There are two main types software: system (also called general) and application (called special). Each type of software performs various functions. Systemic software is a set of programs that control computer components, such as the processor, communications and peripheral devices. Programmers who create system software, are called system programmers. Application software refers to programs written for users or by users themselves to tell the computer to do a specific job. Programs for processing orders or creating mailing lists are examples of application software. Programmers who write applications software are called application programmers.
Both types of software are interrelated and can be represented in the form of a diagram shown in Fig. 2.1. As you can see, each area interacts closely with the other. Systemic software provides and controls access to hardware computer. Applied software interacts with hardware components through the system. End users primarily work with application software. To ensure hardware compatibility, each type of software is developed for a specific hardware platform.
Rice. 2.1.
System software, which includes operating system , language translators and utility programs, controls access to hardware. Application software such as programming languages and various custom applications, works with hardware through a layer of system software. Users, in turn, interact with application software.
Software systems can be classified according to various criteria. Let's consider a classification in which the fundamental feature is the sphere (area) of use of software products:
- hardware of autonomous computers and computer networks;
- functional tasks of various subject areas;
- software development technology.
For support information technology in these areas, there are respectively three classes of software products presented in Fig. 2.2:
- system software;
- application software;
- instrumental software.
Systemic software(System Software) – a set of programs and software systems designed to ensure the operation of a computer and computer networks. Systemic software performs the following tasks:
- creation of an operating environment for the functioning of other programs;
- ensuring reliable and efficient operation of the computer itself and the computer network;
- Carrying out diagnostics, localization of failures, errors and failures and prevention of computer equipment and computer networks;
- execution of auxiliary technological processes(copying, archiving, restoring program files and databases, etc.).
Rice. 2.2.
This class of software products is closely related to the type of computer and is an integral part of it. Software products are mainly aimed at qualified users - professionals in the computer field: system programmer, network administrator, application programmer, operator. However, knowledge of the basic technology of working with this class of software products is also required by end users of a personal computer, who independently not only work with their programs, but also perform maintenance of the computer, programs and data.
Software products of this class are of a general nature of application, regardless of the specifics subject area . They are subject to high demands on reliability and manufacturability, convenience and efficiency of use.
Applied software is a set of interrelated programs designed to solve problems of a certain class of specific subject area. Packages application programs (PPP) general purpose They serve as software tools for solving functional problems and are the largest class of software products. This class includes software products, performing information processing in various subject areas.
Application packages are installed on the computer system administrators, systems programmers, and (in some cases) skilled users. Direct operation of software products is carried out, as a rule, by end users - consumers of information, in many cases whose activities are very far from the computer field. This class of software products can be very specific to individual subject areas.
Programming technology tools are a set of programs and software packages that provide technology for development, debugging and implementation created programs new products.
Programming technology tools include specialized software products that are instrumental means developer. Software products of this class support all technological stages of the process of design, programming (coding), debugging and testing of created programs. Users of programming technology are system and application programmers.
Systemic software(Fig. 2.3) can be divided into basic software, which usually comes with the computer, and a service software, which can be purchased additionally.
Basic software(base software) – minimum set software, ensuring the operation of the computer. Service software includes programs and software packages that expand the capabilities of the basic software and organize a more convenient user work environment.
Rice. 2.3.
To basic software includes:
- operating system;
- operating shells(usually text and graphic);
- network operating system.
operating system designed to control execution user programs, planning and management of computer computing resources.
The most traditional comparison of OS is carried out according to the following characteristics of the information processing process:
- memory management (maximum addressable space, memory types, technical indicators of memory use);
- functionality of auxiliary programs (utilities) as part of the operating system;
- presence of disk compression;
- the ability to archive files;
- support for multitasking mode;
- network software support;
- availability of high-quality documentation;
- conditions and complexity of the installation process;
- mobility (portability), safety, reliability, etc.
Operating systems, given their central position in computer software, are discussed in detail in the next chapter of the textbook.
Operating shells – special programs, designed to facilitate user communication with operating system commands. Operating shells have text and graphical end-user interface options, and in the future, voice interface options and handwriting recognition are possible. These programs significantly simplify the task of specifying control information for executing operating system commands and reduce the stress and complexity of the end user's work.
An extension of the basic computer software is a set of service, additionally installed programs (or programs supplied directly with operating systems), which can be classified according to functionality as follows:
- computer diagnostic programs;
- anti-virus programs that protect your computer, detect and restore infected files;
- disk maintenance programs that check the surface quality of a magnetic disk, monitor the integrity of the file system on the logical and physical levels, disk compression, creating backup copies of disks, backing up data on external media, etc.;
- data archiving programs that provide the process of compressing information in files in order to reduce the amount of memory for storing it;
- network maintenance programs.
These programs are often called utilities. Utilities are programs used to perform auxiliary operations of data processing or computer maintenance (diagnostics, testing hardware and software, optimizing the use of disk space, restoring damaged computers). magnetic disk information, etc.).
In modern operating systems, such utilities can be presented, as, for example, in Windows, by groups of “standard” and “utility” programs. They include a number useful programs: calculator, sound recording, notepad, etc. In the “utilities” group there are a number of programs that expand the capabilities of the operating system: disk cleanup and defragmentation, system recovery, etc.
Topic 1.3: System Software
Topic 1.4: Service software and algorithmic basics
Introduction to Economic Informatics
1.3. PC system software
1.3.1. PC software structure
A set of programs designed to solve problems on a PC is called software. The composition of PC software is called software configuration.
Software can be divided into three categories:
- system software (general use programs) that perform various secondary functions, for example, creating copies of information used, issuing reference information about the computer, checking the functionality of computer devices, etc.
- application software that allows you to perform the necessary work on a PC: editing text documents, creating drawings or pictures, processing information arrays, etc.
- tool software ( programming systems), ensuring the development of new computer programs in a programming language.
Rice. 1.
System software
These general-use programs are not associated with a specific PC application and perform traditional functions: scheduling and task management, I/O management, etc.
In other words, system programs perform various auxiliary functions, for example, creating copies of used information, issuing help information about the computer, checking the functionality of computer devices, etc.
System software includes:
- operating systems (this program is loaded into RAM when the computer is turned on);
- shell programs (provide a more convenient and visual way to communicate with a computer than using command line DOS, for example, Norton Commander);
- operating shells are interface systems that are used to create graphical interfaces, multiprogramming, etc.;
- Drivers (programs designed to manage ports peripheral devices, usually loaded into RAM when the computer starts);
- utilities (auxiliary or utilities, which provide the user with a number of additional services).
Utilities include:
- file managers or file managers;
- means of dynamic data compression (allow you to increase the amount of information on the disk due to its dynamic compression);
- viewing and playback tools;
- diagnostic tools; control tools allow you to check the computer configuration and check the functionality of computer devices, first of all hard drives;
- communication tools (communication programs) are designed to organize the exchange of information between computers;
- means of support computer security (backup, antivirus software).
It should be noted that some of the utilities are included in the operating system, while the other part functions autonomously. Most of the general (system) software is included in the OS. Some of the general software is included in the computer itself (some of the OS programs and control tests are written in ROM or PROM installed on the motherboard). Some of the common software are stand-alone programs and are supplied separately.
Application software
Application programs can be used independently or as part of software systems or packages.
Application software - programs that directly enable the necessary work to be performed on a PC: editing text documents, creating drawings or pictures, creating spreadsheets, etc.
Application software packages are a system of programs that, according to their scope of application, are divided into problem-oriented, general-purpose packages and integrated packages. Modern integrated packages contain up to five functional components: test and table processor, DBMS, graphics editor, telecommunications facilities.
Application software, for example, includes:
- MS OFFICE suite of office applications.
- Accounting systems.
- Financial analytical systems.
- Integrated office management packages.
- CAD – systems (computer-aided design systems).
- HTML editors or Web editors.
- Browsers - tools Web browsing- pages.
- Graphic editor.
- Expert systems.
Tool software
Tool software or programming systems are systems for automating the development of new programs in a programming language.
In the most general case, to create a program in the selected programming language (system programming language), you need to have the following components:
- Text editor to create a file with the source code of the program.
- Compiler or interpreter. The source text is translated into intermediate object code using a compiler program. Original text big program consists of several modules(source files). Each module is compiled to separate file with object code, which then need to be combined into one.
- A link editor or assembler that performs linking of object modules and generates a working application as an output - executable code. Executable code is a complete program that can be run on any computer that has the operating system for which the program was created. As a rule, the resulting file has the extension .EXE or .COM.
- IN Lately Visual programming methods (using scripting languages) aimed at creating Windows applications have become widespread. This process is automated in rapid design environments. In this case, ready-made visual components are used, which are configured using special editors.
Most popular editors(program programming systems using visual tools) visual design:
- Borland Delphi - designed to solve almost any application programming problem.
- Borland C++ Builder is an excellent tool for developing DOS and Windows applications.
- Microsoft Visual Basic is a popular tool for creating Windows programs.
- Microsoft Visual C++ - this tool allows you to develop any applications running in an OS environment such as Microsoft Windows.
A set of programs designed to solve problems on a PC is called software. The composition of PC software is called software configuration. Software can be divided into three categories (Fig. 1):
Figure 1. Software classification
system software (general use programs) that perform various auxiliary functions, such as creating copies of used information, providing help information about the computer, checking the functionality of computer devices, etc.
application software that provides the necessary work on a PC: editing text documents, creating drawings or pictures, processing information arrays, etc.
tool software (programming systems) that ensures the development of new computer programs in a programming language.
System software is a set of programs that provide effective management of computer system components, such as processor, RAM, input/output devices, network equipment, acting as an “interlayer interface”, on one side of which is the hardware, and on the other, user applications. Unlike application software, system software does not solve specific application problems, but only ensures the operation of other programs and manages hardware resources computing system etc.
These general-use programs are not associated with a specific PC application and perform traditional functions: scheduling and task management, I/O management, etc. In other words, system programs perform various auxiliary functions, for example, creating copies of used information, providing help information about the computer, checking the functionality of computer devices, etc. System software includes:
operating systems (this program is loaded into RAM when the computer is turned on)
shell programs (provide a more convenient and visual way to communicate with a computer than using the DOS command line, for example, Norton Commander)
operating shells are interface systems that are used to create graphical interfaces, multiprogramming, etc.
Drivers (programs designed to control peripheral device ports, usually loaded into RAM when the computer starts)
utilities (auxiliary or utility programs that provide the user with a number of additional services)
Utilities include:
file managers or file managers
dynamic data compression tools (allow you to increase the amount of information on the disk due to its dynamic compression)
viewing and playback tools
diagnostic tools; control tools allow you to check the computer configuration and check the functionality of computer devices, primarily hard drives
communication tools (communication programs) are designed to organize the exchange of information between computers
Computer security tools (backup, anti-virus software).
Utilities are programs designed to solve a narrow range of auxiliary tasks.
Sometimes utilities are classified as service software
Utilities are used for:
Monitoring sensor indicators and equipment performance - monitoring processor and video adapter temperatures; reading S.M.A.R.T. hard drives;
Managing equipment parameters - limiting the maximum rotation speed of the CD drive; changing fan speed.
Monitoring indicators - checking referential integrity; correctness of data recording.
Expanded capabilities - formatting and/or re-partitioning the disk while saving data, deleting without the possibility of recovery.
Types of utilities:
Disk Utilities
Registry utilities
Equipment monitoring utilities
Equipment tests
Defragmenters
Disk scanning - searching for files and disk areas that were incorrectly recorded or damaged in various ways and their subsequent removal for efficient use of disk space.
Disk Cleanup - deleting temporary files, unnecessary files, emptying the Recycle Bin.
Disk partitioning is the division of a disk into logical disks, which can have different file systems and be perceived by the operating system as several different disks.
Backup - creating backup copies of entire disks and individual files, as well as restoring from these copies.
Disk compression - compression of information on disks to increase the capacity of hard drives.
Figure 2. Place of open source software in the multi-level structure of a computer
It should be noted that some of the utilities are included in the operating system, while the other part functions autonomously. Most of the general (system) software is included in the OS (Fig. 2). Some of the general software is included in the computer itself (some of the OS programs and control tests are written in ROM or PROM installed on the motherboard). Some of the common software are stand-alone programs and are supplied separately.
Application software. Application programs can be used independently or as part of software systems or packages. Application software - programs that directly support the performance of necessary work on a PC: editing text documents, creating drawings or pictures, creating spreadsheets, etc. Application software packages are a system of programs that, according to their scope of application, are divided into problem-oriented, general packages appointments and integrated packages. Modern integrated packages contain up to five functional components: test and spreadsheet processor, DBMS, graphic editor, telecommunications tools. Application software, for example, includes:
MS OFFICE suite of office applications
Accounting systems
Financial analytical systems
Integrated office management packages
CAD – systems (computer-aided design systems)
HTML or Web editors
Browsers – means of viewing Web pages
Graphic editor
Expert systems.
Tool software. Tooling software or programming systems are systems for automating the development of new programs in a programming language. In the most general case, to create a program in the selected programming language (system programming language), you need to have the following components: 1. Text editor for creating a file with the source text of the program. 2. Compiler or interpreter. The source text is translated into intermediate object code using a compiler program. The source code of a large program consists of several modules(source files). Each module is compiled into a separate file with object code, which then must be combined into one whole.3. A link editor or assembler that performs linking of object modules and generates a working application as an output - executable code. Executable code is a complete program that can be run on any computer that has the operating system for which the program was created. As a rule, the resulting file has the extension .EXE or .COM.4. Recently, visual programming methods (using scripting languages) aimed at creating Windows applications have become widespread. This process is automated in rapid design environments. In this case, ready-made visual components are used, which are configured using special editors. The most popular editors (program programming systems using visual tools) for visual design:
Borland Delphi - designed to solve almost any application programming problem
Borland C++ Builder is an excellent tool for developing DOS and Windows applications
Microsoft Visual Basic is a popular tool for creating Windows programs
Microsoft Visual C++ - this tool allows you to develop any applications running in an OS environment such as Microsoft Windows
Control questions:
Define operating system.
What software is considered system software?
Name the utility software.
What software is considered application software?
What is the purpose of the software?
What are the main classes of programs? Give examples of programs in each class according to their purpose.
Performance information process in the form of an algorithm allows you to obtain its automatic execution by various technical devices, among which the computer occupies a special place. In this case, they say that the computer executes a program (a sequence of commands) that implements the algorithm. An algorithm written in a computer-friendly programming language is called program.
Personal Computer cannot work without software. For it to work, a complex is required various programs. Totality necessary programs amounts to computer software.
Depending on the purpose, PC software can be divided into three groups:
· system support;
· programming systems;
· application software.
A) System support PC consists of operating systems and monitoring and diagnostic tools.
operating system(OS) is a set of programs that provide control of the information processing process and interaction between hardware and the user. An operating system is a program that loads when you turn on your computer. It carries out a dialogue with the user, manages the computer and its resources, and launches other programs for execution. The operating system provides the user and application programs with convenient way communication (interface) with computer devices. Nowadays, most computers run an operating system. Windows systems from Microsoft. One can argue about its advantages and disadvantages, but one cannot help but note the fact that most programs are written specifically for it. Using other operating systems leads to the problem of finding those programs that are needed in everyday work. In addition, among all operating systems it is necessary to distinguish the class of UNIX systems. This is primarily Linux, FreeBSD, Solaris. They are installed primarily on servers, as they have great computer management capabilities and take up little resources. But unlike Windows systems, their administration is available only to professionals or very competent users, which significantly reduces the scope of their application.
Drivers. An important class of system programs are driver programs. They are expanding Windows features for managing computer input/output devices (keyboard, hard drive, mouse, etc.). Using drivers, you can connect new devices to your computer or use existing devices in non-standard ways.
System programs can also include a large number utilities, i.e. auxiliary programs:
- Archive programs (packers) allow through the use special methods“packaging” information to compress information on disks, i.e. create smaller copies of files. There are many archiver programs that have different indicators for the degree and time of compression; these indicators can be different for different files (text, graphic, executable, etc.), i.e. one archiver compresses well text file, and the other is executable. Among the most famous and frequently used programs are the following: ARJ, PKZIP, RAR, LHA, HA, etc.
- Antivirus programs. A computer virus is a specially written small program that can “attribute” itself to other programs (“infect” them) and also execute various actions on the computer.
To effectively combat numerous viruses, antivirus programs are created:
· detector programs detect files infected with a virus;
· doctor programs, or phages, “treat” programs, restoring their original appearance and removing the virus from them;
· Filter programs intercept calls from viruses to the operating system, used to reproduce and cause harm, and report them to the user.
To the most famous antivirus programs include periodically updated and supplemented programs AIDSTEST and DRWEB.
- Cache programs for disk speed up access to information on the disk by organizing cache buffers in RAM that contain the most frequently used areas of the disk. Most often, additional or expanded computer memory is used for cache.
B). Programming systems include programming languages and translators and allow the development of both system and application software. Modern systems PC programming software usually provides the user with very powerful and convenient tools for developing programs. These include:
– a compiler that converts a program in a programming language into a program in machine code; or an interpreter that directly executes a program in a programming language high level;
– program libraries containing pre-prepared programs that programmers can use;
– various auxiliary programs.
Programming systems differ in what programming language they implement.
Programming languages are specially created languages for describing data processing algorithms on a computer. Currently there are several hundred of them. PC programs are developed in programming languages. During early development computer technology The Fortran programming language, a special language for programming machine instructions, was especially popular; it was used mainly on large computers. With the development of the PC era, popularity moved to the BASIC and Pascal languages. They represented a compromise between power and accessibility, which is why many professionals started writing programs in these languages. But mostly professionals work in the C language (or its object-oriented subtype C++). Its capabilities are so great that they allow you to write both programs for printing accounting calculations and drivers for operating systems.
Program is a set of commands written in accordance with the accepted syntax and controlling the actions of the computer. In order for a program to be executed by a computer, the source module of the program written in a programming language must be translated into a set of machine instructions or into an object module. The role of such a translator is performed by translators.
Translator is a translator from a programming language to a computer language, i.e. into commands consisting of machine codes. There are main types of translators: interpreters and compilers.
Interpreter– a translator that provides instruction-by-instruction translation into machine codes with their simultaneous execution. The advantage of the interpreter is the ability to organize work in the user-computer dialogue mode. The disadvantage is the low speed of program execution.
Compiler– a translator that translates the entire program into machine code without executing it. As a result of the compiler's work, a separate module is created that is not yet ready for execution. To execute a program, you must create a load (executable) module, which can include several object modules necessary to execute the program.
IN). Application software– a set of programs for various purposes for automating the processing of various types of information and performing calculations in various fields of human activity.
Application programs– special programs that are developed for specific users or by the users themselves to solve a certain range of problems. The use of application programs by other users is limited.
Specialized application packages– programs for solving a certain class of problems, a specific subject area, which are designed to meet the needs of a large number of users. For example, text editors (Lexicon, Word), spreadsheets (SuperCalc, Excel), Databases (dBase, Access), etc.
Integrated Application Systems– complex application software packages that have universal information processing capabilities and include: word processors, database management systems, table processors and tools business graphics. For example, Works, Microsoft Office etc. Such systems increase labor productivity and make the work easier for accountants, economists, businessmen, researchers, secretaries, etc.
Programs for corporate use can be divided into several groups that are not functionally dependent on each other, but are used for one purpose - ensuring the performance of a single organization (although some are also used at home). These include enterprise automation software products, office programs for office work, accounting and document management automation programs, and translation programs. The most famous programs in this area are the programs Microsoft package Office.
Design programs used when constructing graphic objects. These include programs such as Adobe Photoshop, Adobe Illustrator etc. These software products allow the computer user to create various flat and three-dimensional drawings, as well as process photographs and scanned images in real time and at the same time see each stage of the work.
Communication programs allow you to use Internet resources, provide the opportunity to communicate with other users at the level text messages, audio and video signal. These programs can be divided into several subtypes.
1) Browsers - programs that reflect the content of resources on computer networks, can be built on HTML, FTP or Telnet technology. The most famous are Microsoft Internet Explorer, Netscape Navigator, Opera.
2) Mail programs are used to send text messages (letters) and any files by users computer networks. For example, Microsoft programs Oitlook Express, The Bat!, Eidora.
Communication programs allow users to communicate via text messages (ISQ, AOL Instant Messenger, Yahoo! Pager), streaming audio (Microsoft Net Meeting) or streaming video (Quick Movie).
Utilities They help monitor the “health” of your computer (Reestr Cleaner), manage business (Display Notes), change the current language on the computer (Snoop!), monitor Internet connection traffic (NetStat) and the correctness of downloading files from the Internet (ReGet).
Multimedia programs combine the presence of video fragments and sound, static pictures and hypertext. These programs are used to create computer collections of music collections, art museums, videos, and educational programs.
The most common class of multimedia programs are computer games– network and non-network.
There are also educational interactive cartoons, videos, educational games, and educational simulators for children and adults.
A set of programs designed to solve problems on a PC is called software. The composition of PC software is called software configuration.
Software can be divided into three categories:
System software(general use programs) that perform various auxiliary functions, such as creating copies of used information, providing help information about the computer, checking the functionality of computer devices, etc.
Application software, ensuring the necessary work is performed on a PC: editing text documents, creating drawings or pictures, processing information arrays, etc.
Tool software(programming systems), which ensures the development of new computer programs in a programming language.
Software structure
System software
These general-use programs are not associated with a specific PC application and perform traditional functions: scheduling and task management, I/O management, etc.
In other words, system programs perform various auxiliary functions, for example, creating copies of used information, providing help information about the computer, checking the functionality of computer devices, etc.
System software includes:
OS(this program is loaded into RAM when the computer is turned on)
shell programs (provide a more convenient and visual way to communicate with a computer than using the DOS command line, for example, Norton Commander)
operating shells- interface systems that are used to create graphical interfaces, multiprogramming, etc.
Drivers(programs designed to control peripheral ports are usually loaded into RAM when the computer starts)
utilities(helper or utility programs that provide the user with a number of additional services)
Utilities include:
File managers or file managers
Dynamic data compression tools (allow you to increase the amount of information on disk by dynamically compressing it)
Viewer and Playback Tools
Diagnostic tools; control tools allow you to check the computer configuration and check the functionality of computer devices, primarily hard drives
Communication tools (communication programs) are designed to organize the exchange of information between computers
Computer security tools (backup, anti-virus software).
It should be noted that some of the utilities are included in the operating system, while the other part functions autonomously. Most of the general (system) software is included in the OS. Some of the general software is included in the computer itself (some of the OS programs and control tests are written in ROM or PROM installed on the motherboard). Some of the common software are stand-alone programs and are supplied separately.
Application software
Application programs can be used independently or as part of software systems or packages. Application software - programs that directly provide the necessary work on a PC: editing text documents, creating drawings or pictures, creating spreadsheets, etc.
Application software packages are a system of programs that, according to their scope of application, are divided into problem-oriented, general-purpose packages and integrated packages. Modern integrated packages contain up to five functional components: test and spreadsheet processor, DBMS, graphic editor, telecommunications tools.
Application software, for example, includes:
MS OFFICE suite of office applications
Accounting systems
Financial analytical systems
Integrated office management packages
CAD - systems (computer-aided design systems)
HTML or Web editors
Browsers - Web page viewers
Graphic editor
Expert systems...
Tool software
Tool software or programming systems are systems for automating the development of new programs in a programming language.
In the most general case, to create a program in the selected programming language (system programming language) you need to have the following components:
- 1. Text editor for creating a file with the source text of the program.
- 2. Compiler or interpreter. The source text is translated into intermediate object code using a compiler program. The source code of a large program consists of several modules (source files). Each module is compiled into a separate file with object code, which then must be combined into one.
- 3. A link editor or assembler that links object modules and generates a working application as an output - executable code.
Executable code is a complete program that can be run on any computer that has the operating system for which the program was created. As a rule, the resulting file has the extension .EXE or .COM.
4. Recently, visual programming methods (using scripting languages) aimed at creating Windows applications have become widespread. This process is automated in rapid design environments. In this case, ready-made visual components are used, which are configured using special editors.
The most popular editors (program programming systems using visual tools) for visual design: computer driver software
Borland Delphi - designed to solve almost any application programming problem
Borland C++ Builder is an excellent tool for developing DOS and Windows applications
Microsoft Visual Basic is a popular tool for creating Windows programs
Microsoft Visual C++ - this tool allows you to develop any applications running in an OS environment such as Microsoft Windows
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