All information coming to a person consists of signals. It is known that a person receives much more such signals than his brain is able to process. In addition, a person is designed in such a way that he:
- cannot perceive information that is incomprehensible to him;
- biased, that is, he often perceives information not as it is, but as it seems to him;
- gets tired quickly and may make mistakes when processing information;
- cannot retain information for a long time: if you do not consolidate knowledge with constant exercises, the information is forgotten very quickly.
A computer helps a person cope with these problems. It facilitates a person’s mental work and helps to cope with gigantic amounts of information.
Today, a computer is an indispensable human assistant in any field of activity. Without computers it is impossible to imagine the work of banks, shops, hospitals, schools and other institutions. You cannot do without computers when preparing for the publication of books and magazines, in scientific and engineering calculations, when creating special effects in cinema and television, and in many other cases. Using a computer, a person can draw, listen to melodies, watch cartoons and do much more.
The Unified Collection of Digital Educational Resources (sc.edu.ru) contains the animation “The Computer, Its Role in Human Life.” It will allow you to compare problems solved with the help of computers several decades ago and today.
An object that is suitable for many purposes and performs various functions is called universal.
A wide variety of information presented in a form suitable for processing by a computer is called data. In a short time, a computer can process a large amount of data.
The computer processes data according to specified programs.
Unlike humans, computers cannot think. He does only what is prescribed to him. People often talk about computer bugs, but as a rule, these are mistakes of people who developed incorrect programs for the computer.
How does a computer work?
The main thing in a computer is system unit, which includes a processor, RAM devices (memory chips), hard drive, power supply, etc. (Fig. 2).
Rice. 2
You can look inside the system unit using the interactive resource “Components of a system unit,” located in the Unified Collection of Digital Educational Resources (sc.edu.ru). The processor is designed to process data and control the operation of the computer.
Computer memory is used to store data and is divided into operational and long-term.
RAM stores all the programs and data needed to run the computer. The processor can instantly access information located in RAM. Once the power source is turned off, all information contained in the RAM is lost.
For long-term storage of information, a hard drive is used - a long-term memory device.
For more information about the hard drive and other long-term memory devices, read the electronic appendix to the textbook.
The keyboard is used to enter information into the computer's memory.
The monitor is designed to display information on the screen or, as they say, to display information on the screen.
A mouse is one of the main input devices designed to control a computer.
Additional devices can be connected to a personal computer:
- joystick (for controlling the computer during the game);
- scanner (for entering graphic images into computer memory directly from a paper original);
- microphone (for inputting audio information);
- printer (for outputting information onto paper);
- acoustic speakers or headphones (for outputting audio information).
There are other devices. They all make up the computer hardware.
Remember appearance and the names of computer devices will help you with the game “Couples” from electronic application to the textbook.
Safety precautions and workplace organization
REMEMBER! Each workplace is supplied with life-threatening voltage.
You should be extremely careful while working.
To avoid accidents, damage electric shock, equipment breakdowns, it is recommended to follow the following rules:
- Enter the computer lab calmly, without rushing, without jostling, without touching furniture or equipment, and only with the permission of the teacher.
- Do not turn computers on or off without your teacher's permission.
- Do not touch electrical wires and connectors of connecting cables.
- Do not touch the screen or the back of the monitor.
- Do not place foreign objects in the workplace.
- Do not get up from your seats when visitors enter the office.
- Do not attempt to troubleshoot equipment malfunctions yourself; If there are any malfunctions or malfunctions in your computer, stop working immediately and notify your teacher.
- Operate the keyboard with clean, dry hands; Press the keys lightly without making sudden impacts or holding the keys down.
REMEMBER! If you don't take precautions, working on a computer can be harmful to your health.
In order not to harm your health, you must follow a number of simple recommendations:
- An incorrect sitting position at the computer can cause shoulder and lower back pain. Therefore, sit down freely, without tension, without slouching, bending or leaning on the back of the chair. Place your feet directly on the floor, one next to the other, do not stretch them out or bend them (Fig. 3).
Rice. 3
- If the chair allows you to adjust the height, then it should be adjusted so that the angle between the shoulder and forearm is slightly more than straight. The torso should be at a distance of 15-16 cm from the table. The line of sight should be directed to the center of the screen. If you have glasses to wear all the time, work with them on.
- When working, your shoulders should be relaxed, your elbows should lightly touch your body. Your forearms should be at the same height as the keyboard.
- When working hard for a long time, your eyes become overtired, so every 5 minutes, take your eyes off the screen and look at something in the distance.
The most important
Studying in all possible ways The science of computer science deals with the transmission, storage and processing of information. A computer, a universal machine for working with information, helps a person store, process and transmit information.
Computer hardware includes devices for input, processing, storage and output of information. Information input devices are a keyboard, mouse, scanner, microphone, etc. The information processing device is a processor. Information storage devices - RAM, external memory on hard drives. Information output devices - monitor, printer, speakers.
When working at a computer, you must be extremely careful and comply with all safety requirements, and ensure that your workplace is properly organized.
Questions and tasks
- Why did a person need a computer?
- What does the word "universal" mean? Why is a computer a universal machine for working with information?
- What “professions” does a computer have? Prepare short message about one of them.
- Remember the computer programs you know. What are they for?
- What does computer science study?
- What main devices does a computer consist of?
- What is the name of the information processing device?
- What storage devices do you know?
- Most likely, your computers no longer work with floppy disks - flexible magnetic disks placed in a protective plastic case. But in almost every computer program, intended for creating information of one kind or another, there are commands, the graphic image of which is a floppy disk. What are these commands?
- What is included in computer hardware?
- What safety rules must be followed in a computer lab?
- How to properly organize your workplace at the computer?
Back forward
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Back forward
Target: update students’ knowledge acquired in 5th grade;
Tasks:
- restore knowledge about computer science as a science about methods of storing, processing and transmitting information;
- repeat hardware and software computer;
- restore knowledge about the computer as a universal machine for working with information;
- introduce the main stages of the history of computer technology;
- improve the skill of working with a keyboard simulator.
Basic concepts:
- information;
- data;
- Informatics;
- computer.
During the classes
1. The computer as a universal machine for working with information.
(Presentation 1)
Computers have revolutionized our lives. They changed the way people worked, educated, traded and entertained. They are used by doctors and farmers, teachers and bank workers, engineers and designers. You cannot do without computers when preparing for the publication of books and magazines, in scientific and engineering calculations, when creating special effects in cinema and television and in many other cases. Some professions are completely related to computers.
An object suitable for many purposes, with a variety of purposes, performing a variety of functions is called universal.
A computer is a universal machine for working with information. The word “universal” emphasizes that a computer can be used for many purposes: process, store and transmit a wide variety of information, and be used in a wide variety of human activities.
But no matter what a person does with the help of a computer, it is always work with information.
2. Repetition of the concept of information. Types of information by method of receipt and presentation.
What is information?
How does a person perceive information?
How can the information we receive be presented?
Using a computer always means working with information - numbers, texts, sounds or images.
The most diverse information presented in a form suitable for processing by a computer is called yut data.
The computer processes data using programs installed on it. The wider the range of software, the greater the number of tasks that can be solved on a computer.
But at the same time, do not forget the IBM principle that a machine must work, a person must think.
3. An excursion into the history of computer technology.
(Presentation 2)
Already in the Stone Age, the need for counting arose. Our distant ancestors were helped in this by their primitive “computer” - ten fingers on their hands.
In Western Europe, there was a whole system that allowed you to represent numbers up to 9999 on your fingers.
With the development of civilization, various counting techniques appeared. They were necessary for tax collectors, merchants, artisans, and moneylenders. The art of counting was mastered by a few specially trained people - counters. They used counting instruments - abaci.
The simplest abacus is a board with grooves cut into it.
Abaci were already used in the 5th-4th centuries BC. The word "abacus" is of Greek origin and literally means "dust", although its semantic meaning is "counting board". What's the matter? The answer is simple: initially, the pebbles were laid out on a completely flat board, and to prevent them from rolling off from their original position, the board was covered with a thin layer of sand or dust. And from the word “pebble” (in Latin - “calculus”) comes the name of the modern calculating device - “calculator”.
Abacus was also used in ancient Greece, and in ancient Rome, and then in Western Europe until the 18th century. It looks like the abacus you are familiar with - bones on metal knitting needles inserted into a frame.
Abacus was used by different peoples, and each people had their own characteristics. Chinese accounts suan-pan there are seven balls on each wire, two of which are separated from the other five. IN Russian accounts there are ten seeds in each row, and in Western European ones there are nine.
In Japan, even today, counting speed competitions are held between people armed with Japanese abacus. soroban, and computer operators. Moreover, as a rule, calculators win. After all, for a machine to start counting, you need to create a program for it.
As time passed, people's needs for processing numerical information increased. The first ideas for mechanizing the computing process appeared at the end of the 15th - beginning of the 16th centuries. This is evidenced by a sketch of a summing device found in the late 60s of the last century, developed by Leonardo da Vinci. Based on these drawings, the American computer manufacturing company IBM has now built a working machine for advertising purposes.
In 1642, the famous French physicist and mathematician Blaise Pascal created and gained enormous popularity the first mechanical calculating machine - an adding machine. (Pascalina)
In 1673, the great German mathematician and philosopher Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz designed his calculating machine, which allowed not only to add and subtract, but also to multiply and divide multi-digit numbers.
In Russia, the adding machine, created in 1874 by the Russian engineer Vilgodt Odner, successfully competed with the best adding machines from European companies. Its modification “Felix” was produced in our country until the 70s of the twentieth century.
The next important step in the development of computing technology occurred in the 19th century. In 1834, English mathematician and professor at Cambridge University Charles Babbage developed a project for the first programmable computer.
The machine, invented by Charles Babbage, was like a real computing factory. Charles Babbage came up with the idea of using punch cards. In 1985, this machine was built at the Science Museum in London.
In 1890, the Hollerith machine was created, in which the idea of using punched cards was practically realized.
First generation of computers
The first fully electronic computer, Eniak, was built in the USA in 1946. Its dimensions were enormous: more than 30 m in length and 85 m3 in volume. The weight of the car was approximately 30 tons. Data storage and processing in it was carried out using 18 thousand vacuum tubes.
In our country in 1948. year, academician Sergei Alekseevich Lebedev proposed a project for the first computer on the continent of Europe - the Small Electronic Computing Machine (MESM). In 1951 MESM is officially put into operation, and computational problems are regularly solved on it. The machine operated with 20-bit binary codes with a speed of 50 operations per second, and had a RAM memory of 100 cells on vacuum tubes. It has about 6000 vacuum tubes (about 3500 triodes and 2500 diodes), occupies an area of 60 m2, and consumes about 25 kW of power.
Second generation of computers
A decade later, in the early 60s, transistors replaced vacuum tubes. The emergence of the second generation of computers is associated with them.
In 1951, the American J. Forreister created Whirewind-1 with memory on magnetic cores.
In 1953, our industry began to produce the Strela electronic computer. The Strela computer, together with auxiliary equipment, occupied an area of 500 square meters. This would be enough for 10 apartments.
In the USSR, in 1967, the most powerful second-generation computer in Europe, BESM-6 (Big Electronic Calculating Machine), which could perform 1 million operations per second, came into operation. BESM-6 used 260 thousand transistors.
Third generation computer
In 1968, in the USA, the Barrows company released the first computer running on integrated circuits Oh.
Since the 70s, integrated circuits began to be used. The size of such a circuit is no more than a pea, and it contains thousands of transistors, each of which has dimensions comparable to the thickness of a human hair. The machines shrank so much that they could fit on a desk.
As the legend says, great-grandmother modern mouse invented in 1968 by Douglas Engelbart. By the way, he also called his device “mouse”.
Fourth stage
The development of high technologies has led to the creation of large integrated circuits - LSIs, including tens of thousands of transistors.
The first personal computer was the App1e-1, created in 1976.
In 1982, IBM began manufacturing IBM PC personal computers (the “grandfathers” of modern IBM-compatible computers).
Modern personal computers compact and thousands of times faster than the first personal computers
4. Homework.
- Uch. pp. 9-10.
- Questions page 10.
- Additionally: Chapter 4 Material for the curious §4.13 -4.18, read.
- Practical work. User Interface Basics: Desktop, Application Window, Computer Control (repeat);
- Working on a keyboard trainer.
- Summarizing. End of work.
Literature:
- Bosova L.L. Computer Science: Textbook for 6th grade. – M.: Binom. Knowledge Laboratory, 2010.
- http://www.gym075.edusite.ru/istoriyavt.html - Development of computer technology and computer generation.
- http://historyvt.narod.ru/ - Development of computer technology and computer generation.
- http://forum.antichat.ru/thread141014.html - the history of computers, the pictures are a lot of interesting.
Presentation for the first lesson in 6th grade on teaching materials by Bosova L.L. 1. We repeat the safety rules 2. We repeat the 5th grade material in the sections: “Information”, “How a computer works”, “The computer in the service of a person” 3. We move on to studying the topic: “The computer is a universal machine for working with information " 4. Lesson summary, d/z
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Safety regulations
If you are a good boy, then don’t put your finger in the socket, don’t play with the wires: do you know if there is a heaven? Safety regulations
Know how to be thrifty, and don’t hit the keys, take into account this fact, electrical contact. Safety regulations
A mouse can become a friend if you don't offend it. Train her skillfully, do not spin her around idle. Safety regulations
If you enter "answer" and the computer says "no", do not knock on the display, better rules teach! Safety regulations
If your machine malfunctions, you need patience. There are no problems, even with a smart computer! Safety regulations
If there is a spark somewhere, or something is smoking, don’t waste your time - you need to call an adult. After all, we ourselves know that a flame can ignite from a spark. Safety regulations
Everyone knows the rest: So that they don’t jump up from their seats, Don’t shout, don’t push, Don’t fight over computers. Safety regulations
No one comes to us in jackets, fur coats and coats. Friends, you can’t be in the office with dirty shoes. Safety regulations
Start work strictly with the permission of the teacher, and keep in mind: you are responsible for the order in the office. Safety regulations
1 Let's remember a little material from grade 5
INFORMATION Information is information about the world around us.
from books How does a person receive information? from a teacher from the Internet from friends
Humans and animals receive information through the senses Sense organs Information Vision Hearing Taste Smell Touch Other senses
Types of information by presentation form Numerical Quantitative characteristics of the surrounding world - height, weight, age, forest area.... Text Anything that is printed or written on any existing languages Graphic Drawings, paintings, diagrams, drawings, maps, photographs, etc. Sound Everything we hear is human speech, music, birdsong, etc. Video information Sequences of images - films, cartoons, etc.
The science of computer science deals with the study of all possible ways of transmitting, storing and processing information. A computer helps a person store, process and transmit information.
A computer consists of devices that perform some of the functions of a thinking person: Human organs Information process Computer devices Sense organs Reception (input) of information Keyboard, mouse, scanner Brain Information storage Memory Brain Processing information Processor Organs of speech and musculoskeletal system Transmission (output) of information Monitor, printer
2 Computer hardware and software
How does a computer work?
The main thing in a computer is the system unit, which includes a processor, memory, hard and magnetic drives, power supply, etc.
The processor is designed for computing, processing information and controlling the operation of the computer
Computer memory is used to store data. There are two types of memory: RAM and permanent memory. The devices that implement them are called RAM and ROM. ROM stores instructions that determine how the computer turns on. These instructions are not deleted even when the computer is turned off. All programs and data necessary for the operation of the computer are placed in RAM. After turning off the computer, all information contained in the RAM is deleted. RAM board Read-only memory
For long-term storage of information, long-term memory is used: magnetic disks, optical discs, Other devices. Magnetic disks There are rigid and flexible. Large capacity hard drives are built into the system unit and are permanently located there. The system unit also contains floppy disk drives. Unlike flexible hard disks cannot be transferred. IN Lately Optical disks and flash drives have become more widespread.
The following devices are used to enter information into the computer memory: keyboard scanner The following devices are used to output information to the computer memory: monitor printer
Additional devices: mouse, speakers, joystick, others. All of them make up the computer hardware. Let’s perform the “Hardware” test:
26 A machine must work, a person must think. IBM principle 3 THE COMPUTER IN THE SERVICE OF HUMAN
27 Computer Typewriter Clerk Personal secretary Accountant Information desk Librarian Publisher Translator Postman Artist Animator Constructor Fashion designer Architect Designer Composer and musician Doctor Teacher Leisure organizer COMPUTER “PROFESSIONS”
Let's move on to studying new topic: § 1.1 - Who uses a computer in their professional activity? - What operations can be performed using a computer? A universal object is an object that is suitable for many purposes, with a variety of purposes, and performs various functions. - Can we say that a computer is a universal machine? - What actions can a computer perform with information? - What information does the computer work with? Data refers to a variety of information presented in a form suitable for processing by a computer. Data processing is carried out on a computer using programs.
Fill out the diagram: in the appropriate blocks, indicate the name of the programs that process text, graphic, numeric and sound information on a computer.
Programs Text information Numeric information Audio information Graphic information Notepad Sound Recorder MS Power Point Calculator Paint MS Excel MS Word Movie Maker
Completing tasks No. 3 and No. 4 on page 4 workbook. Homework: § 1.1, RT: No. 1, No. 2 - p.3. Material for the curious: pp. 103-112 § 4.14-4.18 Let's summarize: p. 10 in the textbook What does the word “universal” mean? Why is a computer a universal machine for working with information? Give an example of using computers? Remember what programs are designed for processing numerical, text and graphic information?
Universal means suitable for many purposes, performing a variety of functions. Let's remember the Computer - a universal machine for working with information in a wide variety of human activities. !! Information processing Information transmission Information storage
The science of computer science deals with the study of all possible ways of transmitting, storing and processing information. Let's remember Data is a wide variety of information presented in a form suitable for processing by a computer. The computer processes data according to specified programs. !!
Hardware PC Basic devices System unit Monitor Keyboard Additional devices Input devices Output devices Storage devices Transmission devices Minimum required set for user operation Expands user capabilities PC devices Computer (computer) – electronic machine for working with information
The main thing in a computer is the system unit, which includes a processor, RAM, hard drive, power supply and other components. How a computer works ProcessorProcessor Long-term memory memory (hard drive) Long-term memory memory (hard drive) RAM Power supply Other components
HDD (hard drive) HDD CD and DVD-ROM CD and DVD-RW Flash memory Removable disks Memory cards Memory and processing devices INTERNAL EXTERNAL long-term Random access memory (RAM) Read-only memory (ROM) Cache memory PROCESSING Processor Memory consists of cells of the same size (1 byte = 8 bits). Each memory cell has its own unique address.
The most important thing is that the science of computer science deals with the study of all possible methods of transmitting, storing and processing information. A computer, a universal machine for working with information, helps a person store, process and transmit information. Computer hardware includes devices for input, processing, storage and output of information. Information input devices are a keyboard, mouse, scanner, microphone, etc. Information processing device is a processor. Storage devices: RAM, external memory on hard drives. Output devices: monitor, printer, speakers.
Information Information about the subject of interest to us Computer A universal program-controlled device for processing information Processor A device designed for computing, processing information and managing the operation of a computer Random access memory Information in this memory is only during operation Computer Hard disk Used for long-term storage of information Keyboard A device for entering information by pressing keys Monitor A device for visually displaying information Mouse A device for fast travel on the screen and selection necessary information Printer A device for printing information on paper Data Information presented in a form suitable for processing by a computer Hardware The totality of all computer devices Questions and tasks?? 15 page 14
Find and cross out the “extra” device in each group. Questions and tasks?? Plotter Joystick Printer Monitor Plotter Joystick Printer Monitor Scanner Keyboard Monitor Microphone Scanner Keyboard Monitor Microphone Keyboard Mouse Scanner Acoustic speakers Keyboard Mouse Scanner Speakers Printer Monitor Scanner Headphones Printer Monitor Scanner Headphones Check 17 page 15
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