The development of information technologies can be divided into evolutionary stages, presented in Fig. 1.4.
Rice. 1.4. Stages of evolutionary development of information technologies
Based on the definition of the concept "information technology", which is understood as a process that uses a set of means and methods for collecting, processing and transmitting data to obtain information of new quality about the state of an object, process or phenomenon, we can conclude that the history of the development of information technology begins with appearance of speech. This period is considered as First step evolution of information technology.
The exchange of information between individuals in personal contact has become easier. The transfer of information between immediate generations of people (from grandfather to father and then to grandson) has also been simplified. Keepers of knowledge appeared - priests, clergy. Access access to knowledge and information was limited, so knowledge could not significantly influence production and social processes in society.
However, the transfer of information “by word of mouth” was lost with the death of a person. In addition, it was not possible to organize the transfer of information either in time or in space without human participation.
Second phase The evolution of information technology is associated with the advent of writing. It became possible to accumulate and transmit information to many generations. A written message was used as a carrier of information. Thanks to these opportunities, information technology has risen to the next stage of development.
The appearance of the first printing press and book printing in 1445 led to third stage evolution of information technology, which lasted about 500 years. Knowledge began to be replicated, accelerated information exchange between people. Information could already influence production. Machine tools, steam engines, photography, telegraph, and radio appeared.
However, even before the end of the 19th century. about 95% of the working population was employed in the sphere of material production, and in the information sphere - no more than 5%. By the middle of the 20th century. percent The population employed in the information sector has increased to approximately 30% of the total working population of developed countries, and this trend continues to increase.
At the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th centuries. arrived fourth stage information evolution associated with the invention and dissemination of means of information transmission: radio, telegraph, telephone, etc.
It is now possible to transmit information in real time over any distance.
The appearance of the first electronic computers in 1946 led to the transition to fifth stage evolution of information technology. A recording method was created and long-term storage formalized knowledge, in which this knowledge could directly influence the operating mode of production equipment. It became possible to transmit video and audio information over long distances, and it became possible to create information funds.
During the fifth stage, the development of computers took place, which led to the consistent development of information technologies.
The main criterion for the functioning of information technologies during this period was the saving of machine resources. In this case, the goal was to maximize equipment load, which was ensured by organizing a batch mode of information processing.
Batch mode sharply increased performance use of computers, but made it difficult to debug programs and create new ones software products.
In the early 80s. mini-computers and third-generation computers appeared on large integrated circuits. The main criterion for creating information technologies based on third-generation computers was saving the programmer’s labor, which was realized through the development tools programming. Appeared OS second generation, operating in three modes:
· real time;
· time sharing;
· in batch mode.
Time sharing systems allowed the specialist to work in an interactive mode, since he was allocated a time slice during which he had access to all system resources. Languages appeared high level(PL, Pascal and etc.), packages application programs (PPP), database management systems ( DBMS), design automation systems ( CAD), interactive means of communication with a computer, new programming technologies (structural and modular), appeared global networks Computers, a new scientific branch has formed - Informatics.
To automate the management of economic objects, we developed automated systems management ( ACS), automated data processing systems (ADS) and other automated processing systems economic information(SOEI).
Sixth stage The evolution of information technology began with the advent of the microprocessor and personal computer (PC).
Personal Computer is a tool that allows you to formalize and make many of the difficult-to-formalize processes of human activity widely available for automation. The main criterion for the functioning of information technologies was their use for formalizing knowledge and introducing it into all spheres of human activity.
Conversational operating systems, such as Unix, automated workstations ( AWS), expert systems, knowledge bases, local computer networks, flexible automated production, distributed data processing.
Information becomes a resource on a par with materials, energy and capital. A new economic category has emerged - national informational resources. Professional knowledge in high-tech products based on personal computers already accounts for approximately 70% of the cost, and the number of people employed in the field of information processing is 60-80% of the working population of developed countries.
During this period, they are developing information Technology for automatic formalization of knowledge for the purpose of informatization of society.
Machines with parallel data processing - transputers - appeared. Was created for them new language- parallel programming language. Portable computers appeared that were not inferior in power to large ones, keyboardless computers, as well as graphical operating systems and new information Technology: object oriented, hypertext, multimedia, CASE technology, etc.
Despite the general evolutionary development of information technologies, there are several points of view on the development of information technologies using computer technology, which are determined by various classification criteria of division presented in Fig. 1.5.
Enlarge image
Rice. 1.5. Classification of development stages
What is common to all approaches is that with the advent of the personal computer, a new stage in the development of information technology began. The main goal is to satisfy a person’s personal information needs both for the professional sphere and for the domestic sphere. In accordance with this, various signs of division are identified, according to which the stages of development of information technology are considered.
1. Type of tasks and information processing processes.
Stage 1 (60-70s) - data processing in computer centers in shared use mode. The main direction of development of information technology was the automation of operational routine human actions.
Stage 2 (since the 80s) - the creation of information technologies aimed at solving strategic problems.
2. Problems standing in the way of informatization of society.
The 1st stage (until the end of the 60s) is characterized by the problem of processing large amounts of data in conditions of limited hardware capabilities.
The 2nd stage (until the end of the 70s) is associated with the spread of IBM/360 series computers. The problem at this stage is that the software lags behind the level of hardware development.
Stage 3 (from the beginning of the 80s) - the personal computer becomes a tool for the non-professional user, and information technology becomes a means of supporting his decision-making. Problems - maximum satisfaction of user needs and creation of an appropriate interface for working in a computer environment.
4th stage (from the beginning of the 90s) - creation modern technology interorganizational communications and information technologies. The problems of this stage are very numerous. The most significant of them are:
o development of agreements and establishment of standards, protocols for computer communications;
o organizing access to strategic information;
o organization of information protection and security.
3. The benefits that computer information technology brings.
The 1st stage (from the beginning of the 60s) is characterized by quite efficient processing information when performing routine operations with a focus on centralized collective use of computer center resources. The main criterion for assessing the effectiveness of created information technologies was the difference between the funds spent on development and the funds saved as a result of implementation. The main problem at this stage was psychological - poor interaction between users for whom information technologies were created and developers due to the difference in their views and understanding of the problems being solved. As a consequence of this problem, technologies were created that were poorly received by users and, despite their fairly large capabilities, were not used to their fullest.
The 2nd stage (from the mid-70s) is associated with the advent of personal computers. The approach to the creation of information technologies has changed - the orientation is shifting towards the individual user to support the decisions he makes. The user is interested in the ongoing development, contact is established with the developer, and mutual understanding arises between both groups of specialists. At this stage, both centralized data processing, characteristic of the first stage, and decentralized one, based on solving local problems and working with local databases at the user’s workplace, are used.
The 3rd stage (from the beginning of the 90s) is associated with the concept of analyzing strategic advantages in business and is based on the achievements of telecommunication technology of distributed information processing. Information technologies are aimed not just at increasing the efficiency of data processing and helping managers. Appropriate information technologies should help an organization survive the competition and gain an advantage.
4. Types of technology tools.
Stage 1 (until the second half of the 19th century) - “manual” information technology, the tools of which included: a pen, an inkwell, a book. Communications were carried out manually by transmitting letters, packages, dispatches by mail. The main purpose of technology is to present information in the required form.
Stage 2 (from the end of the 19th century) - “mechanical” technology, the tools of which included: a typewriter, telephone, voice recorder, equipped with more advanced means of mail delivery. The main goal of technology is to present information in the required form using more convenient means.
Stage 3 (40-60s of the XX century) - “electric” technology, the tools of which were: large computers and the corresponding software, electric typewriters, copiers, portable voice recorders.
The purpose of technology changes. The emphasis in information technology begins to shift from the form of information presentation to the formation of its content.
Stage 4 (from the beginning of the 70s) - “electronic” technology, the main tools of which are large computers and automated control systems (ACS) and information retrieval systems (IRS) created on their basis, equipped with a wide range of basic and specialized software systems.
The center of gravity of technology is shifting even more to the formation of the content side of information for the management environment of various spheres of public life, especially to the organization of analytical work. Many objective and subjective factors did not allow us to solve the tasks facing the new concept of information technology. However, experience was gained in forming the content side management information and a professional, psychological and social base has been prepared for the transition to a new stage of technology development.
Stage 5 (from the mid-80s) - “computer” (“new”) technology, the main tool of which is a personal computer with a wide range of standard software products for various purposes. At this stage, the process of personalization of automated control systems occurs, which manifests itself in the creation of decision support systems for certain specialists. Such systems have built-in elements of analysis and intelligence for different levels of management, are implemented on a personal computer and use telecommunications. In connection with the transition to a microprocessor base, technical means for household, cultural and other purposes are also undergoing significant changes. Global and local computer networks are beginning to be widely used in various fields.
The concept of IS (information systems) has undergone significant changes throughout its existence. The history of the development of IP and the purposes of their use at different periods are presented in the table.
Table 1 - Changing the approach to the use of IS information systems
| Period of time | Information Use Concept | View information system- IS | Purpose of using IP |
| 1950 1960 | Paper flow of settlement documents | IT processing of settlement documents on electromechanical accounting machines | Increasing the speed of document processing. Simplifying invoice processing and payroll processing |
| 1960 - 1970 | Basic assistance in preparing reports | Management IT for production information | Speeding up the reporting process |
| 1970 1980 | Management control of sales (sales) | Decision support systems. Systems for senior management. | Development of the most rational solution |
| 1980 2000 | Information is a strategic resource that provides a competitive advantage | Strategic IT. Automated units | Increasing the competitiveness of the enterprise |
In the 50s the role of information as the most important resource of an enterprise, organization, region, and society as a whole was realized; began to develop automated IS of various kinds. The first ISs were intended exclusively for processing invoices and payroll calculations, and were implemented on electromechanical accounting machines. This led to some reduction in costs and time for preparing paper documents.
60s are marked by a change in attitude towards IP. The information obtained from them began to be used for periodic reporting on many parameters. To achieve this, organizations needed multi-purpose computer equipment capable of serving many functions, and not just processing invoices and calculating salaries, as was previously the case.
In the 70s - early 80s. Enterprise IP is beginning to be used as a production management tool that supports and accelerates the process of preparation and decision-making. Most of the information systems of this period were intended to solve established problems, which were clearly defined at the stage of creating the system and then practically did not change. The emergence of personal computers leads to adjustments to the idea of automated control systems; from computer centers and centralization of control to distributed computing resources and decentralization of control.
By the end of the 80s. The concept of using IP is changing again. They become a strategic source of information and are used at all levels of an enterprise of any profile. IT of this period, providing on time necessary information, help an organization achieve success in its activities, create new products and services, find new markets, secure worthy partners, organize the production of high-quality products at a low price, etc. The desire to overcome the shortcomings of the previous generation of information systems gave rise to the technology of creating and managing databases . The database is created for a group of interrelated tasks, for many users, and this makes it possible to partially solve the problems of previously created information systems. The main features of this generation of IP are:
A big step forward was the development of the principle of a “friendly interface” in relation to the user (both the end user and the IS developer). For example, it is widely used GUI, developed assistance systems and user tips, various tools to simplify IS development: rapid application development systems (RAD systems), computer-aided IS design tools (CASE tools). By the end of the 80s, the shortcomings of this generation of systems were also revealed.
Disadvantages of information systems (IS) of this generation:
- large investments in computerization of enterprises did not produce the expected effect corresponding to the costs (overhead costs increased, but there was no sharp increase in productivity);
- the introduction of information systems was faced with the inertia of people, the reluctance of end users to change their usual work style and master new technologies;
- Higher requirements began to be placed on the qualifications of users (knowledge of a PC, specific application programs and DBMS, the ability to constantly improve their skills
DEVELOPMENT OF AN INFORMATION SYSTEM FOR AUTOMATING THE WORK OF OISOU JSC NKMZ
Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine
Donbass State Engineering Academy
Faculty of Automation and Mechanical Engineering
and information technology
Department intelligent systems decision making
COURSE WORK
in the discipline "SYSTEMS MODELING"
on the topic
«______________________________________»
Completed
Student gr. IS-___ ________________ _________________
signature full name
Supervisor __________________ ___________________
signature position, full name
Kramatorsk 200__
ANNOTATION
CONTENT
INTRODUCTION
1 CONCEPT AND PURPOSE OF INFORMATION SYSTEMS
1.1 History of the development of information systems. Information systems processes
1.2 Automated IS and their classification
1.3 Subject area, domain modeling
2 STRUCTURE OF THE DEPARTMENT OF OISOU SERVICE OF JSC NKMZ
2.1 General position OISOU
2.2 Main tasks and functions of the department
2.3 Statement of the IS problem
2.4 Logical database model
3 COMPUTER IMPLEMENTATION OF AN INFORMATION SYSTEM IN THE MS ACCESS ENVIRONMENT
3.1 Description of the implementation of the main functions
3.2 User manual
Conclusion
Bibliography
Application
INTRODUCTION
In the conditions of the dynamism of modern production and social structure, management must be in a state of continuous development, which today cannot be ensured without exploring the ways and possibilities of this development, without choosing alternative directions. Management research is carried out in the everyday activities of managers and personnel and in the work of specialized analytical groups, laboratories, and departments. The need for research into management systems is dictated by a fairly large range of problems that many organizations have to face. From the right decision The success of these organizations depends on these problems.
Over many years of work, various institutions and enterprises have accumulated large amounts of information, which continues to increase, and there is a need to systematize and process it. Working with a huge pile of paper information is very time-consuming and labor-intensive. The solution can be found in creating an electronic database.
This greatly facilitated the work of various information services. In the modern world, there is not just a lot of all kinds of data and information, but a gigantic amount.
Computers have penetrated into most enterprises, educational institutions, research institutes, and industrial centers. This made it easier to process a huge amount of information and search for data.
The solution to these problems is not possible without a systematic approach to them, which makes the topic course work relevant.
1 CONCEPT AND PURPOSE OF INFORMATION SYSTEMS
1.1 History of the development of information systems. Basic information systems processes
The first information systems appeared in the 50s. During these years, they were intended for processing bills and payroll, and were implemented on electromechanical accounting machines. This led to some reduction in costs and time for preparing paper documents. Such systems are called transaction processing systems. Transactions include the following operations: issuing invoices, invoices, preparing payrolls and other accounting operations.
In the 60s computer facilities received further development: operating systems appear, disk technology, programming languages are improving significantly. Management reporting systems (RMS) are emerging that are aimed at decision-making managers.
In the 70s information systems continue to actively develop. At this time, the first microprocessors, interactive display devices, database technology, and user-friendly software (tools that allow you to work with a program without studying its description) appeared. These advances created the conditions for the emergence of decision support systems (DSS). Unlike management reporting systems, which provide information according to pre-established reporting forms, DSS provide it as the need arises.
There are 3 stages of decision making: information, design and selection stage. At the information stage, the environment is examined, events and conditions that require decision-making are determined. At the project stage, possible areas of activity (alternatives) are developed and assessed. At the selection stage, a specific alternative is justified and selected, organizing monitoring of its implementation. The most important goal of the DSS is to provide technology for generating information, as well as technological support for decision making in general.
In the 70-80s. offices began to use a variety of computer and telecommunication technologies, which expanded the scope of information systems. Such technologies include: word processing, desktop publishing, Email etc. The integration of these technologies in one office is called an office information system. Information systems are beginning to be widely used as a means of management control, supporting and accelerating the decision-making process.
1980s are also characterized by the fact that information technology began to claim a new role in the organization: companies discovered that information systems are a strategic weapon. Information systems of this period, providing the necessary information on time, help the organization achieve success in its activities, create new goods and services, find new markets, secure worthy partners, organize the production of products at a low price, and much more.
Processes in the information system
The processes that ensure the operation of an information system for any purpose can be roughly represented in the form of a diagram (Figure 1.1), consisting of blocks:
– input of information from external or internal sources;
– processing of input information and presenting it in a convenient form;
– output of information for presentation to consumers or transfer to another system;
– Feedback- this is information processed by people of a given organization to correct input information.
Figure 1.1 – IS processes
The main tasks solved by the IS:
Data interpretation. Interpretation refers to the process of determining the meaning of data, the results of which must be consistent and correct. Typically, multivariate data analysis is provided.
Diagnostics. Diagnostics refers to the process of relating an object to a certain class of objects and (or) detecting a malfunction in a certain system. A malfunction is a deviation from the norm. This interpretation allows us to consider equipment malfunctions in technical systems, and diseases of living organisms, and all kinds of natural anomalies.
Monitoring. The main task of monitoring is continuous interpretation of data in real time and signaling when certain parameters exceed acceptable limits.
Design. Design consists of preparing specifications for the creation of “objects” with predetermined properties. The specification means the entire set of necessary documents - drawing, explanatory note, etc. The main problems here are obtaining a clear structural description of knowledge about an object and the “trace” problem.
Forecasting. Forecasting allows you to predict the consequences of certain events or phenomena based on the analysis of available data. Predictive systems logically derive likely consequences from given situations.
Planning. Planning refers to finding action plans related to objects capable of performing certain functions. Such ES use models of the behavior of real objects in order to logically deduce the consequences of the planned activity.
Education. Teaching refers to the use of a computer to teach a discipline or subject. Educational systems diagnose errors when studying any discipline using a computer and suggest the correct solutions.
Control. Management is understood as a function of an organized system that supports a certain mode of activity. This kind of ES controls the behavior of complex systems in accordance with given specifications.
Decision support. Decision support is a set of procedures that provides the decision maker with necessary information and recommendations to facilitate the decision-making process. These ES help specialists select and/or form the desired alternative among many choices when making responsible decisions.
The main difference between analysis problems and synthesis problems is that while in analysis problems a set of solutions can be listed and included in the system, in synthesis problems the set of solutions is potentially unlimited and is built from solutions to components or subproblems. The objectives of the analysis are: data interpretation, diagnostics, decision support; synthesis tasks include design, planning, and management. Combined ES: training, monitoring, forecasting.
1.2 Automated information systems and their classification
Experience in creating an automated information system, introducing optimization methods into the practice of economic work, formalizing situations in production and economic processes, equipping government and commercial structures with modern computing means radically modified the technology of information processes in management. AIS for management activities are being created everywhere. Automated information systems are diverse and can be classified according to a number of characteristics.
The history of the development of information systems and the purposes of their use at different periods are presented in Table. 1.1.
Table 1.1. Changing the approach to using information systems.
| Period of time | Information Use Concept | Type of information systems | Purpose of use |
| 1950-1960 | Paper flow of settlement documents | Information systems for processing settlement documents on electromechanical accounting machines | Increasing the speed of document processing Simplifying the procedure for processing invoices and payroll calculations |
| 1960 -1970 | Basic assistance in preparing reports | Management information systems for production information | Speeding up the reporting process |
| 1970-1980 | Management control of sales (sales) | Decision support systems Systems for senior management | Development of the most rational solution |
| 1980-2000 | Information is a strategic resource that provides a competitive advantage | Strategic information systems Automated offices | Survival and prosperity of the company |
The first information systems appeared in the 50s. During these years, they were intended for processing bills and payroll, and were implemented on electromechanical accounting machines. This led to some reduction in costs and time for preparing paper documents.
60s are marked by a change in attitude towards information systems. The information obtained from them began to be used for periodic reporting on many parameters. To achieve this, organizations needed multi-purpose computer equipment capable of serving many functions, and not just processing invoices and calculating salaries, as was previously the case.
In the 70s - early 80s. Information systems are beginning to be widely used as a means of management control, supporting and accelerating the decision-making process.
By the end of the 80s. The concept of using information systems is changing again. They become a strategic source of information and are used at all levels of any organization. Information systems of this period, providing the necessary information on time, help the organization achieve success in its activities, create new goods and services, find new markets, secure worthy partners, organize the production of products at a low price, and much more.
Processes in the information system
The processes that ensure the operation of an information system for any purpose can be roughly represented in the form of a diagram (Fig. 1.1), consisting of blocks:
· input of information from external or internal sources;
· processing input information and presenting it in a convenient form;
· output of information for presentation to consumers or transfer to another system;
· feedback is information processed by people of a given organization to correct input information.
Rice. 1.1. Processes in the information system
An information system is defined by the following properties:
any information system can be analyzed, built and managed based on general principles building systems;
· the information system is dynamic and developing;
· when building an information system, it is necessary to use a systematic approach;
· the output of the information system is the information on the basis of which decisions are made;
· the information system should be perceived as a human-computer information processing system.
Currently, there is an opinion about an information system as a system implemented using computer technology. Although in the general case, an information system can also be understood in a non-computer version.
To understand the operation of an information system, it is necessary to understand the essence of the problems that it solves, as well as the organizational processes in which it is included. For example, when determining the capability of a computer information system to support decision making, the following should be considered:
· structured management tasks;
· the level of the company's management hierarchy at which the decision must be made;
· whether the problem being solved belongs to one or another functional area of the business;
· type of information technology used.
The technology of working in a computer information system is understandable to a specialist in the non-computer field and can be successfully used to control processes professional activity and management of them.
Introduction
Information Systems
1.1 GENERAL VIEW
1.2 ROLE OF MANAGEMENT STRUCTURE IN THE INFORMATION SYSTEM
1.3 EXAMPLES OF INFORMATION SYSTEMS
Structure and classification of information systems
2.1 INFORMATION SYSTEM STRUCTURE
2.2 CLASSIFICATION OF INFORMATION SYSTEMS ACCORDING TO THE STRUCTURED TASKS
2.3 OTHER CLASSIFICATIONS OF INFORMATION SYSTEMS
Information Technology
3.1 CONCEPT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
3.2 STAGES OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT
Types of information technologies
4.1 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY OF DATA PROCESSING
4.2 MANAGEMENT INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
Conclusion
LITERATURE
Introduction
In the past, information was considered the domain of bureaucratic work and a limited tool for decision-making. Today, information is considered as one of the main resources for the development of society, and information systems and technologies as a means of increasing the productivity and efficiency of people.
Information systems and technologies are most widely used in production, management and financial activities, although shifts have begun in the minds of people employed in other areas regarding the need for their implementation and active use. This determined the angle from which the main areas of their application will be considered. The main attention is paid to the consideration of information systems and technologies from the standpoint of using their capabilities to improve the efficiency of workers information sphere production and decision support in organizations (firms).
Purpose of the chapter- outline the main ideas related to the use of information systems and information technologies, introduce the existing variety of types of systems that determine the appropriate information technology work on a personal computer for decision support purposes.
| 1. INFORMATION SYSTEMS 1.1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION Concept of information system Under system understand any object that is simultaneously considered both as a single whole and as a collection of heterogeneous elements united in the interests of achieving set goals. The systems differ significantly from each other both in composition and in their main goals. Example 1. Let us present several systems consisting of different elements and aimed at achieving different goals. In computer science, the concept of “system” is widespread and has many semantic meanings. Most often it is used in relation to a set of technical tools and programs. The hardware of a computer can be called a system. A system can also be considered a set of programs for solving specific application problems, supplemented by procedures for maintaining documentation and managing calculations. Adding the word “information” to the concept of “system” reflects the purpose of its creation and operation. Information systems provide the collection, storage, processing, retrieval, and issuance of information necessary in the decision-making process of problems from any area. They help analyze problems and create new products. Information system- an interconnected set of means, methods and personnel used for storing, processing and issuing information in the interests of achieving a set goal. The modern understanding of an information system assumes the use as the main technical means processing personal computer information. In large organizations, along with personal computer The technical base of the information system may include a mainframe or supercomputer. In addition, the technical implementation of an information system in itself will not mean anything if the role of the person for whom the information produced is intended and without whom its receipt and presentation is impossible is not taken into account. Attention! Under organization we will understand a community of people united by common goals and using common material and financial means to produce material and information products and services. In the text, two words will be used on an equal basis: “organization” and “company”. It is necessary to understand the difference between computers and information systems. Computers equipped with specialized software, are the technical basis and tool for information systems. An information system is unthinkable without personnel interacting with computers and telecommunications. |
Stages of information systems development
The history of the development of information systems and the purposes of their use at different periods are presented in Table 1.1
Table 1.1 Changing approach to the use of information systems
| Period of time | Information Use Concept | Type of information systems | Purpose of use |
| 1950 - 1960 | Paper flow of settlement documents | Information systems for processing settlement documents on electromechanical accounting machines | Increasing the speed of document processing Simplifying the procedure for processing invoices and payroll calculations |
| 1960 - 1970 | Basic assistance in preparing reports | Management information systems for production information | Speeding up the reporting process |
| 1970 - 1980 | Management control of sales (sales) | Decision support systems Systems for senior management | Sampling the most rational solution |
| 1980 - 2000 | Information is a strategic resource that provides a competitive advantage | Strategic information systems Automated offices | Survival and prosperity of the company |
The first information systems appeared in the 50s. During these years, they were intended for processing bills and payroll, and were implemented on electromechanical accounting machines. This led to some reduction in costs and time for preparing paper documents.
60s are marked by a change in attitude towards information systems. The information obtained from them began to be used for periodic reporting on many parameters. Today, organizations needed general-purpose computer equipment capable of serving many functions, and not just processing invoices and calculating salaries, as was previously the case.
In the 70s - early 80s. Information systems are beginning to be widely used as a means of management control, supporting and accelerating the decision-making process.
By the end of the 80s. The concept of using information systems is changing again. They become a strategic source of information and are used at all levels of any organization. Information systems of this period, providing the necessary information on time, help the organization achieve success in its activities, create new goods and services, find new markets, secure worthy partners, organize the production of products at a low price, and much more.
Loading...
