from 0.7% (applicable to Google) to 1.7% (applicable to Yahoo).</p>
<p><b>A compelling, unique title for every page</b> is a necessary element of search engine optimization. All major search engines place great importance on title quality.</p>
<p><b>Unique content</b>, containing the main keywords is also necessary. Write for ideas, not for keywords. Keywords should flow from the content, and not vice versa, the content from the keywords.</p>
<p><b>Optimize your website structure and design</b> to avoid search engine penalties. Convenient navigation, readable code, valid links, correct markup will make it easier for the search engine to index your site and increase the potential of the pages, i.e. ability to attract the user.</p>
<p><b>High quality, relevant external links</b></p>
<p>Since the major search engines rely on external links to determine the relevance of a site, it is simply necessary to take care of their quality and relevance. Don't use artificial reciprocal links. Your links should lead to resources relevant to your field of activity.</p>
<p><b>Search Engine Basics</b></p>
<p>Having an understanding of how a search engine works, you can easily determine what it wants your site to look like, how it evaluates relevance, and which sites it “punishes” and for what.</p>
<p><b>Search engine optimization is a continuous process</b></p>
<p>Search engine optimization is an ongoing process. Constantly updating your content, links and pages is essential to ensure long-term success. The key to search engine optimization is unique content: content, keywords, links.</p>
<p><b>Don't make a mountain out of a mountain</b></p>
<p>If you follow the basic principles of search engine optimization, search algorithm changes won't scare you. Of course, some transformations and changes may be required, but there is no need to sound the alarm.</p>
<p>Why is it important to understand what search engine requirements are? They say you need to know your enemies by sight. In this case, the search engine, of course, is not your enemy, but the more you know about what the basic principles of its operation are, how it indexes sites, etc., the higher your chances of a high ranking in this very search engine system.</p>
<p>Let's say that you optimize a resource only for Google and Yahoo, in this case you lose two-thirds of the possible traffic, when optimizing for MSN, you deprive yourself of 85% of the traffic. It will be easier to optimize your resource for several search engines at once when you have information about their basic concepts.</p>
<p>Does this mean that as soon as there is any change in the search engine algorithm, you need to immediately start improving your site? No, that's not true. In fact, what is needed in this situation is not to panic. When improving and transforming your resource, try to act in accordance with the knowledge about the search engine that is available to you.</p>
<p>Trying to unravel the mysterious formula of the search algorithm is unlikely to lead to the desired result. Most likely, you will simply waste valuable time instead of building friendly relationships with search engines. Having proven yourself well, you can not only secure a place for your resource on the search results page, but you will feel more confident and calm.</p>
<p><b>The main differences between the main search engines</b></p>
<p>“Knowing your enemy by sight”, you will be able to figure out what exactly determines the position of your site in a particular search engine. Search engine algorithms are improving continuously, some daily. It is impossible to predict when and how the next change will happen, but it is useful to pay attention to the following factors, which will certainly affect the site's ranking:</p>
<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="1"><tr valign="top" align="center"><td colspan="2" valign="top"><b>Factor</b>
</td>
<td rowspan="2" valign="top"><b> <a href="https://gamevid.ru/en/reviews/dobrye-index-php-topic-powered-by-smf-pervye-shagi-v-poiskovoi-optimizacii-simple-machines-forum/">External links</a>
</b>
</td>
<td rowspan="2" valign="top"><b>Keyword density in content</b>
</td>
<td rowspan="2" valign="top"><b>Keyword density in the title</b>
</td>
<td rowspan="2" valign="top"><b>Keyword density in meta tags</b>
</td>
</tr><tr valign="top"><td colspan="2" valign="top"><b>Search system</b>
</td>
</tr><tr valign="top"><td colspan="2" valign="top"><b>Google</b>
</td>
<td>Natural, one-way links; punishment for quickly acquired links</td>
<td> 2.10%
</td>
<td> 17%
</td>
<td>undefined</td>
</tr><tr valign="top"><td colspan="2" valign="top"><b>Yahoo</b>
</td>
<td> </td>
<td> 3.40%
</td>
<td> 19.60%
</td>
<td> 7.00%
</td>
</tr><tr valign="top"><td colspan="2" valign="top"><b>MSN</b>
</td>
<td>natural and artificially acquired links, reciprocal links; it doesn’t matter what the speed of their acquisition is</td>
<td> 4.90%
</td>
<td> 18%
</td>
<td> 7.80%
</td>
</tr></table><br><p><b>AOL Search</b></p>
<p>AOL claims to be the first search engine to use "cluster" technology. Search results are automatically categorized by relevant topics and displayed on the results page alongside the overall search results. It is important to note that in 80% of cases to find <a href="https://gamevid.ru/en/reviews/kak-skopirovat-fail-s-kompyutera-na-fleshku-kak-skinut-nuzhnuyu/">necessary information</a> AOL accesses the database <a href="https://gamevid.ru/en/instructions/moya-pochta-na-tut-bai-voiti-esli-vy-ne-uspeli-sohranit-dannye/">Google data</a>. Therefore, optimization for AOL can be safely considered as optimization for Google, because... both systems use the same principles to evaluate the relevance of resources and produce results. The main difference is that AOL is used as a means of finding information in 16% of search engine interactions.</p>
<p>The Google search engine uses the so-called Hilltop algorithm, or in other words, the “Austin update.” Hilltop relies heavily on a site's "authority", which it defines as the significance of the site and its importance as it applies to a specific area of activity (thematic group of keywords).</p>
<p>This search engine has developed a resource evaluation criterion such as link popularity. This criterion ensures the quality of search results and increases the search engine's resistance to automatically generated web pages. Link popularity is an integral component of Google PageRank.</p>
<p>WikiPedia.org defines PageRank as a whole system of algorithms for evaluating parameters from numerical values to web pages indexed by a search engine.</p>
<p>PageRank includes over 100 factors. It is difficult to say how much weight each of these factors has, but it is known that backlinks act as one of the most significant factors in determining relevance. PageRank factors also include concepts such as keyword density, domain registration period, design, absence of errors on site pages, <a href="https://gamevid.ru/en/reviews/chto-mozhno-sozdat-s-pomoshchyu-javascript-chto-mozhno-sdelat-pri-pomoshchi-javascript/">convenient navigation</a>, no spam and many others.</p>
<p>It can be said that Google is the most mysterious and currently the most popular of the major search engines.</p>
<p><b>AskJeeves</b></p>
<p>To work in AskJeeves, you just need to enter a keyword in English in the query line, then just click the "Ask" button and Jeeves will do everything you need. The search engine recently rebranded and its mascot, the butler, is about to make history.</p>
<p>AskJeeves works on the principles of the Teoma search engine. Many people note that Teoma tolerates abandoned sites longer than any other search engine. Therefore, there is a high probability that even if you apply a redirect (temporary - 302 or permanent - 301), your old URL has a high chance of remaining in the database for a long time. Previously, the re-indexing of data by the search system occurred once every 3-6 months; it very rarely happened that AskJeeves indexed the same resource twice a month. Re-indexing in this search engine is generally considered random and superficial; it is also noted that sponsorship contributions increase the resource’s chances of faster and deeper indexing. In any case, you will not soon see your site in AskJeeves or Taoma until you make a sponsorship fee. Otherwise, you will have to wait a very long time for the search robot to express a desire to index your site.</p>
<p>AskJeeves is a good place for your advertising. Submitting ads here works the same way as in Google Adwords. If working with Adwords brings you pretty good quality traffic, you can expect even greater success with AskJeeves. The word “quality” is key here. It's very easy to fake click counts on AskJeeves. This is because AskJeeves uses a special method of displaying search results on the results page. Whereas on Google, sponsored results are located on the page, of course, separately from the general results: either highlighted in blue at the top or bottom right, then on AskJeeves it is difficult to draw the line between sponsored and regular resources.</p>
<p>In recent years, services from Google and Yandex have become a part of our lives. In this regard, many are probably wondering what a search engine is? Speaking <a href="https://gamevid.ru/en/news/zapis-algoritma-na-yazyke-prostyh-slovosochetanii-osnovnye-sluzhebnye/">in simple words</a>, This <a href="https://gamevid.ru/en/reviews/zte-nubia-z7-4pda-obsuzhdenie-nubia-z7-max---tehnicheskie-harakteristiki/">software system</a>, designed to search for information in <a href="https://gamevid.ru/en/reviews/programmnoe-sredstvo-kotoroe-raspoznaet-deskriptory-yazyka-html-chto/">World Wide</a> Web. Its results are usually presented in a list format, often called search engine results pages (SERPs). The information may be a combination of web pages, images, and other file types. Some search engines also contain information available in databases or public directories.</p><p>Unlike web directories, which are only supported by their own editors, search engines also contain real-time information by running an algorithm on the web crawler.</p><h2>History of origin</h2><p>Search engines themselves appeared earlier than the World Wide Web - in December 1990. The first such service was called Archie, and it searched the contents of FTP files using commands.</p><p>What is an Internet search engine? Until September 1993, the World Wide Web was entirely manually indexed. There was a list of web servers edited by Tim Berners-Lee that was hosted on the CERN web server. As more and more servers went online, the above service could not keep up with processing such an amount of information.</p><p><img src='https://i0.wp.com/syl.ru/misc/i/ai/340376/1985563.jpg' width="100%" loading=lazy loading=lazy></p><p>One of the first search engines based on web searches was WebCrawler, which was released in 1994. Unlike its predecessors, it allowed users to search for any word on any web page. This algorithm has since become the standard for all major search engines. It was also the first decision widely known to the public. Also in 1994, the Lycos service was launched, which later became a large commercial project.</p><p>Soon after, many search engines appeared and their popularity increased significantly. These include Magellan, Excite, Infoseek, Inktomi, Northern Light and AltaVista. Yahoo! was one of the most popular ways to find web pages of interest, but its search algorithm operated on its own web directory rather than full-text copies of the pages. Information seekers could also browse the directory rather than perform a keyword search.</p><p><img src='https://i2.wp.com/syl.ru/misc/i/ai/340376/1987358.jpg' width="100%" loading=lazy loading=lazy></p><h2>A new round of development</h2><p>Google embraced the idea of selling search queries in 1998, starting with a small company called goto.com. This move had a significant impact on the SEO business, which over time became one of the most profitable activities on the Internet.</p><p>Around 2000, the Google search engine became widely known. The company has achieved better results for many searches through an innovation called PageRank. This iterative algorithm ranks web pages based on their connections to other sites and pages, based on the premise that good or desirable sources are often mentioned by others. Google also maintained a minimalist interface for its search engine. On the contrary, many of the competitors have built a search engine into the web portal. In fact, Google has become so popular that scam engines like Mystery Seeker have emerged. Today there are many regional versions of this service, in particular, the Google.ru search engine, designed for Russian-speaking users.</p><p><img src='https://i0.wp.com/syl.ru/misc/i/ai/340376/1985561.jpg' width="100%" loading=lazy loading=lazy></p><h2>How do these services work?</h2><p>How are rankings and results displayed? What are search engines from the point of view of the action algorithm? They obtain information through web crawling from site to site. The robot or spider checks the standard robots.txt file name addressed to it before sending certain information for indexing. It focuses on many factors, namely headers, page content, JavaScript, Cascading Style Sheets (CSS), and standard HTML markup of informational content or metadata in HTML meta tags.</p><p>Indexing means linking words and other identifiable tokens found on web pages to their <a href="https://gamevid.ru/en/reviews/domennaya-zona-ostrovov-tokelau-kak-zaregistrirovat-tk-domen/">domain names</a> and HTML-based fields. Associations are created in a publicly accessible database available for web search queries. The request from the user can be one word. An index helps you find information related to a query as quickly as possible.</p><p>Some of the indexing and caching techniques are trade secrets, while web crawling is a simple process of visiting all websites in a systematic manner.</p><p>Between robot visits, a cached version of the page (some or all of the content needed to display it) stored in the search engine's working memory is quickly sent to the requesting user. If the visit is overdue, the search engine can simply act as a web proxy. In this case, the page may differ from the search indexes. The cached source shows the version whose words have been indexed, so it can be useful if the actual page has been lost.</p><p><img src='https://i0.wp.com/syl.ru/misc/i/ai/340376/1985565.jpg' width="100%" loading=lazy loading=lazy></p><h2>High-level architecture</h2><p>Typically, a user enters a query into a search engine in the form of several keywords. The index already has the names of sites containing these keywords, and they are instantly displayed. The real workload is creating web pages that are a list of search results. Each page in the entire list must be ranked according to the information in the indexes.</p><p>In this case, the top result element requires searching, reconstructing, and marking up fragments showing context from the matched keywords. This is only part of the processing of each web page in the search results, and further pages (next to it) require most of this subsequent processing.</p><p>In addition to simply searching for keywords, search engines offer their own GUI- or command-driven operators and search parameters to refine results.</p><p>They provide the necessary controls to the user using a loop <a href="https://gamevid.ru/en/repair/ruchnoi-skaner-shtrih-kodov-symbol-ls2208-vybor-indikacii-obratnoi-svyazi/">feedback</a>, by filtering and weighing when refining the required data, taking into account the initial pages of the first search results. For example, since 2007, Google.com has made it possible to filter the resulting list by date by clicking "Show Search Tools" in the leftmost column on the original results page and then selecting the date range you want.</p><p><img src='https://i1.wp.com/syl.ru/misc/i/ai/340376/1985567.jpg' width="100%" loading=lazy loading=lazy></p><h2>Varying requests</h2><p>Most search engines support the use <a href="https://gamevid.ru/en/reviews/kak-oboznachaetsya-i-v-c-operatory-otnosheniya-i-logicheskie-operatory/">logical operators</a> AND, OR and NOT to help end users refine the query. Some operators are designed for literals, which allow the user to refine and expand the search terms. The robot searches for words or phrases in the same way as it searches for entered commands. Some search engines provide an advanced search feature that allows users to determine the distance between keywords.</p><p>There is also concept-based search, in which research involves using statistical analysis on pages containing the words or phrases you are looking for. In addition, requests for <a href="https://gamevid.ru/en/reviews/kak-sozdat-voprosno-otvetnuyu-sistemu-annotacii-na/">natural language</a> allow the user to enter a question in the same form that he would ask a person (the most typical example is ask.com).</p><p>The usefulness of a search engine depends on the relevance of the set of results it returns. There may be millions of web pages that contain a particular word or phrase, but some may be more relevant, popular, or authoritative than others. Most search engines use ranking methods to ensure the best results.</p><p>How a search engine decides which pages are the best matches for a query, and in what order the found sources should be displayed, varies greatly from one robot to another. These methods also change over time as Internet usage changes and new technologies develop.</p><h2>What is a search engine: varieties</h2><p>There are two main types of search engines. The first is a system of predefined and hierarchically ordered keywords that people have en masse programmed it with. The second is a system that generates an “inverted index” by analyzing the texts found.</p><p><img src='https://i2.wp.com/syl.ru/misc/i/ai/340376/1987359.jpg' height="664" width="662" loading=lazy loading=lazy></p><p>Most search engines are commercial services supported by advertising revenue, and thus some allow advertisers to rank in the results they display for a fee. Services that don't accept money for rankings make money by running <a href="https://gamevid.ru/en/repair/partnerskaya-set-adster-partnerka-po-prodazhe-aviabiletov-i/">contextual ads</a> next to the displayed sites. Today, promotion in search engines is one of the most profitable earnings on the Internet.</p><h2>What services are most common?</h2><p>Google is the most popular search engine in the world with a market share of 80.52% as of March 2017.</p><ul><li>Google - 80.52%</li><li>Bing - 6.92%</li><li>Baidu - 5.94%</li><li>Yahoo! - 5.35%</li>
</ul><h2>Search engines in Russia and East Asia</h2><p>In Russia and some countries of East Asia, Google is not the most popular service. Among Russian users, the Yandex search engine leads in popularity (61.9%) compared to Google (28.3%). In China, Baidu is the most popular service. <a href="https://gamevid.ru/en/ipod/kak-sdelat-yandeks-poiskom-po-umolchaniyu-v-svoem-brauzere-yandeks/">Search portal</a> South Korea - Naver is used for 70% percent of online searches in the country. Also Yahoo! in Japan and Taiwan it is the most popular tool for finding the necessary data.</p><p>Other well-known Russian search engines are Mail and Rambler. With the beginning of the development of the Runet, they enjoyed wide popularity, but now they have greatly lost their position.</p><h2>Search restrictions and criteria</h2><p>Although search engines are programmed to rank websites based on some of their popularity and relevance, empirical research points to different political, economic and social criteria for selecting the information they provide. These biases may be a direct result of economic (for example, companies that advertise a search engine may also become more popular in organic search results) and political processes (for example, the removal of search results due to local laws). For example, Google will not display some neo-Nazi sites in France and Germany, where Holocaust denial is illegal.</p><h2>Christian, Islamic and Jewish search engines</h2><p>The global growth of the Internet and electronic media in the Muslim world over the past decade has prompted Islamic adherents in the Middle East and Asian subcontinent to try to create their own search engines and filtered portals that would allow users to conduct secure searches.</p><p>Such services contain filters that further classify websites as “halal” or “haram” based on modern expert interpretation of the “Law of Islam.”</p><p>The ImHalal portal appeared online in September 2011, and Halalgoogling in July 2013. They use haram filters based on algorithms from Google and Bing.</p><p>Other religion-oriented search engines are Jewgle (Jewish <a href="https://gamevid.ru/en/reviews/brauzer-google-chrome-vse-versii-gde-skachat-starye-versii-google-chrome/">Google version</a>), as well as the Christian SeekFind.org. They filter out sites that deny or degrade their faith.</p>
<p><b>Topic 3.1.1 Searching for information on the Internet</b></p>
<p>The Internet is growing at a very fast pace, so finding the information you need among hundreds of billions of Web pages and hundreds of millions of files is becoming increasingly difficult. To search for information, special search engines are used, which contain constantly updated information about the location of Web pages and files on hundreds of millions of Internet servers.</p>
<p>When searching for information, it is necessary to answer three questions: what to look for, that is, what sources of information, where to look (locations of these sources) and how to look (what tools to use for this).</p>
<p>What are the main sources of information available on the Internet? These are WWW documents, articles in news groups and mailing lists, files in file libraries, directories of address information of organizations and people ( <a href="https://gamevid.ru/en/news/elektronnaya-pochta-gmail-dlya-vashei-kompanii-gmail-pochta-ot-google-chto-eto/">Email</a>, address, telephone), articles in thematic databases, encyclopedias.</p>
<p>Where are these information sources located? These are such popular Internet resources as WWW, news groups, mailing lists and FTP servers.</p>
<p>Of course, you can search for the necessary sources of information manually, find out addresses from specialized magazines on computer science and the Internet, and use special paper directories with addresses classified into categories.</p>
<p>However, for such a changing space as the Internet, it is necessary to learn how to use special tools, the purpose of which is to collect data about information resources and provide users with a service <a href="https://gamevid.ru/en/instructions/skachat-prilozhenie-gugl-hrom-na-telefon-poisk-informacii-eshch/">quick search</a>.</p>
<p><b>IRS (information retrieval system)</b> is a system that provides search and selection of necessary data in a special database with descriptions of information sources (index) based on information retrieval language and corresponding search rules.</p>
<p><a href="https://gamevid.ru/en/news/panel-bystrogo-zapuska-panel-zadach-i-glavnoe-menyu-panel-instrumentov-skryt-i-otobrazit/">The main task</a> any information system is to search for information relevant to the user’s information needs. It is very important not to lose anything as a result of the search, that is, to find all the documents related to the request and not find anything superfluous. Therefore, a qualitative characteristic of the search procedure is introduced - relevance.</p>
<p>Relevance is the correspondence of search results to the formulated query.</p>
<p>Internet search servers can be divided into two groups:</p>
<p>- search engines <a href="https://gamevid.ru/en/instructions/programmy-s-pomoshchyu-kotoryh-polzovatel-mozhet-rabotat/">general purpose</a>;</p>
<p>– specialized search engines.</p>
<p><b>General purpose search engines</b></p>
<p>The general purpose search engine interface contains a search field and a list of directory sections. The following are distinguished: <a href="https://gamevid.ru/en/news/gugol-poiskovaya-sistema-google-poiskovaya-sistema-instrumenty/">search tools</a> for WWW: directories, search engines, metasearch engines.</p>
<br><p><b>Catalog</b></p>
<p><b>Catalog</b>– a search system with a list of annotations classified by topic with links to web resources. Classification is usually done by people.</p><br><p>Searching the catalog is very convenient and is carried out by sequentially clarifying topics. However, directories support the ability to quickly search for a specific category or page using keywords using a local search engine. The directory's link database (index) usually has a limited volume and is filled in manually by directory staff. Some directories use <a href="https://gamevid.ru/en/instructions/skachat-vse-draivera-na-vindu-8-1-luchshie-programmy-dlya-avtomaticheskogo/">automatic update</a> index.</p>
<p>The search result in the catalog is presented as a list consisting of <a href="https://gamevid.ru/en/ipod/sim800l-podklyuchenie-k-arduino-gsm-gprs-sim800l-modul-opisanie-podklyuchenie/">brief description</a>(annotations) of documents with a hypertext link to the original source.</p>
<p>Popular directory addresses:</p>
<p>1 Foreign catalogues:</p>
<p>a) Yahoo – www.yahoo.com;</p>
<p>b) Look Smart – www.looksmart.com;</p>
<p>c) Magellan – www.mckinley.com;</p>
<p>d) eiNET – www.einet.net.</p>
<p>2 Russian catalogues:</p>
<p>a) Aport (Constellation Internet) – www.aport.ru;</p>
<p>b) AU – www.au.ru;</p>
<p>c) Weblist – www.weblist.ru;</p>
<p>d) Snail – www.ulitka.ru.</p>
<p>In a search engine database, Web sites are grouped into hierarchical subject directories, which are analogous to a subject directory in a library.</p>
<p>Thematic sections <a href="https://gamevid.ru/en/repair/domen-hu-net-kakaya-strana-tolkovyi-slovar-stranovye-domeny/">top level</a>, for example: Internet, Computers, Science and Education, and so on, contain subdirectories. For example, the Internet directory may contain subdirectories Search, Mail and others.</p>
<p>Searching for information in the catalog is reduced to selecting a specific catalog, after which the user will be presented with a list of links to the Internet addresses of the most visited and informative Web sites. Each link is usually annotated, that is, it contains a short commentary on the contents of the document.</p>
<p>The most complete multi-level hierarchical thematic catalog of Russian-language Internet resources is available in the Aport search system (www.aport.ru). The catalog contains a detailed summary of the content of Web sites and an indication of their geographical location.</p>
<p><b>Search engine</b></p>
<p><b>Search engine</b>– a search system with a robot-generated database containing information about information resources.</p>
<p><a href="https://gamevid.ru/en/repair/chto-znachit-bukva-m-na-kolonke-jbl-instrukciya-po-ispolzovaniyu-portativnoi/">Distinctive feature</a> search engines is the fact that the database containing information about Web pages, Usenet articles, and so on, is generated by a robot program.</p>
<p>A search in such a system is carried out according to a query compiled by the user, consisting of a set of keywords or a phrase enclosed in quotation marks. The index is generated and kept up to date by indexing robots. For example, to search for Internet search engines themselves, you can enter the keywords “ <a href="https://gamevid.ru/en/instructions/spiske-platezhnyh-sistem-vybrat-rossiiskie-platezhnye/">Russian system</a> searching for information on the Internet."</p>
<p>Some time after sending the request, the search engine will return a list of Internet addresses of documents in which the specified keywords were found. The description of a document most often contains the first few sentences or excerpts from the text of the document with keywords highlighted. As a rule, the date of update (verification) of the document is indicated, its size in kilobytes; some systems determine the language of the document and its encoding (for Russian-language documents).</p>
<p>To view this document in a browser, simply activate the link pointing to it.</p>
<p>If the keywords were chosen poorly, then the list of document addresses may be too large (may contain tens or even hundreds of thousands of links). In order to reduce the list, you can enter additional keywords in the search field or use the search engine directory.</p>
<p>Many search engines allow you to search the documents found, and you can refine your query by introducing additional terms. If the intelligence of the system is high, you may be offered the service of searching for similar documents. To do this, you select a document you particularly like and point it to the system as a model to follow. But often this function does not work as expected. Some search engines allow you to re-sort the results. To save your time, you can save your search results as a file on <a href="https://gamevid.ru/en/reviews/osvobodit-lokalnyi-disk-s-windows-7-kak-pochistit-zhestkii-disk-ot-nenuzhnyh/">local disk</a> for later study offline.</p>
<p>Addresses of the most popular search engines abroad and in Russia:</p>
<p>1 Foreign search engines:</p>
<p>a) Google – www.google.com;</p>
<p>b) Alta Vista – www.altavista.com;</p>
<p>c) Excite – www.excite.com;</p>
<p>d) HotBot – www.hotbot.com;</p>
<p>e) Northern Light – www.northernlight.com;</p>
<p>f) Go (Infoseek) – www.go.com (infoseek.com);</p>
<p>g) Lycos – www.lycos.com;</p>
<p>h) Fast – www.alltheweb.com.</p>
<p>2 Russian search engines:</p>
<p>a) Yandex – www.yandex.ru (or www.ya.ru);</p>
<p>b) Rambler – www.rambler.ru;</p>
<p>c) Aport – www.aport.ru.</p>
<p>One of the most complete and powerful search engines is Google (www.google.ru), whose database stores 8 billion Web pages and every month robot programs add 5 million new pages to it. In Runet (the Russian part of the Internet), extensive databases containing 200 million documents each have the search engines Yandex (www.yandex.ru) and Rambler (www.rambler.ru).</p>
<p><b>Metasearch engine</b></p>
<p>Please note that different search engines describe different numbers of sources of information on the Internet. Therefore, you cannot limit your search to only one of the specified search engines. Now let's get acquainted with search tools that do not create their own index, but can use the capabilities of other search engines. These are metasearch engines ( <a href="https://gamevid.ru/en/instructions/servisy-internet-elektronnaya-pochta-spiski-rassylki-tele--konferencii/">search services</a>) – systems capable of sending user requests simultaneously to several <a href="https://gamevid.ru/en/news/poisk-informacii-s-ispolzovaniem-kompyutera-prezentaciya/">search servers</a>, then combine the results and present them to the user in the form of a document with links.</p>
<p>Metasearch engines do not have their own database. They are programs that accept a user request and process this request using algorithms <a href="https://gamevid.ru/en/repair/python-iskusstvennyi-intellekt-kak-sozdat-iskusstvennyi-intellekt-klassy-i/">artificial intelligence</a> and then searched by search engines. That is, they are search engines of search engines. The advantage of these systems is their ability to synthesize the search intent rather than just search according to a verbal query. The results of such a search are clear to the user and most closely match what he is looking for. Metasearch sites offer a huge number of options, aiming to be useful to any user. There are various versions of metasearch engines that constantly crawl the Internet for information that matches your search criteria.</p>
<p>When the system finds <a href="https://gamevid.ru/en/repair/skachat-gpu-bust-2-0-dlya-nvidia-semeistva-videokart-nvidia-geforce-spravochnaya/">new information</a>, it alerts you or downloads it automatically. If you want to find sites dedicated to <a href="https://gamevid.ru/en/repair/klassifikator-alkogolnoi-produkcii-egais-pavel-chistov-obshchie/">general issues</a>, travel, and so on, then metasearch engines will allow you to quickly gain access to the necessary information. They also offer direct access to sites with specific information, such as telephone directories, travel guides and government sites. Metasearch engines usually have a slightly longer run time because they query other search engines. It makes sense to turn to them when conventional search engines have not yielded results.</p>
<p>Addresses of well-known metasearch engines:</p>
<p>– MetaCrawler – www.metacrawler.com;</p>
<p>– SavvySearch – www.savvysearch.com</p>
<b>Search engines.</b>
<p>Internet information resources are being replenished at a rapid pace, and you can find <a href="https://gamevid.ru/en/repair/adaptivnost-kontaktnaya-informaciya-adaptivnaya-fizicheskaya/">necessary information</a> getting more and more difficult. Various printed reference books become outdated even before publication. The only reliable way to search for information is to use various search engines that constantly monitor changes in information on the Internet. Since the existence of the Internet, various attempts have been made to organize search tools. Many of these attempts were unsuccessful, but others led to the creation of convenient means of searching for information. The most successful projects have appeared in the last five years. We will look at searching for information on the World Wide Web using several of the most common search engines. In total, there are hundreds of different search engines in the world, and the choice of one or another depends only on your personal preferences. Note that search engines are often called search engines or search engines.</p><p>Many search engines allow you to search for information not only in Web pages, but also in newsgroups and file repositories. Thus, as a result of the search, you can find a message in a newsgroup or some kind of file. Therefore, instead of the term page, a more general term is often used - document. A document is a Web page, message, or file containing various information.</p><p>The search process is quite simple: by specifying keywords specific to the information we are looking for, we will find the document we need. Regardless of which search engine you use, the approximate information search algorithm is as follows.</p><p>Ø You go to <a href="https://gamevid.ru/en/instructions/kak-nastroit-nachalnuyu-stranicu-v-1s-8-3-nastroika-nachalnoi/">home page</a> search engine or to any page on which there are fields for entering a query and a button to start a search. In the latter case, after clicking the button you will automatically be redirected to the search engine page. There are no fundamental differences between the search engine itself and the page with fields for entering a query that is sent to the search engine. The main thing is to go to the page where you can enter your request.</p><p>Ø If the system allows successive refinements of the search area, then you go to sections that define the boundaries of information search (for example, search only in the field of science or search among European Internet nodes). In such systems, a query in the main section searches among all Internet nodes. If, for example, you go to the “News” section, then the search for the query will be performed only among nodes dedicated to news. If you go to the weather section, you will only search among weather news. Thus, you first define the boundaries within which the search should be conducted, and only then a request for information is sent. If the search system you have chosen does not allow you to refine your query, then this step is skipped.</p><p>Ø A search request is entered in accordance with the rules adopted in the selected search system. In the simplest case, this is one or several words, for example “Jokes”, but complex queries with <a href="https://gamevid.ru/en/reviews/bulevy-true-i-false-znacheniya-v-perl-logicheskie-vyrazheniya-i-logicheskie/">logical operations</a>“AND”, “OR”, “NO”.</p><p>Ø If the search system allows, then some query parameters are specified using additional fields, lists, checkboxes and switches, which may be located on the page next to the query field. In most cases, clarification of parameters is not required. Refining parameters and writing complex queries is somewhat similar to programming and is more popular with programmers than with the general public who are not familiar with programming.</p><p>Ø The button is pressed to start the search, and after a pause you are automatically taken to a page with a list of documents that satisfy your request. The duration of the pause depends on the complexity of the request, the speed of the search engine and the quality of your connection with this system.</p><p>Ø If there are a lot of links and they do not fit on one page, then after reading the first page of search results you can move on to the next one, and so on. This way you view all found links to documents.</p><p>Ø After finding the desired link, you click on it with the mouse and go to the page you were looking for. If you want to see other pages found, you can go back to the page with links to found documents and follow another link.</p><p>With many search engines, the query field remains on the page while you view results, so you can quickly refine your query and organize <a href="https://gamevid.ru/en/news/udalenie-printera-iz-reestra-windows-7-kak-pravilno-udalit-draivera-ot/">new search</a>. In most systems, the list includes, in addition to links, several lines of each of the found documents, to make it easier to select the one you need.</p><p>In some systems, lists of links are sorted in such a way that at the top of the list you will receive links to documents that best suit your query. For example, if a document contains query words many times and several words included in the query are located nearby in the document, then such a document more fully satisfies the query. Since most systems perform intelligent searches on the Internet, the degree of match to the query determined by the search engine will not always coincide with your ideas.</p><p>It should be noted that when executing a query, the search engine does not look for the document directly on the Internet. She turns to her database, which contains data about information on the Internet in a compact form. It is possible that the real state of the Internet is somewhat different from what is stored in the database. Search engines continually add and update their databases to minimize this discrepancy.</p><p><b>How does a search engine work?</b></p><p>Almost every search engine (let's say a classic search engine) consists of three main components:</p><p>The web spider, despite all the exoticism of such a name, is just <a href="https://gamevid.ru/en/reviews/kak-otskanirovat-qr-kod-mobilnym-telefonom-samsung-skanirovanie-qr-kodov-na/">special program</a>, which runs on a computer (computers) connected to the Internet, and its main task is to surf this entire Internet (more precisely, Internet pages) in all <a href="https://gamevid.ru/en/repair/soobshchenie-na-temu-problema-informacionnoi-bezopasnosti-ugrozy/">possible directions</a>. After all, pages, as we said, consist of hyperlinks, and so the spider rushes like mad along the hyperlinks of the “web” of sites and downloads the pages obtained in this way for the second component - the index database.</p><p>The indexer is a processor of pages downloaded by a web spider. It extracts all the words from there and puts them into a search database (index database). In this case, the indexer records exactly where a particular word was found, and this information is then used in the search.</p><p>The search algorithm is the main know-how of any search engine. The effectiveness of the result depends on the algorithm - that is, how quickly and accurately the user finds what interests him.</p><p>Attention! Thus, when a user enters his query, the search engine searches its index database for the answer and displays the results according to its search algorithm.</p><p>All three components are important for a search engine to work well. Moreover, each of them is actually quite complex, and its work is subject to a huge number of all kinds of tricky rules, which are also constantly being adjusted.</p><p>A search engine must have a fast spider, a powerful index base, and an effective search algorithm - only then will you get truly useful results.</p>
<p>You can talk for a long time about how search queries should be formed, but I prefer to reduce the main recommendations to the following simple postulates.</p>
<p>1. Write words correctly <a href="https://gamevid.ru/en/reviews/kak-ochistit-istoriyu-prosmotrov-na-yutube-udalenie-istorii/">search query</a></p><p>You will laugh, but a lot of people cannot find sites on topics that interest them and search engines are being attacked in every possible way, while the search word is simply entered with an error, and the search engine wipes <a href="https://gamevid.ru/en/ipod/pravilnaya-defragmentaciya-diska-chto-takoe-defragmentaciya-i-kak/">hard disks</a> to the holes, trying to find a “studio for urgent tailoring of polkas”, while in the atelier of polkas no one sews, but they sew coats.</p><p>2. Use synonyms</p><p>If the search does not bring the desired results, try reformulating the query using synonyms. For example, instead of “chopper” write “cool motorcycle”, instead of “car” write “car”, instead of “ <a href="https://gamevid.ru/en/repair/odnokaskadnyi-usilitel-na-bipolyarnom-tranzistore-izuchenie-raboty/">course work</a>" - "abstract".</p><p>3. Specify your request</p><p>The more accurately the search query is constructed, the greater the chance that the resource you need will be in the first lines of the search result. Therefore, if you are looking for the already mentioned cross stitch technique for milk cans, simply and stupidly write it in the search bar. If the result does not satisfy you, then start varying the line.</p><p>4. Use keywords</p><p>If the search result does not satisfy you, include as many qualifying words as possible in your search query. If you are interested specifically in the work of Herbert von Karajan, then in the search bar, in addition to the name of the great conductor, be sure to enter the word “creativity”. If you are looking for information on a Honda car, write “Honda car” and not just “car”.</p><p>5. Don't write your query in uppercase</p><p>It is advisable to write all queries in lowercase, because the search is usually case sensitive, and the line “FIVE MILAN CATHEDRAL” will only be found if it is typed in capital letters somewhere on the site. However, if you are looking for some proper names - for example, the group "Black Coffee" rather than the food product black coffee - then write them with <a href="https://gamevid.ru/en/reviews/php-pervaya-bukva-malenkaya-preobrazovanie-pervyh-bukv-v-zaglavnye-verhnii/">capital letters</a>(namely in capitals, not all in capitals).</p><p>6. In complex cases, use a query language</p><p>Almost all search engines support the so-called query language, which allows you to specify powerful combinations of various search criteria.</p>
<p><b>Query language</b></p>
<p>Suppose you want to ask a search engine a query as follows: “Find me all the pages where the word “herring” appears, and in any case the word “potato” is missing, no more than two words from “herring” the word “vodka” is located. so that the site is located in the ru zone and the document itself links to www.exler.ru.” Good request, right? Soulful... Meanwhile, you can absolutely easily compose a similar request using special characters in the search bar, which are called query language.</p><p>1.Exclusion/inclusion of certain words - signs “+” and “-”</p><p>Let's say you want to find sites that have jokes about blondes, but you can't stand jokes where evil people call blondes stupid. Then in the request write the following: “+anecdote +blonde -fool” - this means a command to search for pages on which the words “anecdote” and “blonde” are necessarily present, but the word “fool” is missing.</p><p>2. List of alternatives - sign “|”</p><p>The vertical bar allows you to specify alternatives: the system searches for at least one of the listed words. For example, if you want to find pages where one of the words “dad”, “mom”, “daughter”, “granddaughter” appears, the search query will look like this: “dad | mom | daughter | granddaughter".</p><p>3. Search for an exact match - the “!”</p><p>Typically, search engines look for all word forms of the entered word, even if it is specified in full: for example, if “blonde” is entered in a line, then the pages where “blonde” appears first will be displayed, but then the search results will include “blonde”, “blonde” , “blonde”, “blonde” and so on. However, if you only need to find this specific form - "blonde" - then ask <a href="https://gamevid.ru/en/repair/kak-nastroit-poiskovuyu-stroku-yandekse-chto-takoe-adresnaya-stroka/">search bar</a> like this: “!blonde.”</p><p>4. Search for an exact phrase - quotes</p><p>If you want the exact phrase "hypervision quasi-converter" and not "hypervision analyzer including a dark green quasi-converter with pimples", then when searching, put the phrase in quotation marks: "hypervision quasi-converter", in which case the search engine will return only those pages that where these words are located strictly next to each other.</p><p>5. Setting the distance between words - “/n”</p><p>In the case when you want to find all variants of the phrase “tall [any word] blonde”, you can reflect this irrepressible desire in the search query using the “/” sign, meaning “did not exceed”, and a number indicating the permissible number of words, with 1 - it means no words. Let me explain. The query “tall /+2 blonde” means a command to search for all combinations where there is no more than 1 word between “tall” and “blonde”. That is, a “tall blonde” will do, a “tall, long-legged blonde” will also fit, but a “tall, long-legged and passionate blonde” will no longer do. The "+" sign means the word(s) should be on the right, and the "-" sign should be on the left. That is, the query “tall /(-2 4) blonde” means that “tall” must be from “blonde” in the distance range from 2 words on the left to 4 words on the right.</p><p>6. Restriction on addresses - “#url” command</p><p>If you are interested in searching, for example, only on a specific server or by a specific group of addresses, or, conversely, in a search that excludes specific addresses or groups of addresses, you can use the command #url=”address or group.” For example, if you want to find all pages where the word “quadroid” appears, excluding the site www.kvadroid.ru, give the following command: “quadroid ~~#url=”www.kvadroid.ru””.</p><p>7. Search for links - command “#link”</p><p>Sometimes (this is especially true for owners of their own pages) it can be very interesting to find out which sites link (put a hyperlink) to a particular address. In this case, it is enough to enter the following data in the search bar: “#link=”address””. That is, the command “#link = “site”” will show all pages where there are links to</p><p>I have listed only the main features of the Yandex search engine query language. I note that these parameters, as a rule, are very similar in other search engines, although in any case, before using them, it is advisable to look at the description on a specific search engine.</p><p>You should also keep in mind that almost every search engine allows you to create quite complex queries using <a href="https://gamevid.ru/en/reviews/v-chem-izmeryaetsya-soprotivlenie-akusticheskih-sistem-test-polochnoi/">special form</a> called “advanced search”, to work with which you no longer need to know how exactly the query language works in a given search engine.</p>
<p>They have long become an integral part of the Russian Internet. Search engines are now huge and complex mechanisms that represent not only an information search tool, but also tempting areas for business.</p><p>Most search engine users have never thought (or thought about it, but did not find an answer) about the principle of operation of search engines, about the scheme for processing user requests, about what these systems consist of and how they function...</p><p>This master class is designed to answer the question of how search engines work. However, you will not find here factors that influence the ranking of documents. Moreover, you should not count on a detailed explanation of the Yandex algorithm. He, according to Ilya Segalovich, the director of technology and development of the Yandex search engine, can only be recognized “under torture” by Ilya Segalovich himself...</p><p><b>2. Concept and functions of a search engine</b></p><p>A search system is a software and hardware complex designed to search the Internet and respond to a user request, specified in the form of a text phrase (search query), by producing a list of links to sources of information, in order of relevance (in accordance with the request). The largest international search engines: <a target="_blank" href="http://www.google.com">"Google"</a>, Yahoo , MSN . On the Russian Internet these are Yandex, Rambler, Aport.</p><p>Let's take a closer look at the concept of a search query using the Yandex search engine as an example. The search query should be formulated by the user in accordance with what he wants to find, as briefly and simply as possible. Let's say we want to find information in Yandex on how to choose a car. To do this, open <a href="https://gamevid.ru/en/repair/gotovyi-kod-html-dlya-glavnoi-stranicy-traktovka-russkogo-yazyka-kak/">home page</a>“Yandex”, and enter the text of the search query “how to choose a car”. Next, our task comes down to opening the links provided at our request to sources of information on the Internet. However, it is quite possible that we will not find the information we need. If this happens, then either you need to rephrase your request, or the search engine database really does not have any relevant information on our request (this can happen when asking very “narrow” queries, such as, for example, “how to choose a car in Arkhangelsk”)</p><p>The primary goal of any search engine is to deliver to people exactly the information they are looking for. And teach users to make “correct” requests to the system, i.e. queries that comply with the operating principles of search engines are impossible. Therefore, developers create algorithms and operating principles for search engines that would allow users to find the information they are looking for.</p><p>This means the search engine must “think” the same way the user thinks when searching for information. When a user makes a request to a search engine, he wants to find what he needs as quickly and easily as possible. Receiving the result, he evaluates the performance of the system, guided by several basic parameters. Did he find what he was looking for? If he didn’t find it, how many times did he have to rephrase the query to find what he was looking for? How much <a href="https://gamevid.ru/en/reviews/smartfony-galaksi-kor-praim-samsung-galaxy-core-prime-aktualnaya/">up-to-date information</a> was he able to find it? How quickly did the search engine process the query? How convenient were the search results presented? Was the result you were looking for the first or the hundredth? How much unnecessary garbage was found along with <a href="https://gamevid.ru/en/repair/stabilizator-napryazheniya-chto-takoe-poleznaya-informaciya-o/">useful information</a>? Will the necessary information be found when accessing a search engine, say, in a week, or in a month?</p><p>In order to satisfy all these questions with answers, search engine developers are constantly improving search algorithms and principles, adding new functions and capabilities, and trying in every possible way to speed up the operation of the system.</p><p><b>3. Main characteristics of the search engine</b></p><p>Let us describe the main characteristics of search engines:</p><ul><li><i>Completeness</i><p>Completeness is one of the main characteristics of a search system, which is the ratio of the number of documents found by request to <a href="https://gamevid.ru/en/repair/kak-v-open-ofis-postavit-nomera-stranic-kak-pronumerovat-stranicy-v-openoffice/">total number</a> documents on the Internet that satisfy <a href="https://gamevid.ru/en/news/obnovlenie-baz-dannyh-microsoft-sql-server-zaprosy-sql-dlya-obnovleniya/">this request</a>. For example, if there are 100 pages on the Internet containing the phrase “how to choose a car,” and only 60 of them were found for the corresponding query, then the completeness of the search will be 0.6. Obviously, the more complete the search, the less likely it is that the user will not find the document he needs, provided that it exists on the Internet at all.</p></li><li><i>Accuracy</i><p>Accuracy is another main characteristic of a search engine, which is determined by the degree to which the found documents match the user's query. For example, if the query “how to choose a car” contains 100 documents, 50 of them contain the phrase “how to choose a car”, and the rest simply contain these words (“how to choose the right radio and install it in a car”), then the search accuracy is considered equal to 50/100 (=0.5). The more accurate the search, the faster the user will find the documents he needs, the less various kinds of “garbage” will be found among them, the less often the found documents will not correspond to the request.</p></li><li><i>Relevance</i><p>Relevance is an equally important component of search, which is characterized by the time that passes from the moment documents are published on the Internet until they are entered into the search engine index database. For example, the day after interesting news appeared, a large number of users turned to search engines with relevant queries. Objectively, less than a day has passed since the publication of news information on this topic, but the main documents have already been indexed and available for search, thanks to the existence of the so-called “fast database” of large search engines, which is updated several times a day.</p></li><li><i>Search speed</i><p>Search speed is closely related to its load resistance. For example, according to Rambler Internet Holding LLC, today, during business hours, the Rambler search engine receives about 60 requests per second. Such workload requires reducing the processing time of an individual request. Here the interests of the user and the search engine coincide: the visitor wants to get results as quickly as possible, and the search engine must process the request as quickly as possible, so as not to slow down the calculation of subsequent queries.</p></li><li><i>Visibility</i></li>
</ul><p><b>4. Brief history of the development of search engines</b><br></p><p>In the initial period of Internet development, the number of its users was small, and the amount of available information was relatively small. For the most part, only research staff had access to the Internet. At this time, the task of searching for information on the Internet was not as urgent as it is now.</p><p>One of the first ways to organize access to <a href="https://gamevid.ru/en/repair/kursovaya-rabota-osobennosti-pismennogo-perevoda-informacionnye/">information resources</a> The network began to create open directories of sites, links to resources in which were grouped according to topic. The first such project was the Yahoo.com website, which opened in the spring of 1994. After the number of sites in the catalog increased significantly, the ability to search for the necessary information in the catalog was added. In the full sense, it was not yet a search engine, since the search area was limited only to the resources present in the catalog, and not to all Internet resources.</p><p>Link directories were widely used in the past, but have almost completely lost their popularity at present. Since even modern catalogs, huge in volume, contain information only about a negligible part of the Internet. Most <a href="https://gamevid.ru/en/reviews/pochemu-eta-programma-bolshe-nedostupna-v-nashem-kataloge/">large catalog</a> The DMOZ network (also called the Open Directory Project) contains information about 5 million resources, while the search engine database <a href="https://gamevid.ru/en/repair/gde-gugol-sdelaite-google-osnovnoi-poiskovoi-sistemoi-hochetsya-odnovremenno/">Google systems</a> consists of more than 8 billion documents.</p><p>In 1995, search engines Lycos and AltaVista appeared. The latter has been a leader in the field of information search on the Internet for many years.</p><p>In 1997, Sergey Brin and Larry Page created the Google search engine as part of a research project at Stanford University. IN <a href="https://gamevid.ru/en/reviews/adb-draivery-dlya-android-5-0-2-programma-adb-otobrazit-spisok/">currently</a> Google is the most popular search engine in the world!</p><p>In September 1997, the search engine was officially announced <a href="https://gamevid.ru/en/news/google-chrome-silno-gruzit-processor-izbavlyaemsya-ot-mainera-brauzer-yandex-gruzit/">Yandex system</a>, which is the most popular on the Russian-language Internet.</p><p>Currently, there are three main search engines (international) - Google, Yahoo and, which have their own databases and search algorithms. Most other search engines (of which there are a large number) use in one form or another the results of the three listed. For example, AOL search (search.aol.com) uses the Google database, while AltaVista, Lycos and AllTheWeb use the Yahoo database.</p><p><b>5. Composition and principles of operation of the search system</b></p><p>In Russia, the main search engine is Yandex, followed by Rambler.ru, Google.ru, Aport.ru, Mail.ru. Moreover, on <a href="https://gamevid.ru/en/reviews/kto-podklyuchen-k-wi-fi-smotrim-skolko-ustroistv-podklyucheno-k-wifi-routeru-v/">this moment</a>, Mail.ru uses the Yandex search engine and database.</p><p>Almost all major search engines have their own structure, different from others. However, it is possible to identify the main components common to all search engines. Differences in structure can only be in the form of implementation of the mechanisms of interaction of these components.</p><p><b><b>Indexing module</b>
</b></p><p>The indexing module consists of three auxiliary programs (robots):</p><p>Spider is a program designed to download web pages. The spider downloads the page and retrieves all internal links from that page. The html code of each page is downloaded. Robots use HTTP protocols to download pages. The spider works as follows. The robot sends the request “get/path/document” and some other HTTP request commands to the server. In response, the robot receives a text stream containing service information and the document itself.</p><ul><li>Page URL</li><li>date the page was downloaded</li><li>Server response http header</li><li>page body (html code)</li>
</ul><p>Crawler (“traveling” spider) is a program that automatically follows all the links found on the page. Selects all links present on the page. Its job is to determine where the spider should go next, based on references or based on advance <a href="https://gamevid.ru/en/news/teg-ul-zadaet-numerovannyi-spisok-kak-razmestit-elementy/">given list</a> addresses. Crawler, following the links found, searches for new documents that are still unknown to the search engine.</p><p>Indexer (robot indexer) is a program that analyzes web pages downloaded by spiders. The indexer parses the page into its component parts and analyzes them using its own lexical and morphological algorithms. Various page elements are analyzed, such as text, headings, links, structural and style features, special service HTML tags, etc.</p><p>Thus, the indexing module allows you to crawl a given set of resources using links, download encountered pages, extract links to new pages from received documents, and perform a complete analysis of these documents.</p><p><b><b>Database</b>
</b></p><p>A database, or search engine index, is a data storage system, an information array in which specially converted parameters of all documents downloaded and processed by the indexing module are stored.</p><p><b><b>Search server</b>
</b></p><p>The search server is the most important element of the entire system, since the quality and speed of search directly depends on the algorithms that underlie its functioning.</p><p>The search server works as follows:</p><ul><li>The request received from the user is subjected to morphological analysis. The information environment of each document contained in the database is generated (which will subsequently be displayed in the form, that is, corresponding to the request <a href="https://gamevid.ru/en/repair/prikladnye-programmy-obrabotki-tekstovoi-informacii-prikladnoe/">text information</a> on the search results page).</li><li>The received data is passed as input parameters to a special ranking module. Data is processed for all documents, as a result of which each document has its own rating that characterizes the relevance of the query entered by the user and the various components of this document stored in the search engine index.</li><li>Depending on the user’s choice, this rating can be adjusted by additional conditions (for example, the so-called “advanced search”).</li><li>Next, a snippet is generated, that is, for each document found, the title, a short abstract that best matches the query, and a link to the document itself are extracted from the document table, and the words found are highlighted.</li><li>The resulting search results are transmitted to the user in the form of a SERP (Search Engine Result Page) – a search results page.</li>
</ul><p>As you can see, all these components are closely related to each other and work in interaction, forming a clear, rather complex mechanism for the operation of the search system, which requires huge amounts of resources.</p><p><b>6. Conclusion</b></p><p>Now let's summarize all of the above.</p><ul><li>The primary goal of any search engine is to deliver to people exactly the information they are looking for.</li><li>Main characteristics of search engines: <ol><li>Completeness</li><li>Accuracy</li><li>Relevance</li><li>Search speed</li><li>Visibility</li>
</ol></li><li>The first full-fledged search engine was the WebCrawler project, published in 1994.</li><li>The search system includes the following components: <ol><li>Indexing module</li><li>Database</li><li>Search server</li>
</ol></li>
</ul><p>We hope that our master class will allow you to become more familiar with the concept of a search engine and better understand the main functions, characteristics and operating principles of search engines.</p>
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